HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

ELE 451
Fundamentals of Biomedical Engineering

Lecture Slides
WEEK 01

Prof.Dr. Uğur BAYSAL

2023
 Online Lecture Site :
STAR

Announcements :
BİLSİS & STAR

Grading:
Midterm examination (%40)
Homework(s) (% 0)
Final examination (%60)
 OFFICE HOURS
Due to Covid-19 restrictions, face-to-face (F2F)
meetings are very limited.

You are encouraged to send e-mail to

ubaysal@hacettepe.edu.tr

In urgent situations, you may call 0543-821-

2700 (preferably during office hours)
 ELE451 is about ...

sharing the latest information about ;

(1) Biomedical Engineering and life sciences ;
(2) Human body analysis according to
bioelectrical activities
(3) Circuits and Instruments to record and
process biological signals.
(4) Other related and up-to-date topics...
BEN = bioengineering,
MPH = medical physics,
MEN = medical engineering,
BPH = biophysics,
MEL = medical electronics,
BEM = bioelectromagnetism,
 TERMINOLOGY

Biophysics and Biochemistry:

The science that is concerned with the solution of biological
problems in terms of the concepts of physics and chemistry.

Bioengineering (Biomechanics and Bioelectronics):

The application of engineering to the development of health care
devices, analysis of biological systems, and manufacturing of
products based on advances in this technology. This term is also
frequently used to encompass both biomedical engineering and
biochemical engineering (biotechnology).

Biotechnology:
The study of microbiological process technology. The main fields
of application of biotechnology are agriculture, and food and
drug production.
 TERMINOLOGY

Medical electronics:
A division of biomedical engineering concerned with electronic
devices and methods in medicine.

Medical physics:
A science based upon physical problems in clinical medicine.

Biomedical engineering:
An engineering discipline concerned with the application of
science and technology (devices and methods) to biology and
medicine.
 HISTORY
In 1903, Willem Einthoven devised the first electrocardiography to measure
the electric activityof the heart;

The most significant innovation for clinical medicine was the development of
X-rays in 1895, Roentgen,W.K);

The English school of neurophysiology began when Richard Caton (British;

1842-1926) became interested in the recording technique of du Bois-
Reymond and applied it to the measurement of the electric activity of the
brains of rabbits and monkeys. The first report of his experiments, published
in 1875 (Caton, 1875), is believed to constitute the discovery of the
electroencephalogram (EEG).

The founder of membrane theory was Julius Bernstein (German; 1839-1917),

a pupil of Hermann von Helmholtz. Bernstein stated that the potential
difference across the membrane was maintained by the difference in
concentration of potassium ions on opposite sides of the membrane.

In the early 1970s a major innovation was introduced into diagnostic imaging
by Hounsfield. This innovation, x-ray computed tomography (CT), is
recognized today as the most significant single event in medical imaging since
the discovery of x rays.
 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
A bioprocess is detailed process that uses absolute living cells or their components to obtain desired
products. Transport of energy and mass is essential to many biological and environmental processes.
Areas, from food processing to thermal design of building to biomedical devices to pollution control
and global warming, need knowledge of how energy and mass can be transported through materials.
Biochemical engineering impacts a broad range of industries, including health care, agriculture, food,
enzymes, chemicals, waste treatment, and energy. In the past, biochemical engineering has been
distinguished from biomedical engineering by its emphasis on biochemistry and microbiology and
by the lack of a health care focus. However, now there is growing participation of biochemical
engineers in the direct development of health care products. Biochemical engineering has been central
to the development of the biotechnology industry, especially with the need to generate prospective
products. The monitoring and control of processes is of key importance in all industries. Effective
methods of monitoring are required to develop, optimize, and maintain processes at a maximum
efficiency and desired product quality Biotechnology processes are utilized to produce a huge variety
of products, such as primary and secondary metabolites, cells, tissues, vaccines, and therapeutic
proteins. Different host cell systems are used in the modern biotechnology, for example, bacterial cells,
plant cells, and eukaryotic cells, with specific requirements for bioreactor design, media composition,
and process control. The production of recombinant proteins and antibodies, chiefly, has become a
major source of revenue during the past 30 years, which are typically produced by genetically
engineered mammalian cells.Biochemical Engineering is intended to cover comprehensive coverage
on chemical engineering aspects of the development of biological processes associated with everything
from raw materials preparation to product recovery relevant to industries as diverse as
medical/healthcare, industrial biotechnology, and environmental biotechnology. It covers fundamental
research relevant to the design, application, detection, and environmental health impacts of chemical
products. Depending upon the growing conditions, microalgae can produce biocompounds that are
easily converted into biofuels. The biofuels from microalgae are an alternative that can keep the
development of human activity in harmony with the environment. This book also presents the main
biofuels that can be derived from microalgae. The book covers a wide range of topics contributed from
researchers at all levels and from all over the world valuable to students and practitioners as well.
From : https://gazellebookservices.co.uk/products/9781681179902?_pos=4&_sid=a4d1f88d0&_ss=r (accessdate:26.10.2023)
 SYLLABUS
Weeks
1 Preview, background topics
2 Human body, Physiologic Systems
3 Biolelectric Phenomena – The Origin of Biopotentials, Ionic Movements
4 Action Potantials, Active Behaviour of Membranes
5 Basic Sensors and Their Principles – Measurement of Displacement
(Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive, Piezoelectric)
6 Measurement of Temperature, Pressure, Flow
7 Biopotential Electrodes and Biopotential Amplifiers
8 Heart, Principles of ECG
9 Brain, Principles of EEG and MEG
10 Muscles, Principles of EMG
11 Nerves, Proinciples of ENG, Event Related Potentials (ERP)
12 Eye, Principles of ERG and EOG
13 Artificial Intelligence method(s) utilizing Biomedical Principles (SNN)
14 Make-up, course closure
 MAIN TEXTBOOK

Webster, J.G., edt., Medical Instrumentation,

Application and Design, Wiley, 3rd ed., 1998.

OTHER RESOURCES
-Enderle J. et al,
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering, Academic Press, 2012.
-Malmivuo,J., Plonsey, R.,
Bioelectromagnetism, Oxford University Press,
http://www.bem.fi/book/index.htm
-Bronzino, J.D. edt.,
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, IEEE Press,1995.
-Carr J.J., Brown J.M.,
Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology, Prentice Hall, 2000.
 Background Review in
ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONICS

Circuits and Systems

Signals and systems
Electronics I and Electronics II
AC-DC-Pulsed
AC-DC-Pulsed
AC-DC-Pulsed
AC-DC-Pulsed
 Some PHYSICS and CHEMISTRY

Temperature, Heat Transfer

Pressure and Flow
Force and Displacement
Diffusion
Half cell potential
Ions and ionic movement
HALF-CELL POTENTIAL
WORK and ENERGY
WORK and ENERGY
POWER
MATH (CALCULUS)
MATH (CALCULUS)
MATH (CALCULUS)
 REQUIRED COMPUTER SKILLS

Office Programs
Internet research and data mining

Flowchart drawing software

https: //app.diagrams.net or another
alternative that you may find

Circuit schematics drawing software

Any legal brand that you may find in the
department or on internet
 ETHICS

Biomedical Engineering Professional Obligations

Biomedical engineers in the fulfillment of

their professional engineering duties shall:

1. Use their knowledge, skills, and abilities

to enhance the safety, health, and welfare of the public.

2. Strive by action, example, and influence

to increase the competence, prestige, and honor
of the biomedical engineering profession.
 ETHICS

Biomedical Engineering Health Care Obligations

Biomedical engineers involved in health care activities shall:

1. Regard responsibility toward and rights of patients,

including those of confidentiality and privacy,
as their primary concern.

2. Consider the larger consequences of their work

in regard to cost, availability, and delivery of health care.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Hazardous Effects of Electricity

Shock
Burns
Fire
Falling (due to shock etc)
Reasons of Electrical Burns

High voltage sparks and arcing

Changing fuse and circuit elements without
appropriate equipment
Accidental short circuiting without care
Fires due to electrical causes ...

Inappropriate cable cross sections

Wrong or no fuse
Flammable material near heated electrical part
Carelessness or inappropriate precaution
Human reasons for electrical accidents ...

Lack of adequate training

Carelessness, hasty actions
Inappropriate precaution
Show-off to a friend
Mind concern to personal subject
Too nuch uncomfortable environment
Lots of noise, light to prevent concentration
AVOIDANCE from &
PREVENTION of
ELECTRICAL RISKS
GROUNDING
GROUNDING
 GROUNDING

The quality of grounding should be

checked every 1 year or 2 years
depending on the application

The intercity transmission lines should

be checked every 2 years to 5 years,
according to its importance and wear-
out properties.
On earthed plugs, earth terminal should
touch its terminal in the outlet before all
other terminals (inspect carefully)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to YOU for attending, watching, listening

and contributing.

Online material production was possible by using

computer and network infrastructure of
Hacettepe University, Dept. of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering.

Some material presented in this slide set has been

borrowed from textbook / supplementaty books
and from various internet resources.
 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
AND
GROUNDING

Compiled from the following References:

[1] Electrical Safety in the Workplace

https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/2019-03/
electrical_safety_manual.pdf

[2] ELEKTRİK İLE YAPILAN ÇALIŞMALARDA İŞ GÜVENLİĞİ

http://w3.bilecik.edu.tr/makineveimalat/wp-content/uploads/sites/
27/2017/03/1-Elektrikle-G%C3%BCvenlik.pdf