Visvesvaraya Technological University

BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA.

A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

“IoT based Smart Street Light System”

Submitted to Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering
degree in Computer Science and Engineering.

Submitted by
NIKHIL M 4JN20CS064

Under the guidance of

Hiriyanna G S
B. E,M.tech,(Ph.D).
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CS&E,
JNNCE, Shivamogga.

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Jawaharlal Nehru New College of Engineering
Shivamogga - 577 204
April 2024
 National Education Society ®

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical entitled

“IoT based Smart Street Light System”

Submitted by
NIKHIL M 4JN20CS064

Students of 8th semester B.E. CS&E, in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer
Science and Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
during the year 2023-24.

Signature of Guide Signature of Co-Ordinator

Hiriyanna G S B.E., M. Tech., (Ph.D). Dr. Manjula G R B.E., M.Tech,PhD.

Assistant Professor, Dept. of CS&E Professor, Dept. of CS&E

Signature of HOD

Dr. Jalesh Kumar B.E., M.Tech., Ph.D.

Professor and Head, Dept. of CS&E

Examiners: 1. 2.
 ABSTRACT

The aim of IoT Based Smart Street Light System is the conservation of energy by reducing
electricity wastage as well as to reduce the manpower. The Saved energy can be utilized in various
purposes like residential, commercial etc. This is done by using the LDR sensor. Here the LDR
sensor is used ON-OFF the street light based on the ambient intensity level. It is an uncomplicated
light/dark activated switch and contains a relay at its output. This switching can be done by a low-
cost Wi-Fi module ESP8266 after reading the LDR value. The real time information of the street
light (ON/OFF Status) can be accessed from anytime, anywhere through internet. It ensures high
reliability and excellent long-term stability. This work is implemented using a programmed
NodeMcu board for providing the required intensity of light at various times. The proposed work
has achieved a better performance compared to the existing system.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On presenting the Technical report on “IOT based Smart Street Light System” I feel great to
express my humble feelings of thanks to all those who have helped me directly or indirectly in
the successful completion of the project work.

I would like to thank my respected guide Mr. Hiriyanna G S, Assistant Professor Dept. of
CS&E, and my project coordinator Dr. Manjula G R, Professor Dept. of CS&E, who helped
me a lot in completing this task, for their continuous encouragement and guidance throughout
the project work.

I would like to thank Dr. Jalesh Kumar, Professor and Head of the Dept. of CS&E, JNNCE,
Shivamogga and Dr. Y Vijay Kumar, the Principal, JNNCE, Shivamogga for all their support
and encouragement.

I am grateful to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering and our institution
Jawaharlal Nehru New College of Engineering and for imparting us the knowledge with
which we can do our best. Finally, I would also would like to thank the whole teaching
and non-teaching staff of Computer Science and Engineering Department.

Thanking you all,

NIKHIL M
4JN20CS064

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEGEMENT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES v

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 WORKING PRINCIPLE 4-9

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Proposed System 5

2.3 System Model 5

2.3.1 Block Diagram 5

2.3.2 Equipment Used 5

2.4 Power Supply 6

2.4.1 NODEMCUESP8266 6

2.5 LED Sensor 6

2.6 Relay Board 7

2.7 Bulb 7

2.8 Software Required 8

2.8.1 Arduino IDE 8

iii
 2.8.2 Thingspeak 8

2.9 Flow of Proposed System 8

Chapter 3 APPLICATIONS 10-11

3.1 Advantages 12

3.2 Disadvantages 12

Chapter 4 RESULTS & SNAPSHOTS 12-13

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION 14

REFERENCES 15

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

NO

2.1 Block Diagram 5

2.2 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) Sensor 6

2.3 Relay Board 7

2.4 Prototype of the IoT based smart street light system 8

2.5 System Flow 9

4.1 External Brightness vs Led intensity 12

4.2 Brightness Vs Intensity 13

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
In our rapidly evolving urban landscapes, efficient management of resources is essential
for sustainable development. Street lighting constitutes a significant portion of a city's
energy consumption and maintenance costs. Traditional street lighting systems often lack
adaptability and optimization, leading to unnecessary energy usage and operational
inefficiencies.
The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized how we interact with our
surroundings, offering innovative solutions to age-old problems. One such solution is the
implementation of IoT-based Smart Street Light Systems. These systems integrate
advanced technologies to enhance the functionality, efficiency, and sustainability of street
lighting infrastructure.
At its core, an IoT-based Smart Street Light System utilizes interconnected devices
equipped with sensors, controllers, and communication modules to collect and transmit
real-time data. By leveraging this data, municipalities can dynamically adjust lighting
levels, detect faults, and optimize energy consumption based on various factors such as
traffic density, weather conditions, and time of day.
At the heart of the Smart Street Light System lies the integration of IoT technology,
enabling interconnectedness and real-time communication between individual luminaires
and a centralized management platform. Equipped with sensors and embedded with
communication modules, each street light becomes an intelligent node within the network,
capable of gathering data and responding dynamically to changing conditions. This level
of connectivity facilitates precise control over lighting schedules, adaptive dimming based
on ambient light levels, and immediate detection of faults or anomalies, thereby optimizing
energy efficiency and reducing operational costs.
Beyond basic illumination, the Smart Street Light System harnesses the power of data
analytics to unlock new realms of optimization. By aggregating data from various sources
such as traffic patterns, weather forecasts, and pedestrian activity, the system gains insights
into usage patterns and environmental conditions. Leveraging advanced algorithms, it can

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

dynamically adjust lighting intensity and distribution to meet specific needs, whether it be
directing traffic flow during peak hours, enhancing security in high-traffic areas, or
minimizing light pollution during off-peak times. This data-driven approach not only
enhances safety and comfort but also contributes to sustainability efforts by reducing
energy wastage and carbon emissions.
In an era defined by rapid urbanization and environmental awareness, the demand for
smarter, greener solutions has never been greater. The IoT-based Smart Street Light System
represents a significant step towards realizing this vision, offering cities a pathway to
greater efficiency, safety, and sustainability. By leveraging the power of connectivity and
data analytics, it not only transforms the way we illuminate our streets but also sets the
stage for a more intelligent and resilient urban infrastructure. As cities continue to evolve,
the Smart Street Light System stands as a shining example of innovation in the service of
a brighter, more sustainable future.

Traditional street lighting systems are inefficient and lack adaptability to changing
conditions, leading to wasted energy and high maintenance costs. An IoT-based Smart
Street Light System is needed to intelligently manage lighting by incorporating sensors
and connectivity for real-time data on ambient light levels and traffic density. This allows
for dynamic adjustments in lighting intensity and scheduling, resulting in significant
energy savings, reduced operational costs, improved safety, and more sustainable urban
environments.

1. Energy Efficiency: Reduce energy consumption by automatically adjusting the

brightness of street lights based on real-time factors like ambient light levels and
movement detection.
2. Remote Monitoring and Management: Enable remote monitoring and management
of street lights, allowing authorities to detect faults, schedule maintenance, and
troubleshoot issues promptly.
3. Cost Savings: Lower operational costs by optimizing energy usage and reducing
maintenance expenses through remote monitoring and control.
4. Enhanced Safety: Improve safety for pedestrians and drivers by ensuring well-lit
streets, especially in areas with low visibility or during night-time. Improve Urban
Planning and Traffic Management: By gathering and analysing data on traffic

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

patterns, pedestrian movements, and environmental conditions, the Smart Street

Light System can provide valuable insights for urban planning and traffic
management.
5. Environmental Sustainability: Minimize light pollution and carbon footprint by
implementing efficient lighting solutions and reducing unnecessary energy
wastage.
6. Data Collection and Analysis: Gather data on traffic patterns, footfall, and
environmental conditions for better urban planning and decision-making.
7. Integration with Smart City Infrastructure: Seamlessly integrate with other smart
city systems like traffic management, surveillance, and emergency services for
improved overall functionality and coordination.

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

CHAPTER 2

WORKING PRINCIPLE
In this section the working principle of the project is explained briefly.

2.1 Introduction

Traditional street lighting systems, characterized by static schedules and manual

maintenance, often fall short in meeting the dynamic demands of modern cities.
Inefficient energy consumption, inadequate illumination levels, and delayed fault
detection contribute to wasted resources and compromised safety. Moreover, as
environmental consciousness grows, the imperative for sustainable practices becomes
more pronounced. It is within this context that the IoT-based Smart Street Light System
emerges as a beacon of innovation, offering a multifaceted approach to address these
pressing challenges.

In the realm of urban infrastructure, the evolution of technology continues to reshape

traditional systems, enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and overall quality of life. One
such advancement that stands at the forefront is the Internet of Things (IoT), a network
of interconnected devices capable of collecting and exchanging data seamlessly.
Among its many applications, the integration of IoT into street lighting systems has
emerged as a transformative solution, giving rise to the concept of Smart Street Light
Systems.

In Automatic Street Light Control System is not only easy but also the powerful
technique. Relay uses an automatic switch in this system. It releases the manual work
almost up to 100%. As soon as the sunlight goes under the visible region of our eyes
this system automatically switches ON lights. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a type
of sensor which actually does this work and senses the light as our eyes does. As soon
as the sunlight comes, visible to our eye it automatically switches OFF lights. Such type
of system is also useful for reducing energy consumption.

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

2.2 Proposed System

The project is usually a multi-functional prototype that has an aptitude to get rid of
the manual operation of the old street lightning system by strategy of the self-
automation. It aims at designing and executing the advanced development in
embedded systems for energy saving of street lights and their maintenance at
reduced cost with modern development. Street Lightning system has a feature as two
sensors are used which are Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) to point a day/night
time and therefore the passive infrared sensor (PIR) to detect the movement on the
road.

2.3 System Model

India facing one of the major Problem is maintenance of street lights. In India street
lights are maintained manually, it is found that there is wastage of power by operating
the street lights due to manual operations like switch on the light at day time. To reduce
the manual errors by controlling, implementation is done using Thingspeak for effective
Communication.
2.3.1 Block Diagram

Fig 2.1 : Block Diagram

2.3.2 Equipment used

• Power supply
• LDR sensor
• NODEMCUESP8266

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

• Relay
• Bulb
2.4 Power Supply
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that
supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called
a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy
supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others. This power supply section
is required to convert AC signal to DC signal and also to reduce the amplitude of the
signal. The available voltage signal from the main is 230V/50Hz which is an AC
voltage, but the required is DC voltage with the amplitude of +5V and +12V for varies
applications.
2.4.1 NODEMCUESP8266
The NodeMCU (Node MicroController Unit) is an opensource software and hardware
development environment that is built around a very inexpensive System-on-a-Chip
(SoC) called the ESP8266. And, you have to program it in low-level machine
instructions that can be interpreted by the chip hardware.
The ESP-8266 may be a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full
TCP/IP Transfer control protocol/ Internet protocol). It
makes the web connectivity possible for the IOT panel.
2.5 LED Sensor
Photo resistors, also known as light dependent resistors (LDR), are light sensitive
devices most often used to indicate the presence or absence of light, or to measure the
light intensity. The sensor that can be used to detect light is an LDR. Since the LDR
gives out an analog voltage, it is connected to the analog input pin on the Arduino. The
Arduino, with its built-in ADC (analog-to-digital converter), then converts the analog
voltage (from 0-5V) into a digital value in the range of (0-1023).

Fig 2.2 : Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

2.6 Relay Board

Relay boards are computer boards with an array of relays and switches. They have input
and output terminals and are designed to control the voltage supply. Relay boards
provide independently programmable, real-time control for each of several onboard
relay channels.
A relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated by an electrical current.
The current flowing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of another circuit.
Relays are like remote control switches and are used in many applications because of
their relative simplicity, long life, and proven high reliability. Relays are mainly made
up for two basic operations. One is low voltage application and the other is high voltage.
For low voltage applications, more preference will be given to reduce the noise of the
whole circuit. For high voltage applications, they are mainly designed to reduce a
phenomenon called arcing.

Fig 2.3 : Relay Board

2.7 Bulb
LEDs use much less energy than incandescent bulbs because diode light is much more
efficient, power-wise, than filament light. LED bulbs use more than 75% less energy
than incandescent lighting. Another advantage of LEDs is the “hassle factor.” LEDs last
a lot longer than a regular bulb.

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

2.8 Software Required

2.8.1 Arduino IDE
The Arduino Software (IDE) is an open-source software and it makes easy to the code
and upload it to the board. I t runs on the different plant from Windows, MAC OS,
Linux. The environment is written in Java and before running the IDE Java software
to be installed on the machine this software can be used with any Arduino board.
2.8.2 Thingspeak
ESP8266 Thingspeak is an analytic IoT platform service that allows you to aggregate,
visualize and analyse live data streams in the cloud. ThingSpeak is an open wellspring
of web of things (IoT) utility and API to purchase and recover records from issues
abuse the hypertext move convention and MQTT convention over internet or through
a near to space organize. ThingSpeak licenses the presentation of detecting component
work programs, area following bundles, and an informal community of things with
standing updates.

Fig 2.4 : Prototype of the IoT based smart street light system

2.9 Flow of Proposed System

The system architecture is adaptive system and it consists LDR sensors, NODEMCU ESP8266,
relay, Bulb. In this system NODEMCU microcontroller acts as the brain of the entire system.
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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

All the sensors used in this system are connected to micro controller. LDR is light dependent
resistor. When the day time sunlight falls on it, its resistance decreases and makes the light to
switch off. When the night time, light do not fall on the sensor, so its resistance increases and
triggers the light to switch On. When the night time, light do not fall on the sensor, so its
resistance increases and triggers the light to switch On.

Relay acts an automatic switch and electromagnetic switch it is connected to the micro
controller by relay driver. It is highly reliable and automatically switches ON and OFF the
lights.

Fig 2.5 : System Flow

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

Chapter 3

APPLICATIONS

The system can dynamically adjust lighting levels based on environmental factors such as
ambient light, motion detection, and weather conditions. For instance, lights can be dimmed
during periods of low activity to conserve energy and brightened in response to increased
pedestrian or vehicular traffic for enhanced safety and visibility.

3.1 Advantages

• Maintenance cost reduction.

• Reduction of light pollution.
• Energy saving.
• Lightning system also reduces crime say murder, theft and plenty of more to a
great- extend.
• Reduction of man power.
• Major advantages of street lightning include prevention of the accidents and
increase in the safety.

3.2 Disadvantages

• High Initial Costs: The implementation of IoT infrastructure, including sensors,

communication modules, and centralized management platforms, can incur
significant upfront costs.
• Complexity of Integration: Integrating IoT technology into existing street
lighting infrastructure can be a complex process, requiring coordination
between multiple stakeholders, including city planners, utility providers, and
technology vendors.
• Cybersecurity Risks: The interconnected nature of IoT devices introduces
cybersecurity vulnerabilities, as street lights become potential targets for cyber
attacks.

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

• Reliance on Connectivity: IoT-based Smart Street Light Systems depend

heavily on reliable connectivity, whether through wired or wireless networks.
• Data Privacy Concerns: Collecting and analyzing data from IoT sensors raises
privacy concerns related to the collection, storage, and use of personal
information.
• Maintenance and Support Challenges: While IoT technology promises to
streamline maintenance processes through proactive fault detection and remote
monitoring, it also introduces new challenges in terms of maintenance and
support.
• Environmental Impact: The production, deployment, and disposal of IoT
devices and associated infrastructure can have environmental implications,
including energy consumption, resource depletion, and electronic waste
generation.

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

Chapter 4

RESULTS & SNAPSHOTS

During daytime with full brightness, no LEDs are illuminated, and the LDR value remains
constant, varying with environmental brightness. Conversely, during nighttime with complete
darkness, all LEDs shine at full intensity, with the LDR sensing no light. Table 1 correlates
LDR values (external brightness) with LED intensity, forming a graph where LED intensity
decreases as external brightness rises and vice versa. In total darkness, LED intensity peaks.

Scenario during Day under Full Brightness:

At daytime due to full environmental brightness, no LEDs are ON and the value of LDR
remains almost constant. The intensity varies depending on brightness.

Scenario during Night under Full Darkness:

At night due to zero environmental brightness, all LEDs are ON at their full intensity and
the value of LDR here too remains almost constant as the LDR would not sense any light all
night. Table1 shows the value of LDR which is referred as external brightness and on the other
hand the value of intensity. With the help of Table1 we got a graph as shown by looking at the
graph we could say that as the external brightness increases the intensity of the LEDs decreases
and as the external brightness decreases the value of LEDs increases. When it is totally dark
outside the Intensity reaches to the peak.

Fig 4.1 : External Brightness vs Led intensity

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

Fig 4.2 : Brightness Vs Intensity

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

Chapter 5

CONCLUSION

The proposed system is easy to setup and implement and it doesn’t require extra maintenance
compared to the already existing system. This system can be further enhanced by writing logic
into the code and that can be able to retrieve information of the time of sunset and sunrise from
a reliable weather reporting source and automate the process completely by turn ON the street
light at the time of sunset and turn it OFF by sunrise. This further eliminates human intervention
and a manual visit to the location of the street lights will be required only in case of a
malfunction. The efficiency of automated systems is more than the manual systems. We can
also reprogram these devices with respect to our needs. By using the API key, the generated
data is stored in Thingspeak.

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 IoT based Smart Street Light System

REFERENCES

[1] Mahesh Boda, Raju Athe, Shivani Chettukindi, Vyshnavi Katakam, Sathyam Bonala,
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research (IJSER), ISSN (Online):
2347-3878, 2w020.
[2] https://www.Google.com

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