See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/373236648

Performance and Comparative Analysis of MIMO System Channel Capacity on

the Rayleigh Fading Channel

Article · June 2022

CITATIONS READS

0 80

4 authors, including:

Sanyasi Rao Allanki Nookala Venu

Christu JyothiInstitute Of Technology And Science Madhav Institute of Technology & Science Gwalior
59 PUBLICATIONS 160 CITATIONS 122 PUBLICATIONS 1,827 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Nookala Venu on 20 August 2023.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 PERFORMANCE AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MIMO SYSTEM
CHANNEL CAPACITY ON THE RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL
Allanki Sanyasi Rao1, Dr. Nookala Venu2, Dr. R Mohanadas3, P Lalitha4
(Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Balaji Institute of Technology & Science,
Narsamept-506113, Warangal, Telangana)
allanki_srao@bitswgl.ac.in1, venunookala@gmail.com2, mohandasbe@gmail.com3,
lalithapothkanuri@gmail.com4

ABSTRACT The rising significance of high-speed communication is due to the growing

requirements for multimedia-based services and the development of data requirements for
wireless applications. Future wireless communications systems are expected to become more
prevalent and require high transmission data rates, spectrum efficiency and reliability. MIMO
systems offer a solution to the problem of effective frequency spectrum exploitation, which is
critical for all telecommunication systems, as wideband applications are increasingly needed by a
growing number of users. Gain in capacity can be significantly improved without rising
transmission power or channel bandwidth by altering the number of antennas.In this paper,
different numbers of antenna configurations and SNR over Rayleigh fading channel were
explored for MIMO systems.
The diversity gain of the signals received at the receiving end is best with MIMO, as well
as the ability to tolerate external noise effect more effectively than other systems (SISO, SIMO,
and MISO) in order to reconstruct the same signal at the receiving end.
KEYWORDSMIMO, Channel Capacity, CSI, Rayleigh fading, Water Filling.

INTRODUCTION
Because wireless communication services are in such high demand, channel capacity
limits have become an important criterion in modern communication systems. Multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) has become a popular research topic in wireless communications in
recent years. MIMO channel capacity can be effectively increased without increasing channel
bandwidth or transmission power by adding antenna elements at both the transmitter and receiver.
This increase in channel capacity has become more achievable when there are adequate multipath
channels or a dense scattering environment. The primary idea behind MIMO is that it may change
multipath phenomena, which has traditionally been a drawback in wireless transmission, into a
benefit for improving system capacity, making it a possible solution for high bit rate wireless
services.
The CSI approach was implemented in MIMO systems with the purpose of increasing
system capacity. The CSI technique's fundamental principle is to estimate channel parameters at
the transmitter location, which provides a good estimate of fading and scattering in the
communication link. The number of antennas at both the transmitter and receiver can be raised to

156
increase the capacity of a MIMO system.Channel capacity refers to the fastest rate at which data
can be transferred with an arbitrarily low error probability.
The main aim of this paper is to review all of the existing research on MIMO system
channel capacity in a spatially correlated Rayleigh fading environment, which is the most
intensively investigated channel model.Because of its applicability and adaptability to real-world
situations, the Rayleigh fading model is employed for analysis.

RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL MODEL

The Rayleigh fading channel is made up of the effects of multipath, which includes signal
phase shifting as well as constructive and destructive interference. When there is no line of sight
(LOS) path between transmitter and receiver, the Rayleigh distribution is frequently used to
describe the statistically time-varying behavior of the received envelope of a flat fading signal, or
the envelop of a single multipath component. A Rayleigh distribution governs the envelope of the
summation of two quadrature Gaussian noise signals.
Let the base-band channel's impulse response be represented by
h n = h(nT ) (1)

In the absence of noise, the channel's response to an input sequence {xn} is

y n =  h k x n −k = h 0 x n +  h k x n −k +  h k x n −k
k k 0 k 0 (2)
Where the first term is the Desired data symbol, the second term is the Precursors of the channel
impulse response that occur before the made sample h0 and the third term is the Post cursors of
the channel impulse response that occur after the made sample.
The figure 1 depicts a single Rayleigh fading path q1 (t) and q 2 ( t ) are two processes that
are completely random. These random processes should be Gaussian with the identical variance
and zero mean when simulating a Rayleigh fading sky wave. They must be statistically
independent, with a Gaussian power spectrum with the equal rms frequency f rms .

Figure 1: Single Rayleigh Fading Path

Therefore the power spectrum of q1(t) and q2(t) is given by

Q1 (f ) = Q 2 (f ) = e (−f )
2 2 2 2
/( 2f rms )
(3)

157
 The power spectrum’s bandwidth of the Gaussian variables q1 (t) and q 2 ( t ) can be used
to control the fading rate. The Doppler frequency spread f sp , introducedby q1 (t) and q 2 ( t ) into an
unmodulated carrier, is defined as the power spectrum width and is given by f sp = 2f rms .The rms

frequency is associated to the fading rate f e , which is defined as the average number of downward
crossings per unit time of the envelope through the median value according to the equation
fe
f rms =
1.475
f sp = 1.356 f e
(4)

WATER FILLING ALGORITHM

The water-filling method is an optimal solution for increasing channel capacity. This
technique calculates CSI at the transmitter side by optimizing MIMO channel capacity while
allocating more power to good channels and less or none to poor channels. Steps in the algorithm
are as follows:
1. Take the inverse of the channel gains.
2. Due to the inverse of the channel gain, water filling has a non-uniform step structure.
3. First, add up the total power Pt and the inverse of the channel gain together. It calculates the
total area of the water filling as well as the inverse power gain.
n 1
Pt +  (5)
i =1 H i

4. Calculate the initial water level using the formula below, which takes the average power
available (average water level)
1n
Pt + 
i =1 H i
 Channels (6)
5. Subtracting the inverse channel gain of each channel yields the power values of
eachsubchannel.
1 n
Pt + 
i =1 H i 1
Power allocated = −
 Channels H i (7)
6. Stop the iteration loop if the power allotted value reaches negative.

CHANNEL CAPACITY
Signals are delivered from a transmitter to a receiver through a communication channel.
The signals at the receiver may be disrupted by noise and channel distortions during a broadcast.
158
Channel distortions and noise, on the contrary, may be distinguished because channel distortions
are a fixed function applied to signals, but noise involves random and unexpected fluctuations.

Single Input Single Output (SISO) Capacity

In SISO system there is one antenna at transmitter side and one antenna at receiver side
and is the simplest to apply and design of the four types available.
Shannon's law limits the channel bandwidth of SISO. The only benefit of adopting the
SISO system is that it is very simple to construct and is much less expensive than other systems.
The SISO technology has found uses in WiFi, TV, and radio broadcasting etc.
A block diagram of SISO channel is shown in the Figure 2:

Figure 2: Single Input Single Output System

The SISO system capacity is illustrated in the diagram is described by equation:
 S
C = B log 2 1 +  bits / s / Hz
 N (8)
Where C is the Channel capacity, B is signal Bandwidth and S/N is the signal to noise ratio.
Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) Capacity
When compared to SISO, the SIMO approach uses only one transmitting antenna
and many receiving antennas at the receiving end, which helps to boost reception diversity at the
receiving end.
A block diagram of SIMO channel is shown in the Figure 3:

Figure 3: Single Input Multiple Output System

Because there are several receiving antennas in the SIMO scheme, a number of
signal receiving mechanisms, such as the RAKE receiver, can be used. SIMO improves the
antenna's reception diversity by providing greater diversity than SISO, but no increase in channel
capacity is observed.
159
The SIMO systemchannel capacity is given as

 S
C = M r B log 2 1 +  bits / s / Hz
 N (9)
Where C is the channel capacity, Mr is the number of antennas used at receiver side, B is signal
Bandwidth and S/N is the signal to noise ratio.
SIMO has found his uses for listening to and receiving short waves while dealing
with the impacts of ionosphere fading. SIMO has an benefit over SISO in that it provides more
diversity than SISO, and as a result, SIMO can provide a better BER analysis than SISO.
Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) Capacity
MISO allows many transmitting antennas to send a signal, but only one receiving antenna
will receive signals from multiple transmitting antennas.
MISO block diagram is illustrated in the Figure 4:

Figure 4: Multiple Input Single Output System

Because there are number of antennas at the transmitting end, this antenna design helps to
recover original signal at the receiving end with less path loss than SISO and SIMO, and the
effect of multipath fading is also seen to be smaller than the above two techniques.
The channel capacity of the SIMO system is given as:

 S
C = M t B log 2 1 +  bits / s / Hz
 N (10)
Where Mt is the number of antennas used at transmitter side. MISO has a extensive range of
applications, including WLANs and digital television (owing to its high diversity gain).
Multiple Input Multiple Output Capacity
Multiple transmitting antennas can be used to send the signal, and multiple receiving
antennas can be used to receive the signal in MIMO. MIMO block diagram is illustrated in the
Figure 5:

160
 Figure 5: Multiple Input Multiple Output System
Because there are several transmitting antennas in MIMO, the signal can be transmitted
by any antenna and thus can take any path to reach the receiving end. The path taken by the
signal is dependent on the antenna's position, so if we shift the antenna by a small amount, the
path will vary. Multipath fading refers to the fading that occurs in a signal as a result of numerous
pathways.
Given that the underlying channel is rich in scatters with independent spatial fading, a
MIMO system delivers a considerable capacity boost over a standard SISO channel. MIMO
systems increased channel capacity by utilizing spatial (or antenna) diversity at both sides.
Output user data stream 𝑦=𝐻𝑠+𝜂 (input - output relation of MIMO channel), where 𝑠 =
[𝑠1𝑠2…𝑠𝑀] is the transmitted data vector, 𝑦=[𝑦1𝑦2…𝑦𝑀] is the received data vector, and
𝜂=[𝜂1𝜂2…𝜂𝑀] is the Additive White Gaussian noise (AWGN).
The MIMO channel can be represented using the M r  M t matrix format H, which is defined as,

 h11 h12 . . h1N 

h h 22 . . h 2 N 
 21
H= . . . . . 
 
 . . . . . 
h M1 h M2 . . h M N 
(11)
The MIMO systemcapacity is given as

 S
C = M t M r log 2 1 +  bits .s.Hz
 N (12)
MIMO has the benefit of providing the greatest results when compared to the other three
since it has the highest throughput and efficiency of signal transmissions because both the
sending and receiving ends employ numerous antennas. MIMO systems provide spatial
multiplexing as well as increased diversity. Spatial multiplexing is used to attain large data rates,
whereas diversity gain is used to improve system reliability.

BER PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF SISO, SIMO, MISO AND MIMO SYSTEMS

Alamouti created a sophisticated orthogonal space-time block coding for two transmit
antennas. Two consecutive symbols S1 and S2 are encoded with the following space-time code
word matrix in the Alamouti encoder:

 S S2 
A =  1*
− S 2 S1* 
(13)
The Alamouti encoded signal is transmitted during two symbol periods from the two
transmitter antennas. Tx1 sends S1 and Tx2 transmits − S*2 at the same time during the first
symbol period. These symbols are communicated again during the next symbol period, with S2
coming from the first transmit antenna and S1* coming from the second transmit antenna. Each
161
symbol (or its positive/negative conjugate) is sent out from two antennas and is communicated
over two symbols.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 6: BER performance comparison between SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO systems

Avg Capacity of a MIMO System for different number of Tx-Rx Antennas

30

25

20
Capacity [b/s/Hz]

nTx = 1, nRx = 1
nTx = 3, nRx = 3
15 nTx = 5, nRx = 3
nTx = 3, nRx = 5
nTx = 5, nRx = 5
10

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
SNR [dB]

Figure 7: Capacity based Water Filling Algorithm for different antenna configurations
MIMO system versus the SNR in dB
As seen in the figure 6, as SNR increases, the BERvalue falls, indicating that the SISO
system is being affected by noise and the original signal will fade. Because there are many
receiving antennas and methods like transmit beam forge and space time coding are used for
162
signal transmission, the BER value in SIMO is superiorto SISO. The BER value in MISO is
slightly higher than in SIMO. It integrates the numerous signals received using a RAKE receiver
at the receiver. Because there is only one receiving antenna in this scenario, and the time required
by the RAKE receiver would increase as the number of transmitting antennas increases, we
shifted to the MIMO system to eliminate the shortcomings of all MISO and the above two
systems. The benefit of both array gain and diversity gain is the key reason for the improved error
performance in MIMO systems.

CDF of the Capacity at SNR = 5dB

1.2

1
Probability of Capacity < GivenCapacity

0.8
nTx = 1, nRx = 1
nTx = 3, nRx = 3
0.6 nTx = 5, nRx = 3
nTx = 3, nRx = 5
nTx = 5, nRx = 5
0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Capacity [b/s/Hz]

Figure 8: CDFs of capacity for the Rayleigh MIMO channel with a SNR of 5dB.

CDF of the Capacity at SNR = 8dB

1
Probability of Capacity < GivenCapacity

0.8

0.6

0.4
nTx = 1, nRx = 2
nTx = 1, nRx = 4
0.2 nTx = 2, nRx = 1
nTx = 4, nRx = 1
nTx = 2, nRx = 2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Capacity [b/s/Hz]

Figure 9: CDFs of capacity for the Rayleigh MIMO channel with a SNR of 8dB
163
 The capacity rises linearly with the number of antennas on both the transmitter and
receiver sides, as seen in the figure 7, for high SNR. The MIMO systemcapacity is roughly three
times that of the SISO system. Higher capacity is obtained via MISO or SIMO systems, but at the
expense of a high SNR, which is undesired in wireless communication systems.
The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of arbitrary MIMO distribution capacity
when SNR is 5 dB is shown in the figure 8. It is obvious from the diagram that increasing the
number of antenna elements increases capacity.
We can see from the figure 9, that a considerable capacity boost is achieved by using
array antennas at both the transmitter and receiver. A (4, 1) MIMO channel, for example, has a
lower capacity gain than a (2, 2) MIMO channel. Finally, the presence of an array antenna at the
receiver is more crucial than the presence of the identical array antenna at the transmitter, as
shown in Figure 9.

CONCLUSION
This paper discussed the major challenges concerning MIMO systems. It describes how
MIMO system capacity behaves. Based on the findings, it is stated that higher order MIMO
combinations can attain optimal channel capacity performance across Rayleigh fading channels.
When both the transmitter and receiver use array antennas, the capacity of the Rayleigh MIMO
channel grows significantly. The use of an array antenna at the receiver is more critical than the
use of the same array antenna at the transmitter if there is no CSI at the transmitter.

REFERENCES
1. “Fundamentals of Wireless Communication”, David Tse,Pramod Viswanath.
2. Dimitra Zarbouti, George Tsoulos, and Dimitra Kaklamani “Theory and Practice of MIMO
Wireless Communication Systems”.
3. “Capacity of MIMO Systems for Spatial Channel Model Scenarios” by Shuo Pan (u4108445)
4. Allanki Sanyasi Rao et al.(2020)“Channel Capacity with and without CSIT for different
configurations of MIMO System”, The International journal of analytical and experimental
modal analysis (IJAEMA) Volume XII Issue XII, September 2020
5. S. M. Alamouti, “A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications” IEEE
Trans. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no.8, pp. 1451– 1458, Oct. 1998.
6. C.N.Chuah, et al (2002), ”Capacity scaling inMIMO wireless systems under correlated
fading”, IEEE Transactions inInformation Theory, vol.48, No. 3, pp. 637-659.
7. Claude Oestges and B Clerckx, "MIMO Wireless Communications: From Real World
Propagation to Space-Time Code", Elsevier Ltd,pp110-115,2007.
8. K. Sengar, N. Rani, “Study and Capacity Evaluation of SISO, MISO and MIMO RF
Wireless Communication Systems,” IJETT, Vol. 9, No. 9, Mar-2014.

164
 9. Allanki Sanyasi Rao et al (2014), “Estimation of Channel Capacity in MIMO System Using
Different Fading Channels”, International Conference on Recent Advances in
Communication, VLSI & Embedded Systems, (ICRACVES-2014)
10. A. J. Paulraj, D. Gore, R. U. Nabar and H. Bolcskei :An overview of MIMO
Communications–A key to gigabit wireless, Proceedings of the IEEE vol.92 ,pp. 198-218,
2004.
11. A. Lapidoth and S.M. Moser. “Capacity bounds via duality with applications to multi-
antenna systems on flat fading channels”. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
49(10):2426–2467, Oct. 2003.
12. D.-S. Shiu, G. J. Foschini, M. J. Gans, and J. M. Kahn: “Fading correlation and its effects on
the capacity of multi-element antenna systems”, IEEE Transactions Communication, vol. 48,
pp. 502–513.,2000.
13. LigangRen, Zhijie Yan, Mei Song and Jude Song :”An Improved Water-filling Algorithm
For Mobile MIMO Communication Systems over Time-Varying Fading Channels”, Wireless
Networks, Communications International Conference vol.2, pp. 629-632, 2004.
14. M.Divya, “BER performance of BPSK modulation and OFDM-BPSK with Rayleigh
multipath channel,” IJEAT, vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 623-626, April 2013.
15. T. kanti Roy, “Capacity and Performance analysis of Rayleigh Fading MIMO Channels
using CSI at the Transmitter Side,” IJAR-CSIT, Vol. 1,Issue-3, July 2012.

165

View publication stats