Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery

Sweep Frequency Response Analyzer –

M5X00 series

Doble Engineering Company

 Sweep Frequency Response Analyzer
M5300 / M5400
¾ Detects transformer mechanical damage
ƒ due to mishandling, vibration, shock during
transit, installation
ƒ due to system fault events
ƒ evaluate internal damage

¾ For transformer manufacturers

ƒ outgoing quality control
ƒ conform to utility purchase specifications

¾ For utility companies

ƒ incoming inspection of new transformers
ƒ routine condition assessment of existing
transformers

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 Sweep Frequency Response Analyzer
M5400
• Rugged, field portable and
lightweight

• Identifies mechanical changes in

coil & core & support structures

• Fast, non-destructive analysis

• Factory acceptance before and after

transport, after electrical stress

• Insures safe, transformer operation

in conjunction with M4000

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 SFRA Theory
HV
Winding CH CH CH
CT CT

A real RH LH RH LH
transformer has Inter
many C HL CHL CHL Winding
inductance and
capacitances RL LL RL LL

Each LC pair
CL CT CL CT C
LV gives a L

Winding resonance
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 SFRA Theory
R, L, C components exist in many forms
inside a transformer

L & C components contribute to an

individual resonant frequency

L & C components have strong geometry

dependence

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 SFRA Theory
¾ dB’s: as impedance increases, Vout falls

V in V out
Impedance, Z

Response in dB’s = 20 log10(Vout /Vin)

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 SFRA Theory
SFRA is really a lot of measurements...

Frequency in MHz

Individual measurement made at each frequency of

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interest...
 Good Measurements

Three LV Phases

Three HV Phases

Three Phases Interwinding

Typical Transformer Results

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 Good Measurements
Drax GT4 GEC A phase HV Tap 1
0

-10 Four results overlaid on this

-20
graph from four different years
-30
Amplitude in dB

-40

-50

-60
1994, 1997, 1999, 2002
-70

-80 Clearly - the transformer

-90 has not changed
-100
0 50 100 150 200
Frequency in kHz
21/07/94 N to HV, #1 LV terminals earthed 20/05/97 N to HV, #1 LV terminals earthed
6/4/99 N to HV, #1 LV terminals earthed G0322 9/7/02 a1 earthed. All others floating

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 Short circuit Fault
If we can measure:

changes in the Bulge in winding caused

by electrical fault
frequency
response
of a winding then we can

detect winding
movement.
A good repeatable SFRA
measurement will detect
this problem

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 Interpretation Strategies

¾ There is a hierarchy…

Best: Reference results

Next: Sister Unit and SC results

Third: Phase by phase

Work with what you have….

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 Interpretation
¾ Experience: Certain Frequency Bands
Indicate Different Problem Conditions
< 2 kHz: Core 400kHz to
Deformation, Open 2MHz:
Circuits, Shorted Movement of
Turns & Residual main and tap
Magnetism winding leads

2kHz to 20kHz:
Bulk Winding
20 kHz to 400 kHz:
Movement Relative
Deformation
to Each Other,
Within the main
clamping structure
12 and tap windings
 Doble’s key benefits - Technical

¾20 Vp-p signal

¾Higher V means better elimination of noise

¾More consistent results

¾Less impact from contact resistance at

measurement clips

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 Doble’s key benefits - Technical
¾ Grounding is important
ƒ Doble has the only ground loop check of any
system available

¾ Signal is placed on the ground lead –

measures the return signal
ƒ Helps ensure valid results

¾ Good solid contact doesn’t mean you

have ground connection at a nut, bolt or
flange..
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 Doble’s key benefits - Technical
¾ Diagnosis by difference and cross co-relation is
most advanced available.

¾ Training and support mean we do not loose sight of

the ‘picture’

¾ Cross-corelation (CC) looks at curve shape – will

be the basis of the Doble expert system.

¾ Some systems have a single CC value – This is

wrong & misleading !

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 Doble’s key benefits - Technical

¾ One piece design test leads are the simplest, most

robust and most reliable

¾ Ensure repeatable results by controlling variables

in the field – length & location of lead!!

¾ Some braid or active probe designs theoretically

give marginally better repeatability in the lab… but
not in the real world (to complex & too many
variables)
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 Doble’s key benefits - Software

¾ Logical format for use-process

ƒ Plan – Act – Review

¾ Learning Curve – training

¾ Overlay multiple traces from multiple

transformers simultaneously

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 Why Doble?

¾ Doble;s 20 V p-p is the best available.

¾ Ground loop auto check.
¾ Test leads are simplest and most reliable.
¾ Repeatability and practice is proven.
¾ We have the Application experts.
¾ We can help get VALUE from the traces.

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 Why Doble?
¾ Doble leds the world in SFRA
ƒ The best test equipment
ƒ The best software and data management
ƒ The best technical support
ƒ The best product support
ƒ The best application support
¾ True test for SFRA
ƒ Its not a CIGRE or a IEEE test but a test when
an engineer goes out late in the day, in the
rain, with a suspect transformer
ƒ This is where Doble shines!!

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 Thank You

Any questions?
http://www.doble.com/products

sgaikwad@doble.com

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