1.

Discuss about the impact factor of a journal as per Journal Report, SNIP,
SJR and IPP.
Impact Factor - What is it?; Why use it?
The impact factor (IF) is a measure of the frequency with which the
average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to
measure the importance or rank of a journal by calculating the times it's articles
are cited.

How Impact Factor is Calculated?

The calculation is based on a two-year period and involves dividing the
number of times articles were cited by the number of articles that are citable.

Calculation of 2010 IF of a journal:

A = the number of times articles published in 2008 and 2009 were cited
by indexed journals during 2010.
B = the total number of "citable items" published in 2008 and 2009.
A/B = 2010 impact factor
The Impact Factor is reported in Journal Citation Reports (JCR)
CiteScore, which is similar to the IF but is based on a 4-year period.

Ways to Measure Impact

There are various tools and methods upon which to measure the impact of an
individual or their scholarship.
 h-index: The h-index is an index to quantify an individual’s scientific
research output.
 There are several databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and
Google Scholar) that will provide an h-index for an individual
based on publications indexed in the tools.
 Find about more about these tools and how to use them by
clicking the Find Your H-index tab.
 Citation Analysis: Is the process whereby the impact or "quality" of
an article is assessed by counting the number of times other authors
mention it in their work.
 UIC has access to a number of resources that identify cited
works including: Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar.
 Find about more about these tools and how to use them by
clicking the Citation Analysis tab.
 Altmetrics: Altmetrics is a quantitative measure of the quality and
quantity of attention that a scholarly work is receiving through social
media, citations, and article downloads.
 Find out more about Altmetrics and tools for obtaining
altmetrics data, click on the Other Metrics/ Altmetrics tab.
 Impact Factor: The impact factor is a measure of the frequency in
which the average article in a journal is cited in a particular year.
Impact factors measure the impact of a journal, not the impact of
individual articles.
 Find out more about the impact factor and tools that measure/
rank journals within specific disciplines, click the Journal
Impact Factor tab.

Tools to Measure Journal Impact (Impact Factor)

Journal Citation Reports
Journal Citation Reports provides ranking for journals in the areas of
science, technology, and social sciences. For every journal covered, the
following information is collected or calculated: Citation and article counts,
Impact factor, Immediacy index, Cited half-life, citing half-life, Source data
listing, Citing journal listing, Cited journal listing, Subject categories, Publisher
information.
 Limited to the citation data of Journals indexed in Web of Science
 Process to determine journals included in the tool
 Indexes over 12,000 journals in arts, humanities, sciences, and social
sciences
You can enter a journal title in the Search box under "Go to Journal
Profile". Because impact factors mean little on their own, it's best to view
the journal you are interested in comparison to the other journals in the same
category. To determine the impact factor for a particular journal, select a JCR
edition (Science and/ or Social Science), year, and Categories, found on the left
of the screen. Click Submit. Scroll the list to find the journal you are interested
in. The list can be resorted by Journal time, Cites, Impact Factor, and
Eigenfactor.
Eigenfactor
Eignenfactor scores can be found in the above listed Journal Citation
Reports or at eigenfactor.org. Journal Citation Reports or at eigenfactor.org.
Eigenfactor scores are intended to give a measure of how likely a journal is to
be used, and are thought to reflect how frequently an average researcher would
access content from that journal.
Scopus (Elsevier)
The Scopus Journal Analyzer provides a view of journal performance, and
includes three journal metrics - CiteScore, SJR (SCImago Journal Rank) and SNIP
(Source Normalized Impact per Paper).
 Over 22,000 active journals from over 4,000 international publishers
 Process to determine journals included in the tools
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) (Elsevier)
“The SCImago Journal & Country Rank is a portal that includes the
journals and country scientific indicators developed from the information
contained in the Scopus database (Elsevier B.V.).” Scopus contains more than
15,000 journals from over 4,000 international publishers as well as over 1000
open access journals. SCImago's "evaluation of scholarly journals is to assign
weights to bibliographic citations based on the importance of the journals that
issued them, so that citations issued by more important journals will be more
valuable than those issued by less important ones."
SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) measures contextual citation
impact by weighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject
field. The impact of a single citation is given higher value in subject areas where
citations are less likely, and vice versa. Unlike the well-known journal impact
factor, SNIP corrects for differences in citation practices between scientific
fields, thereby allowing for more accurate between-field comparisons of citation
impact. CWTS Journal Indicators also provides stability intervals that indicate
the reliability of the SNIP value of a journal.
 SNIP was created by Professor Henk F. Moed at Centre for Science and
Technology Studies (CWTS), University of L
CWTS Journal Indicators currently provides four indicators:
 P. The number of publications of a source in the past three years.
 IPP. The impact per publication, calculated as the number of
citations given in the present year to publications in the past three
years divided by the total number of publications in the past three
years. IPP is fairly similar to the well-known journal impact factor.
Like the journal impact factor, IPP does not correct for differences in
citation practices between scientific fields. IPP was previously
known as RIP (raw impact per publication).
 SNIP. The source normalized impact per publication, calculated as
the number of citations given in the present year to publications in
the past three years divided by the total number of publications in
the past three years. The difference with IPP is that in the case of
SNIP citations are normalized in order to correct for differences in
citation practices between scientific fields. Essentially, the longer
the reference lists of a citing publication, the lower the value of a
citation originating from that publication. A detailed explanation is
offered in our scientific paper.
 % self cit. The percentage of self citations of a source, calculated as
the percentage of all citations given in the present year to
publications in the past three years that originate from the source
itself.
In the calculation of the above indicators, only publications that are
classified as article, conference paper, or review in Scopus are considered.
Publications of other document types are ignored. Citations originating from
such publications are ignored as well.
2. Write in elaborately about h-index and i-10 index. Explain in detail
about the Indexing and citation databases

h-index
The h-index is an index to quantify an individual’s scientific research
output.
The h-index is an index that attempts to measure both the scientific
productivity and the apparent scientific impact of a scientist. The index is based
on the set of the researcher's most cited papers and the number of citations that
they have received in other people's publications. A scientist has index h if h of
[his/her] Np papers have at least h citations each, and the other (Np − h) papers
have at most h citations each.

i10-Index
Created by Google Scholar and used in Google's My Citations feature.
i10-Index = the number of publications with at least 10 citations.
This very simple measure is only used by Google Scholar, and is another
way to help gauge the productivity of a scholar.

Advantages of i10-Index
 Very simple and straightforward to calculate
 My Citations in Google Scholar is free and easy to use

Disadvantages of i10-Index
 Used only in Google Scholar

Indexing Database
The prestige of any journal is considered by how many abstracting and
indexing services cover that journal. It has been observed in last few years that
authors have started searching for indexed journals to publish their articles.
Probably this is happening because it has become a mandatory requirement for
further promotions of teaching faculty. However, the big question is after all
what is an “Index Journal”? Is a journal considered indexed if it is documented
in a local database, regional database, or in any continental database? Based on
available literature, we would like to clear in few forthcoming paragraphs what
is the history of indexing, what is actual indexing, and what is nonindexing?
 Citation index (indexing) is an ordered list of cited articles, each
accompanied by a list of citing articles.1 The citing article is identified as source
and the cited article as reference. An abstracting and indexing service is a
product, a publisher sells, or makes available. The journal contents are
searchable using subject headings (keywords, author's names, title, abstract,
etc.,) in available database. Being represented in the relevant online abstracting
and indexing services is an essential factor for the success of a journal. Today
search is done online, so it is imperative that a journal is represented in the
relevant online search system. A citation index is a kind of bibliographic
database, an index of citation between publications, allowing the user to easily
establish which later documents, cite which earlier documents.

A form of citation index was first found in the 12th century in Hebrew
religious literature. Legal citation indexes were found in the 18th century and
were made popular by citators such as Shepard's citations (1873). In 1960, the
Eugene Garfields Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) introduced the first
citation index for papers published in academic journals, first the science
citation index (SCI) and later social science's citation index and the arts and
humanities citation index. The first automated citation indexing was done by
“CiteSeer” in 1997. Other sources for such data include Google Scholar and
Elsevier's Scopus.3

Currently major citation indexing services are:

 SCI and SCI-expanded: Published by ISI a part of Thomson Reuters. As

mentioned, SCI was originally produced by ISI and created by Eugene
Garfield (1964). The SCI's database has two aims – first, to identify what
each scientist has published and second, where and how often the papers
by that scientist are cited. The SCI's electronic version is called “Web of
Science.” SCI-expanded indexes 8073 journals with citation references
across 174 scientific disciplines in science edition

 Scopus: Scopus (Elsevier) is a bibliographic database containing abstracts

and citations for academic journal articles. It covers 21,000 titles from
over 5000 publishers. It is available online only.
  Indian citation index (ICI): An online citation data ICI is a new web
platform for measuring performance of Indian research periodically. This
online bibliographic database was launched in 2009. ICI covers 800 plus
journals which are published from India on science, technical, medical,
and social sciences.

In addition, “CiteSeer” and Google Scholar’ are freely available online.

Citation Database
Citation databases are collections of referenced papers/ articles/ books
and other material entered into an online system (database) in a structured and
consistent way. All the information relating to a single document (author, title,
publication details, abstract, and perhaps the full text) make up the ‘record’ for
that document. Each of these items of information becomes a separate ‘field’ in
that record and enables the document to be retrieved via any of these items, or
by keywords.

Why use a citation database?

A citation database allows you to access published, peer-reviewed, high-
quality material such as journal articles, research reports, systematic reviews,
conference proceedings, editorials, and related works. When a document is
originally entered into a database it is analysed for its key subjects, and
descriptors (MeSH terms in MEDLINE, PubMed etc.) are assigned to it. MeSH
terms are Medical Subject Headings, which is a controlled vocabulary thesaurus
used for indexing and cataloguing articles for medical and biomedical purposes.
These MeSH terms allow precise searching as the databases search for these
specific terms in a hierarchical order.
Searches can then be limited, for example, by author or title fields, or
year/s of publication, and keywords can be focused and searched separately.
Searches undertaken in citation databases are therefore more precise, and
comprehensive than searches on general internet search engines and the
results are of consistently higer quality and reliability.
Why not just use Google or Google Scholar?
Searching on Google, or similar internet search engines, will return at
least a few sources on almost any topic, but finding high-quality, reliable, and
the most relevant sources is less likely. Google is an internet search engine that
returns and ranks results on the ‘basis of popularity’ with no filters to remove
bias or unreliable information. Results returned are from ‘all internet material’.
There are many peer-reviewed scholarly articles that do not appear on open
websites so they cannot be searched by Google due to subscription
requirements. Internet searches also return many results of dubious quality.
By comparison, Google Scholar provides a simple way to ‘broadly search
for scholarly literature’. It searches across many disciplines and a variety of
sources. It ranks a document by where it was published, who it was written by,
as well as how often and how recently it has been cited in other scholarly
literature.
If you were to use only Google or Google Scholar, significant articles
would not be retrieved due to sorting, vocabulary, and subscription limitations
of these search engines. However it can sometimes help to find the full text of an
article, and occasionally will retrieve useful information not found in a database
search.
 Points to Know More
What are the different metrics?
Scholars have combined standard research metrics, like scholarly output
and citation counts, into formulas to measure and assess author and journal
impact in new ways. Some of these metrics include:
 Journal  h-index  Altmetric
Impact  g-index
Factor  Eigenfactor score
On this page you will learn what these metrics measure, how to calculate
these metrics, and databases and resources to look up each metric in.
Calculating bibliometrics
Calculating metrics can sometimes be complicated and confusing. This
table provides a brief introduction to each calculation and what it means.
Metric : Impact Factor
Website : Journal Citation Reports
Meaning : Impact factor reflects only on how many citations on a specific
journal there are (on average). A journal with a high impact factor has articles
that are cited often.
Calculation :

Use a two-year period to divide the number of times articles were cited
by the number of articles that were published
Example:
200 = the number of times articles published in 2018 and 2019 were
cited by indexed journals during 2020.
73 = the total number of "citable items" published in 2018 and 2019.
200/73 = 2.73
2020 impact factor

Metric : h-index
Website : Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus
Meaning : The h-index focuses more specifically on the impact of only one
scholar instead of an entire journal. The higher the h-index, the more scholarly
output a researcher has.
Calculation :

1) Create a list of all of your publications. organize articles in descending

order, based on the number of times they have been cited.
2) Look down through the list to figure out at what point the number of
times a publication has been cited is equal to or larger than the line (or
paper) number of the publication.

*please remember that many databases will give you this number; this is
only if you'd like to calculate it manually. You can also often find
calculators online.
*graphic courtesy of the University of Waterloo Libguide

Metric : g-index
Website : Harzing's Publish or Perish
Meaning : The g-index can be thought of as a continuation of the h-index.
The difference is that this index puts more weight on highly-cited citations. The
g-index was created because scholars noticed that h-index ignores the number
of citations to each individual article beyond what is needed to achieve a certain
h-index. This number often complements the h-index and isn't necessarily a
replacement
Calculation :

Given a list of articles ranked in decreasing order of the number

citations that they received, the g-index is the largest unique number to
the extent that the top g articles received together is at least g2 citations.
Metric : Eigenfactor score
Website : Eigenfactor.org
Meaning : A high Eigenfactor score signals that the journal does not self-cite
and controls the network of that discipline. It's useful to look at scholar's h-
index as well as the Eigenfactor score of the journals they publish in in order to
get a broad sense of their impact as a researcher.
Calculation :

The Eigenfactor score is calculated by eigenfactor.org. However,

their process is very similar to calculating impact factor and they pull
their data from the JCR as well. The major difference is that the
Eigenfactor score deletes references from one article in a journal to
another in the same journal. This eliminates the problem of self-citing.
The Eigenfactor score is also a five-year calculation.

Metric : Almetric PlumX

Website : Almetric.com Plum Analytics
Meaning : Different sources go into altmetrics calculations, depending on
the company and the information that they are using. But in general, a high
altmetric score indicates that an item has received a lot of attention and it has
also received what that company has decided is "quality" attention (i.e. a news
post might be more valuable than a twitter mention). Remember that attention
doesn't necessarily indicate that the article is important or even of quality.
That's why it's useful to use altmetrics and impact factor together.
Calculation :

Altmetric scores are usually calculated by companies. This means

that they can't be calculated manually. How this metric is caculated, can
be seen in Altmetric support page.