PQ STANDARDS

2.0 Power quality standards

2.1 Power quality standards organizations
2.2Types of power quality standards
2.3 ITIC and CBEMA

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An example of such a standard is:

"'The voltage shall be sinusoidal with a frequency of 50 Hz
and an rms voltage of 230 V"

Such a standard is not very practical as it is technically

impossible to keep voltage magnitude and frequency
exactly constant.

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The nominal value

Therefore, existing standards use terms like "nominal

voltage“.

A more practical version is: " The nominal frequency

shall be 50 Hz and the nominal voltage shall be 230 V"

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Philosophy PQ Standards :
Power quality standards provide the basis for
achieving compatibility between the characteristics of
the electric supply system and end use equipment.
They provide the methods for evaluating
performance, define equipment requirements, and
outline relative responsibilities.

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Objective
→ Individual customer
serve as a specific metric of compatibility between customer processes
and the electrical environment.

→ Utility system
serve as a general quality metric to be used by the power provider for
proactive planning and maintenance.

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Standards Organizations
❖IEEE Standards Association (IEEE)

- Founded in 1884, called American Institute of Electrical Engineers, or AIEE

- On 1 January 1963, The AIEE and the IRE merged to form the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, or IEEE. At its formation, the IEEE had
150,000 members, 140,000 of whom were in the United States.

-IEEE, an association dedicated to the fostering of technological innovation and

excellence for the benefit of humanity.

-The world's leading professional association for electrical and

electronic engineers. It has more than 375,000 members in more than 160
countries.
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Standards Organizations
❖IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)

-World organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for

all electrical, electronic and related technologies

-The IEC also manages conformity assessment systems that certify that
equipment, systems or components conform to its International Standards

-IEC standards are also being adopted as harmonized standards by other

certifying bodies such as BSI (Great Britain), CSA (Canada), UL (USA) and SABS
(South Africa).

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Standards Organizations
❖ANSI (American National Standard Institute)

- Five engineering societies and three government agencies founded ANSI in

1918. Non profit organization with members from the private and public
sectors.

- It does not develop standards, but facilitates standards development by

qualified groups such as IEEE.

- Consequently, many IEEE standards have the dual designation of ANSI/IEEE.

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You may refer to:

http://www.powerstandards.com/IEEE.htm

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IEEE P1433 IEEE P1564 IEEE 519 IEEE 1159

Recommended Practice for Evaluating Electric

Recommended Practices and Requirements for
Power System
Power
Voltage
Compatibility
Quality
SagDefinitions
Indices
with Electronic
Harmonics Control in Electrical Power Systems
Process Equipment
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IEC61000 -2-1 IEC61000 -3-6 IEC 61000-4-7 IEC 61000-5-x

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Some of the standards:

CODE NAME
IEEE 1159 Monitoring Electric Power Quality
IEEE P1564 Voltage Sag Indices
IEEE 1346 Power System Compatibility with Process Equipment
IEEE P1100 Power and Grounding Electronic Equipment
IEEE 1433 Power Quality Definitions
IEEE P1453 Voltage Flicker
IEEE P519A Guide for Applying Harmonics Limits on Power
Systems

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More links:

Power Quality Standards

http://www.standards.ieee.org

http://www.semi.org

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TWO standards widely used by end-users:

EVENT STANDARD METRIC

Voltage Sags ITI ITI (CBEMA
SEMI curve)
F-47
Voltage Swells & ITI ITI (CBEMA
Transients & curve)
Overvoltage

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Recognized Voltage Sag Standards:

• ITIC (Information Technology Industry Council)

• SEMI F47-0706 (Semiconductor Equipment

and Materials institute)
- Specification for semiconductor equipment
for voltage sag immunity. The minimum voltage sag
level not to cause equipment misoperations.

• IEC 61000-4-11 and 61000-4-34 (Test protocol

information, -11 for equipment less than 16A
and -34 for equipment greater than 16A)
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Information Technology Industry Council

Who Are They?

ITI Members

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CBEMA
(Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association )

✓ One of the most frequently employed standard to

represent the level of power quality is called CBEMA
curve.

✓ A curve that describes the tolerance of a mainframe

computer to the magnitude and duration of voltage
variations in power system.

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CBEMA

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ITI-CBEMA

• It encompasses all factors involved with voltage

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deviations to high speed distortions.
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ITI (CBEMA) Curve-1996

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ITI (CBEMA) Curve

➢ The ITI (CBEMA) Curve, is published by Technical
Committee 3 (TC3) of the Information Technology Industry
Council (ITI, formerly known as the Computer & Business
Equipment Manufacturer Association)

➢ The curve is applicable to 120V nominal voltage

obtained from 120V, 208Y/120V, and 120/240V 60 hertz
systems. Other nominal voltages and frequencies are not
specifically considered.

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ITI (CBEMA) Curve

➢Steady-state tolerances
The steady-state range describes an RMS voltage which is
either very slowly varying or is constant. The subject
range is +/-10 percent from the nominal voltage. Any
voltages in this range may be present for an indefinite
period, and are a function of normal loadings and losses in
the distribution system

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ITI (CBEMA) Curve

➢Line voltage swell
This region describes a voltage swell having a RMS
amplitude of up to 120 percent of the RMS nominal
voltage, with a duration of up to 0.5 seconds. This
transient may occur when large loads are removed from
the system or when voltage is supplied from sources
other than the electric utility.

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ITI (CBEMA) Curve

➢Low-frequency decaying ring wave.
This region describes a decaying ring wave transient which
typically results from the connection of power-factor-
correction capacitors to an ac distribution system. The
frequency of this transient may range from 200 hertz to 5
kilohertz, depending upon the resonant frequency of the
ac distribution system. The magnitude of the transient is
expressed as a percentage of the peak 60 hertz nominal
voltage (not the RMS value).
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ITI (CBEMA) Curve

➢Low-frequency decaying ring wave.

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ITI (CBEMA) Curve

➢High-frequency impulse and ring wave
This region describes the transients which typically
occur as a result of lightning strikes.

➢ Voltage sags
Sags to 80 percent of nominal (maximum deviation of 20
percent) are assumed to have a typical duration of up to
10 seconds, and sags to 70 percent of nominal(maximum
deviation of 30 percent) are assumed to have a duration of
up to 0.5 seconds.
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ITI (CBEMA) Curve

➢High-frequency impulse and ring wave
This region describes the transients which typically
occur as a result of lightning strikes.

➢ Voltage sags
Sags to 80 percent of nominal (maximum deviation of 20
percent) are assumed to have a typical duration of up to
10 seconds, and sags to 70 percent of nominal(maximum
deviation of 30 percent) are assumed to have a duration of
up to 0.5 seconds.
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ITI (CBEMA) Curve

➢No damage region
Events in this region include sags and dropouts which are
more severe. The normal functional state of the IT
equipment is not typically expected during these
conditions, but no damage to the IT equipment

➢Prohibited region
This region includes any surge or swell which exceeds the
upper limit of the envelope. If IT equipment is subjected
to such conditions, damage to the IT equipment may
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How many events violating the rules?

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SEMI F47 required voltage sag immunity:

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