Cultural Variations

and Social Differences

(Ethnicity)

Introduction: The Understanding of Culture, Society,

and Politics
What can you say about the picture?
Ethnicity and Race

Every society consists of people from different families,

ethnic groups, and races. This makes society very diverse
and unique.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Race
• Race refers to a group of people that shares the same
physical attributes, such as skin color, height, and facial
features.

• People are grouped into different races based on their

physical appearance.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Race

• Human beings are classified into three major

races−Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid.
• These classifications are based on the color of the skin,
the shape of the face and eyes, texture of the hair, and
other prominent physical features.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Race

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines

There are more than

180 ethnic or
ethnolinguistic
groups in the
Philippines, which
are based on the
language each group
uses.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines

Ilokano Kapampangan
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines

Bikolano

Tagalog

Ilonggo
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines

Waray Cebuano

Pangasinense

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Issues About Race and Ethnicity

• Ethnicity and race are categories that divide people

based on their social affinities or physical similarities.
However, differences in ethnicity and race make some
people believe that one ethnic group is superior
than others.

• This belief creates discrimination and prejudice

against people from minorities who are perceived to be
of “inferior” ethnicity or race.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Racism

• Racism is discrimination or prejudice based on one’s race.

• In the 1970s, white Americans (Caucasoids) discriminated
black Americans (Negroids) who were descendants of
immigrants from African countries.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
Ethnocentricism

• Ethnocentrism is discrimination or prejudice based on

one’s culture.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
Ethnocentricism

• In the Philippines, Muslims experience prejudice and

discrimination in Christian-dominated regions like Metro
Manila. Because of the ongoing conflict in Mindanao
between the government and Islamic militants, Christians
tend to think that all Muslims are terrorists.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
Genocide

• Genocide is the elimination of a group of people from

the same race, ethnic group, religion, or nation.
• It is an extreme action against people from another
ethnicity or race.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Genocide

•The Holocaust during the World War II, executed by the

Nazis of Germany led by Adolf Hitler, killed millions of Jews
all over Europe.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Ethnic Cleansing
• Ethnic cleansing is the harassment, rape, or forced
migration of an ethnic group to banish them from a
certain area or territory.
• This happens in certain areas in Africa.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

• Ethnicity refers to a group of people, also called
the ethnic group, who have a common culture, language,
history, religion, and tradition.
• People from the same ethnic group share a
common culture, language, religion, belief, and tradition.
• There are more than 180 ethnolinguistic groups in
the Philippines.
• Race refers to a group of people that shares the
same physical attributes, such as skin color, height, and
facial features.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

• Racism is prejudice or discrimination against
people of other races with the idea that one’s race is
superior than others'.
• Ethnocentrism is similar to racism, but it
discriminates based on differences in culture.
• Ethnocentrism and racism may lead to genocide
or ethnic cleansing which are crimes against a specific
ethnic group or race.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS