2023BSAE Design Construction and Performance Evaluation of Motorized Pulverizer For Dried Moringa Leaves

DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
OF MOTORIZED PULVERIZER FOR DRIED MORINGA LEAVES
An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty Members of

the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
Pangasinan State University - Sta. Maria
Campus Sta. Maria, Pangasinan
In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the

degree Bachelor of Science in Agricultural
Engineering
EMERSON A. TUGADE
JEJZ A. VENTURA
June 2023
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
in Agricultural Engineering, this thesis entitled “DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION
AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MOTORIZED PULVERIZER FOR
DRIED MORINGA LEAVES”, prepared and submitted by Emerson A. Tugade and
Jejz A. Ventura is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.
MARY LOU F. COLLADO ROSELYN B. VILLACORTE

Critic Reader Adviser
Contribution No.:
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
DANDELO C. LAROCO ROMEO G. ANCHETA

Member Member
FREDDIE RICK L. RAMOS

Chairman
Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering..
FREDDIE RICK L. RAMOS BRENDA C. PANELO, Ph.D.

Chairman, ABE Department Dean, College of Agriculture
HONORIO L. CASCOLAN, Ph.D.

Campus Executive Director
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was triumphantly completed because of the supervision, support and
inspiration provided by those who accompanied the researchers towards the
accomplishment of this work, the researchers would like to extend their warmest
gratitude and sincere words of appreciation to the following:
First and above all, the researchers would like to thank God for the answered
prayers and blessings which they appreciated a lot throughout everything.
To the Campus Executive Director of PSU Sta. Maria, Dr. Honorio L. Cascolan
and to the Dean of College of Agriculture, Dr. Brenda C. Panelo, for allowing the
researchers to conduct this study;
To their adviser, Engr. Roselyn B. Villacorte, for her untiring support, patience,
motivation, perseverance and dedication who made this work possible. Her friendly
guidance, and expert advice has been invaluable throughout all stages of the study;
To Engr.Mary Lou F. Collado, their critic reader, for her brilliant comments,
suggestions and patiently checking and editing the manuscript;
To Engr. Freddie Rick L. Ramos, the Chairman of Panel of Examiners, for his
valuable knowledge and wisdom shared throughout the conduct of this study, and for his
ideas, comments and valuable recommendations to meet the satisfactory result of their
study; To the Panel of Examiners, Engr. Dandelo C. Laroco and Engr. Romeo G.
Ancheta, for their constructive suggestions for the improvement of the research study;
To their fellow bayaws, for their moral support, appreciation and precious time
spent in the conduct and completion of their study;
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Most importantly, none of this would have been possible without the patience
and sacrifices of their family. To their supportive and loving parents Mr. Emilio A.
Tugade, Mrs. Lorenzana A. Tugade, Mr. Edgardo P. Ventura. and Mrs. Delia A. Ventura
who did not give up and who did not get tired of supporting and helping the researchers
throughout their study. Also, the researchers are extremely grateful to their siblings
namely: Elmer, Jayson, Quizza, Voe, and Xaiarlle for their love, prayers, understanding,
sacrifices, advices and continuing support.
To them all, this accomplishment is wholeheartedly and profoundly dedicated.
EMERSON A. TUGADE
JEJZ A. VENTURA
Researcher
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ix
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLE x
LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES xi
ABSTRACT xiii
Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Significance of the Study 2
Objectives of the Study 2
Scope of Delimitation of the Study 3
Time and Place of the Study 3
Definition of Terms 3
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature 4
Related Studies 8
3. METHODOLOGY
Materials 12
Methods
A. Design consideration 14
B. Design 14
C. Fabrication 15
D. Principles of operation 23
E. Evaluation Test Procedures 23
F. Data gathered 24
G. Research design 25
H. Performance Evaluation 25
I. Data analysis 27
J. Cost and return Analysis 28
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

General description of the machine 29
Machine performance results 30
Performance evaluation of the machine 30
v
Cost and return analysis 32
Other observation 34
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary 35
Conclusion 36
Recommendation 37
LITERATURE CITED 38
APPENDICES 42
APPENDIX TABLES 53
APPENDIX FIGURES 60
CURRICULUM VITAE 102
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page
1 Summary of all means of the trials 30

2 Estimated cost and return analysis of the machine as compared to 33
manual pulverizing
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page
1 Machine of S.I. Manuwa, et. al, 2020 11

2 Drawing of the motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves 15
3 Frame 16
4 Hopper and feeder 17
5 Pulverizing assembly 18
6 Roller 19
7 Spout 20
8 Discharge outlet 21
9 Front guard 22
10 Rear guard 22
11 Motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves 29
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix No. Page
1 Analysis of Variance for Pulverizing Capacity. 43

2 Analysis of Variance for Pulverizing Recovery 43
3 Analysis of Variance for Pulverizing Efficiency 43
4 Analysis of Variance for Energy Consumption 44
5 Calculation for the Cost and Return Analysis of the Motorized 45
Pulverizer for Dried Moringa Leaves for Trial 1.
9 Calculation for the Performance Evaluation of the Machine for 49
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
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LIST OF APPENDIX TABLE
Appendix Table Page
1 Bill of materials 54
2 Assumptions in calculating the cost and return analysis 55
3 Data and parameters for Trial 1(T1)- speed 1 (1433 rpm), 56
moisture content of 8%
4 Data and parameters for Trial 2 (T2)- speed 1 (1433 rpm), 57
x
LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES
Appendix Figure Page
1 Hammer type mill 61

2 Attrition type mill 61
3 Roller type mill 62
4 Conical type mil 62
5 Blade type mill 63
6 Pin type mill 63
7 Cross Beater type mill 64
8a Isometric view of the machine 65
8b Orthographic view of the machine 66
8c Exploded and Isometric view of the machine 67
9a Orthographic view of the frame 68
9b Exploded view of the frame 69
9c Components of the upper frame 70
9d Components of the guard frame 71
9e Components of the base frame 72
10 Orthographic view of the hopper and feeder 73
11a Orthographic view of the pulverizing assembly 74
11b Exploded and Isometric view of the pulverizing assembly 75
11c Components of the pulverizing assembly 76
12 Orthographic view of the power transmission assembly 77
13a Exploded and Isometric view of the discharge assembly 78
13b Orthographic view of the spout 79
13c Orthographic view of the cover 80
13d Orthographic view of the discharge outlet 81
14a Orthographic view of the front guard 82
14b Orthographic view of the rear guard 83
14c Exploded and Isometric view of the pulverizing guard 84
14d Components of the pulverizing guard 85
15 The researchers making the frame of the machine 86
16 The researchers cutting the roller for the pulverizer 87
17 The researcher cutting the stainless-steel sheet for the 88
machine covers.
18 Assembling of the machine. 89
19 Testing the machine’s functionality. 90
20 Gathering of moringa leaves. 91
21 Air drying of moringa leaves. 91
22 Cleaning the moringa leaves by removing the stems after 92
air drying.
23 The researchers preparing samples for moisture content 93
determination.
24 Weighed samples for moisture content determination. 94
25 The researcher weighing the samples after oven drying. 95
xi
26 The researchers with their respective panels doing an 96
evaluation of the machine.
27 The researchers with their adviser testing 97
and timing the operation of the machine.
28 The researcher with other bayaws sieving the output of the 98
machine testing.
29a Samples gathered in testing the machine (Sieve #10) 98
29b Sample gathered in testing the machine (Sieve #40) 99
29c Sample gathered in testing the machine (Pan) 99
30 The researcher operating the machine. 100
31 The researcher gathering data of the machine. 100
32 Sieved products gathered in the machine operation 101
xii
ABSTRACT
TUGADE, EMERSON A. and VENTURA, JEJZ A., Pangasinan State
University, Sta. Maria Pangasinan. June 2023. “DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION
AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A MOTORIZED PULVERIZER FOR
DRIED MORINGA LEAVES”.
Adviser: Engr. Roselyn B. Villacorte
This study aimed to design and construct a motorized pulverizer for dried moringa
leaves, evaluate its performance in terms of pulverizing capacity, pulverizing recovery,
pulverizing efficiency, energy consumption and determine the cost and return analysis of
the machine. The pulverizer was a motor-driven machine, fabricated with locally sourced
materials, which has the following components: frame, hopper with feeder, pulverizing
assembly, power transmission assembly, discharge assembly, and guard for moving parts.
It has a total height of 1167 mm, total length of 934 mm and total width of 410 mm. The
machine used spur gears in transmitting power into the roller in the pulverizing chamber.
For this study, the motorized pulverizer was evaluated using the following setting;
speed of 1433 rpm at 8% moisture content, speed of 1433 rpm at 5% moisture content,
speed of 538 rpm at 8% moisture content and speed of 538 rpm at 5% moisture content.
A total of 12 kg of dried moringa leaves were used in all operations, 1 kg for each
replication.
Among all operations, speed of 538 rpm and moisture content of 8% shows the
best results with pulverizing capacity of 5963 g/hr, pulverizing efficiency of 69.35% and
power consumption of 0.0500 kWh.
xiii
Cost and return analysis of the Motorized Pulverizer for Dried Moringa Leaves
revealed that the machine has a total investment cost of Php 31,623.90; depreciation cost
of Php 2,846.15/year with an interest of Php 3,794.87/year; gross income of Php
2,533,680.00/year; a net income of Php 1,125,821.19/year; and return on investment of
79.97% in 0.03 years.
xiv
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Moringa, as one of the world's most useful trees and in the Philippines almost all
parts of the plant were used for food and traditional medicine. Most researches are into
development in the fortification to utilize its nutritional value and medicinal potentials.
Philippines’ moringa industry has grown in researching and developing efforts in this
crop for the past years. Mainly those researches are for moringa leaves and seed oil which
were the major raw materials in food and nutrition industry. Those researches can also be
used for cosmetics and herbal medicines. The leaf powder which is mainly used for food
fortification as ingredient of bread (malunggay pandesal), noodles, juices, milk and tea. If
the leaf powder will be put in a capsule, it can be used as food supplement and herbal
medicine. Many moringa –based products were developed here in the Philippines but in
spite of the growing moringa industry there was a shortage of good quality fresh and dry
moringa raw materials. The moringa industry in the Philippines was slowly being
developed with the assistance of the government and private sectors.
It was once referred to as the "poor man's" vegetable but is now prized for its
potent nutritional and medicinal value.
SBE Farms Enterprises Incorporated in Rosales, Pangasinan was a home of
6000 native malunggay trees, the common variety in the Philippines and other
tropical regions in Asia. It was referred to as a superfood, queen of Philippine
vegetables, and a miracle tree because all plant parts (from the fruit, stem, trunk,
1
down to its roots) are edible and have their own purposes according to Vina
Medenilla of Manila Bulletin, 2021.
A pulverizer is a mechanical device for the reduction in grain size of different
types of materials, and it is also used to pulverize materials which result in the
reduction of grain size occurs if the elements are crushed, split or grinded. Moringa
leaves are to be separated from the stalks and are either oven-dried or sun-dried. By
pulverizing moringa leaves, it can be put into different products, which can be
accessed easily and be available to all.
Significance of the study
Pulverizing of moringa dried leaves are done traditionally by rubbing stone
and grinding stone pounding or commonly known as mortar and pestle process. The
existing machines for moringa leaves has no seiver attached to it meaning
Presently, there are many existing machines introduced for moringa leaves to
pulverize from smaller capacity to higher capacity. A grinder of 10- kg/hr capacity
costs at least Php 100,000.00. Though the constructed machine has lower capacity, it
only cost Php 31,623.90. In addition, the fabrication materials were all available locally
that it can be fabricated easily.
Objectives of the study
The main objectives of this study was to developed and evaluated the performance
of a motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves. Specifically it aimed to:
1. Constructed a motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves.
2. Evaluated the performance of the motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves
in terms of:
2
a. Pulverizing capacity;
b. Pulverizing recovery;
c. Pulverizing efficiency; and
d. Energy consumption.
3. Determined the cost and return analysis of the machine.
Scope and delimitation of the study
This study was limited on the ability of the motorized pulverizer to pulverize
dried moringa leaves. The pulverizer was set for two speeds; RPM1 and RPM2 (1433
rpm and 538 rpm) and moisture content variation; MC1 and MC2 (8% and 5%).
Time and place of the study
The machine was constructed at Tugade’s residence at Sta. Maria, Pangasinan
from March – June 2023 and the performance evaluation was conducted in June 2023 at
Farm Machinery of Pangasinan State University, Sta. Maria Campus, Sta. Maria,
Pangasinan.
Definition of Terms
Clearance. The space available for the material to pass through between the roller 1
and 2, and roller 1 and 2 to the POM attachment.
Moringa leaves. The input commodity to be pulverized by the pulverizer.
Polyoxymethylene (POM). An engineering thermoplastic used as a material for roller
and attachment in the pulverizing chamber of the machine.
Pulverizer. A machine that applies an external force to a material reducing it into
smaller pieces than the original size.
3
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The following were used as the basis for the design to complete the information
that is relevant in the study.
Related literature
Moringa oleifera is originally a tropical crop with a fast development, little known
in developed countries but cultivated since ancient times. It can adapt to regions affected
by climate change, such as the Mediterranean basin, since it is a crop with a great
resistance to high temperatures. In this study an in-depth bibliographical review was
carried out by consulting different databases (Science Direct, FSTA, Scielo, Riunet, and
Google Scholar) in order to find published scientific studies on the characteristics of this
crop and its agronomic requirements. According to the information found, all parts of the
Moringa oleifera, namely the leaves, pods, seeds, roots and flowers, can be used in
different industrial sectors such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, human food, animal feed,
and water treatment since they have a nutritional profile rich in high biological value
proteins, vitamins A and C, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids and minerals: calcium, iron,
potassium, and phosphorous. (M. D. Soriano, et. al. 2020)
A hectare of land with 1,000,000 plants with planting distance of 10 x 10 cm can
produce at least 100 kg of dried leaves a week or 5 tons a year (Caroline Olivier). Closer
spacing allows the harvest of young leaves every four to five weeks. Moringa should be
trimmed to promote branching, increase yield, and facilitate harvesting.{DTI Negosyo
Online)
4
Moringa should be harvested at the coolest time of the day: early morning or late
in the evening (5 – 7 AM and 6 – 8 PM). It is important to make sure there is no dew on
the produce before harvesting, especially in the morning, to avoid rot during storage or
transportation. (Trainer`s guide for Production, Harvest, Post-Harvest Handling and
Value Addition for Moringa in Tanzania 2016)
Moringa leaves were processed in two steps (1) drying and (2) grinding. In the
first step, leaves were dried with different drying treatments including conventional,
laboratory and advanced methods to optimize drying conditions in terms of maximum
nutrients preservation and color quality. During the second step, leaves were ground with
three different grinding mills including hammer, dry, and cutter mills to study the effect
of grinding mechanism in combination with particles size and moisture content on the
flowability of the powder. The flowability was measured using conventional and
advanced methods including Carr Index and Cohesion Index. Oven drying at 50 °C was
found to be the optimum conditions in terms of maximum nutrients and color
preservation of moringa leaves. The grinding mechanism having a substantial impact on
the flowability of the powder produced in different types of mills. The effect of moisture
content and particle size on moringa leaves powder was also investigated and found that
moisture content directly affects the flowability of moringa leaves powder followed by
particles size and shape. We have also noted powder sample prepared by the impact
mechanism (hammer mill) with particle size 50 µm and moisture content 5% having
appreciable flowability as compared to the samples processed by cutting (dry mill) and
shattering (cutter mill) mechanisms. This study conveys an ultimate understanding
5
regarding processing (drying and grinding) of moringa leaves powder. (M. A. Ali et. al.
2017)
Leaves should be dried in an area protected from light to prevent the loss of
vitamins and protected from dust and pests to prevent contamination. If necessary, leaves
can be covered by thin cloth or mosquito netting to help keep them clean while drying.
The drying process should be completed as quickly as possible to prevent the growth of
molds; if leaves mold or mildew they should be thrown out or used for compost. If the
humidity of the air is high, leaves should be spread out in a thin layer and mixed
frequently; dehydrators, ovens, driers or fans may be required in cases of extreme
humidity. It is estimated that only 20-40% of vitamin A will be retained if leaves are
dried under direct sunlight, but that 50-70% will be retained if leaves are dried in the
shade. High temperature may lead down to the breakage of protein present in the leaves.
Therefore, shade dry is recommended for the drying process.
Tea is the processed leaves of Camellia sinensis which upon infusion with cold or
hot water, gives a non-alcoholic beverage (Sharma et al., 2005). Tea consumption is a
very ancient habit, with legends from China and India indicating that it was initiated
about five thousand years ago (Dufresne and Franworth, 2001). Traditionally, tea was
consumed to improve blood flow, eliminate toxins and improve resistance to diseases
(Balentine et al.,1997). According to Hertog et al. (1993), numerous epidemiological
studies linked tea consumption to reduction of the risk of cardio vascular diseases, high
cholesterol levels .
Nutrient enrichment with Moringa oleifera represents a superior option for
mitigating the effects of micronutrient deficiency in impoverished areas. According to De
6
Saint Sauveur and Broin (2010), Moringa leaf powder is highly concentrated with
micronutrients, that a few grams a day can help to combat vitamin, mineral and protein
deficiencies. They equally reported that eating 100 g fresh Moringa oleifera leaves
provide as much protein as an egg, as much calcium as a big glass of milk, as much iron
as a 200 g beef steak, as much vitamin A as a carrot and as much vitamin C as an orange.
Its leaves are used as nutritional supplement and growth promoters (Sanchez-Machado et
al., 2006), anti-ulcer, diuretic, anti-inflammatory agent and for enhancing wound healing
(Udupa et al., 1994; Pal et al., 1995). Prakash (1998) demonstrated that the aqueous
extract of the leaves has antifertility activity, while Tahiliani and Kar (2000) used it in
regulating adult Swiss rat’s thyroid hormone status.
The aim of processing Moringa oleifera leaves into teas is to process them into
convenient shelf stable forms and to preserve the products, thus helping to increase food
security, create employment opportunities and generate income.
The origins of the modern roller mill began in Europe. Swiss engineer Jacob
Sulzberger began experimenting with roller mills in the 1830s. His most successful
installation was at Walzmühle, Budapest in Hungary. At this time, rollers were seen as a
supplement to millstones. Stones were used for primary breaking of the grain, and the
partly milled grain, called middlings or farina, then passed through rollers to be turned
into flour. At Walzmühle, chilled cast-iron rolls were created in the local foundry for use
in the roller mills. These rolls soon became the industry standard and were exported
around the world through the 19th century. Some roller mills also used porcelain rollers,
especially for processing semolina after stone grinding. By the 1870s, corrugated iron
7
rolls began to replace the stones at the early stages of the grinding process. (Automatic
Equipment 2021)
It is determined that specific energy consumption of a roller mill was significantly
lower compared to a hammer mill for similar geometric mean diameter of particles.
(Vukmirovic et. al. 2016)
Related studies
Hammermills and roller mills are the primary methods used to reduce particle size
due to the ability to handle a wide variety of ingredients and capability to grind to a very
small particle size (Heiman and Champion, 2005); however, with a hammermill, the
variation in particle size of the final ground grain can be high. By comparison, the roller
mill is able to grind grain to a more consistent particle size and generally has a lower
operating cost (Wondra et al., 1995a).
The use of roller mills to process cereal grains has been used for many years, and
the technology and capabilities of these machines have continued to evolve and improve.
One of the unique aspects of using a roller mill originates with the grinding mechanism.
Traditional roller mills set the roll speed equally for each roll within a set of grinding
rolls, which would effectively crimp the grain. However, when the roll speed is offset so
one roll is rotating more rapidly than the other, the grooves within the rolls allow for a
shearing action that creates a fine, uniform finished product. Hammermills reduce
particle size by the impact of the grain against the moving hammer and forcing the
particles through a screen with a specific opening diameter specific to the desired particle
size. Due to this mechanism, the variation in the final ground corn particle size is
typically greater as evidenced by a wider distribution of mass remaining on each sieve
8
following particle size analysis. As the number of grinding rolls is increased, the
capability of the roller mill to reduce particle size of the ground material increased.
(Heiman and Champion, 2005)
Because roller mill grinders operate at lower speeds and with a different kind of
reduction action, less noise is generated in the grinding process. In many cases, this
reduction in noise means a roller mill grinder will not require a separate enclosure to limit
employee exposure to high noise levels. Lower operating speeds in roller mill grinders
mean less frictional heating and less inertial energy (such as thrown hammers) in a
hammer mill. This reduction in ignition source, combined with less dust in the product
steam, greatly reduces the risk of fire in the grinding operation. Because the roll
clearances need to be maintained under demanding conditions, the mill housing and roll
adjustment mechanism of the roller mill grinder must be more robust than for older
design cracking and crimping mills. More precise roll position adjustments must be made
and better control over the feeding is necessary in order to achieve the full benefits of the
roller mill grinder through its range of capabilities. Rolls must be operated in parallel and
tram to reliably produce quality finished products. Because roller mill grinders do more
work and use more horsepower than cracking and crimping mills, roll wear rates will be
greater. Rolls will require re-corrugation when the capacity of the mill drops by 20-30%
or when finished product quality is no longer acceptable. Because they do not effectively
reduce fibrous materials, roller mill grinders are best applied to grinding friable products
such as corn, wheat, milo, soybean meal, and similar products. (CPM.net)
The Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Pulverizer - Specifications in PNS/BAFS
PAES 247:2018 which is known as the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard is
9
being identified. Malunggay (Moringa) powder – Specification which is in PNS/BAFS
109:2011. As well as the Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Pulverizer – Methods of
Test which is in PNS/BAFS PAES 248:2018.
Multicrop pulverizer can be classified into:
1. Hammer-type which consists of rotating beaters (fixed or swinging) mounted
radially on the shaft and a heavy-duty perforated screen. Size reduction of the dried
agricultural commodity is done by impact (Appendix Figure 1),
2. Attrition-type which consists of two roughed plates, one stationary and the
other rotating. The size of the dried agricultural commodity is reduced by crushing and
shearing (Appendix Figure 2),
3. Roller-type which consists of rollers, with or without serrated surfaces. It
reduces the size of the dried agricultural commodity by pressing or squeezing (Appendix
Figure 3),
4. Conical-type which consists of conical shaped pulverizing surface capable of
pulverizing dried agricultural commodities. This type is usually found on low speed and
gear reduction pulverizer (Appendix Figure 4),
5. Blade-type which consists of metal blades wherein size reduction of the dried
agricultural commodity is achieved by the shearing actions (Appendix Figure 5),
6. Pin Mill-type which consists of two plates with rod protrusion (pins), one
stationary and the other rotating. The size of the dried agricultural commodity is reduced
by crushing and shearing (Appendix Figure 6) and,
7. Cross Beater-type which consists of a rotating wide beater mounted radially on
the shaft, toothed pulverizing insert, baffled plate and a heavy duty perforated replaceable
10
screen/sieve. Size reduction of the dried agricultural commodity is done by impact and
shear (Appendix Figure 7).
A machine was developed to pulverized dried moringa leaves. The efficiency was
evaluated at different motor speed 1000 rpm and 467 rpm with machine efficiency of
91% and 96% respectively. The pulverizer performed comparatively high as compared to
a reported a milling efficiency of 81.14% for milling cum pulverizing machine. This
machine is more efficient to produce dried powder of different grain sizes with low-cost
budget and less skill compared to conventional hammer mills, milling cum grinders and
blenders used for producing dried powder are costly and required skilled labor.
(S.I.Manuwa et. al., 2020)
Figure 1. Machine of S.I. Manuwa, et. al, 2020
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Included in this chapter were the materials and methods used in the conduct of the
study.
Materials
The following were the materials used in the development construction and
performance evaluation of motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves. The bill of
materials was shown in Appendix Table 1.
Materials used in the fabrication of the machine:
Angle bar (38.1 mm x 6.35 mm x 6m)
Flat bar (25.4 mm x 6.35 mmx 6m)
Enamel (quick dry, Light gray)
Hex head bolts and nuts (M6 x 58.2 mm)
Hex head bolts and nuts (M12 x 31.75 mm)
Paint brush (50.8 mm)
Pillow block (UCP202-10)
Polyoxymethylene (POM) (∅108 mm, 200 mm length)
Shafting (∅15.875 mm x 6m)
Spur gear (120 teeth, Module 1)
Stainless steel sheet (Gauge no. 24, Smoke type)
Washer (M16, M12)
Welding rod
12
V-belt (A-30 and B39)
V-pulley (∅63.5 mm, ∅76.2 mm, ∅203.2 mm)
Tools and equipments used:
Welding machine Oven
Grinder Desiccator
Power drill Analytical balance
Screw driver Round file
Vice grip Open and close wrench
Welding goggles Hacksaw
Tri-square Tape measure
Feeler Gauge Leveling bar
Instruments used in the performance evaluation of a motorized pulverizer for
dried moringa leaves:
Hand-held tachometer Stopwatch
1.5 hp Electric motor Sound-level meter
Clamp meter Siever #4, #10 and #40
Scientific calculator
Digital weighing scale (3-kg capacity)
Materials used in the performance evaluation of the machine
6 kg of 8% Moisture content of dried moringa leaves
6 kg of 5% Moisture content of dried moringa leaves
13
Other materials:
Food container Plastic container
Methodology
A. Design consideration
The following criteria were considered in designing and constructing the
motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves.
1. Simple that could be fabricated in any local machine shop.
2. The machine was motor-driven and could be operated by one person.
3. The major components could be easily dismantled.
4. The machine was made of a food grade material and guard was provided for all
moving parts.
5. The operator was in comfortable position while operating the machine.
B. Design
Parts and design of the motor-driven pulverizer for dried moringa leaves as shown
in Figure 2.
14
3
2
4
1 6
Figure 2. Drawing of the motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves
C. Fabrication
The motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves were shown in Figure 2,
consisting the following major parts frame (1), hopper and feeder (2), pulverizing
assembly (3), power transmission assembly (4), discharge assembly (5), and guard (6). It
has an overall dimension of 934 mm in length, 410 mm in width, and 1167 mm in height.
Appendix Figure 8a, 8b and 8c shows the detailed drawing of the machine.
1. Frame
The frame of the motor-operated pulverizer for dried moringa leaves was shown
in Figure 3. It serves as support of the entire weight of the machine and holds its major
parts. It was made of 38.1 mm x 6.35 mm angle bars and 25.4 mm x 6.35 mm flat bar.
All joints were welded to assure strength and durability. The overall dimension of the
15
frame has a length of 934 mm, height of 1167 mm, and width 410 mm. The drawing
detailed of the frame was shown in Appendix Figure 9a to Appendix Figure 9e.
Upper Frame
Rear Frame
Front Frame
Middle Frame
Base Frame
Figure 3. Frame
2. Hopper and feeder
The hopper as shown in Figure 4 serves as the input unit of the machine and it
was designed to provide smooth supply of dried moringa leaves into the pulverizing
chamber. The hopper was made of stainless-steel sheet (Gauge no. 24, Smoke type). It
has a dimension of 550 mm in length, 334 mm wide and 305 mm in height. The design
capacity of the hopper was 1 kg. The detailed drawing of the hopper and feeder was
shown in Appendix Figure 10.
16
Hopper
Feeder
Regulating Valve
Figure 4. Hopper and feeder
3. Pulverizing assembly
The pulverizing assembly (Appendix Figure 11a to Appendix Figure 11c) were
the part of the machine where the dried moringa leaves were pulverized. The pulverizing
assembly has two sets of rollers (1 and 2), a stationary POM attachment, casing and spout
as shown in Figure 5.
17
`Upper frame
Casing
Roller 1
Roller 2
Shaft
POM
attachment
Pillowblock Spout
bearing
Figure 5. Pulverizing assembly
3.1. Roller
The rollers 1 and 2 with the POM attachment shown in Figure 6 were responsible
to pulverize the dried moringa leaves. The rollers were made of Polyoxymethelene
(POM) having a diameter of 108 mm and length of 200 mm. Those rollers were held by
16-mm diameter shafts. The Roller 1 was rotating clockwise and Roller 2 was rotating
counterclockwise while the POM attachment was stationary. The clearance between
Roller 1 and 2 was approximately 12 mm while the clearance between the roller 1 and
roller 2 to the POM attachment was approximately 1 mm. The detailed drawing of the
roller was shown in Appendix Figure 11c.
18
Shaft
Roller 1
Roller 2
POM
attachment
Roller Guard
Figure 6. Roller
4. Power transmission assembly
The main source of power of the machine was 1.5 hp electric motor that serves as
the prime mover of the machine where v-belt, pulley and spur gear was used to transmit
the power to the roller shaft. The spur gears used has thickness module 1 and teeth of
120. A 63.5 mm- diameter pulley was used for the electric motor shaft. The varying
v-pulley diameters used in roller shaft were 76.2 mm and 203.2 mm. V-belts Type A-30
and Type B-39 were used for those pulleys respectively. The detailed drawing of the
power transmission assembly was shown in Appendix Figure 12.
19
5. Discharge Assembly
The Discharge assembly (Appendix Figure 13a to 13d) consist of the following
components: spout and discharge outlet.
5.1 Spout
A spout just below the roller shown in Figure 7 was provided to channel down
the pulverized moringa leaves to the discharge outlet. Appendix Figure 13b shown the
detailed drawing of the spout.
Figure 7. Spout
20
5.2 Discharge outlet and Cover
The discharge outlet shown in Figure 8 was made to serve as a chute of products
to the container. The detailed drawing of the discharge outlet was shown in Appendix
Figure 13c and Appendix Figure 13d.
Figure 8. Discharge outlet
6. Guard
Front and Rear guards shown in Figure 9 and 10 were designed to prevent
accidents in the moving parts of the machine. It was made of stainless steel sheet with a
gauge number 24. The front and rear guard can be easily attaching and remove using
bolts and nuts. The front guard has a dimension of 357 mm in length, 183 mm in width
and 100 mm in height (Appendix Figure 14a). The rear guard has a dimension of 357 mm
in length, 230 mm in width and 260 mm in height (Appendix Figure 14b ).
21
Figure 9. Front guard
Figure 10. Rear guard
22
D. Principles of operation
The following were the operational steps of the motorized pulverizer for dried
moringa leaves:
1. Place one kilo of dried moringa leaves in the hopper.
2. Turn on the electric motor.
3. Gradually open the regulator to allow the dried moringa leaves flow to the
pulverizing chamber.
4. If there’s no material flowing out of the discharge outlet, turn off the motor.
E. Evaluation Test Procedures
For this study, the motorized pulverizer was evaluated using the following trials:
speed variations of (1433 rpm and 538 rpm) and moisture content of moringa leaves (8%
and 5%). Dried moringa leaves weighing 1 kg with corresponding moisture content was
used for each replication. Before the start of the operation, the motorized pulverizer had
undergone various adjustments and calibrations. The actual data gathered in the machine
was measured using clamp meter, sound level meter, and tachometer (Appendix Figure
30 and 31). A total of 12 kg of dried moringa leaves was used for all operations.
Preparation of sample:
1. Harvesting - Fresh green leaves were plucked from moringa tree. (Appendix
Figure 20)
2. Washing - Leaves were thoroughly washed in clean water.
3. Air drying - Leaves still attached to the stems were hung and air dried for 3-5
days. (Appendix Figure 21)
23
4. Sorting - Leaves were separated from stalk and any dead or infected parts were
cleared off. (Appendix Figure 22)
5. Oven drying - Samples were oven dried to determine the initial moisture
content of moringa leaves before sun drying. (Appendix Figure 23, 24 and 25)
6. Drying - Leaves were sun dried to reduce the moisture content to 5% and 8%.
After an operation (Appendix Figure 27), the machine was cleaned and prepared
for the next replication. This includes, removing all powdered moringa leaves left inside
and outside the pulverizing chamber. This procedure was repeated for all the succeeding
test trials.
After all samples were pulverized, it was sieved to get the corresponding fineness
of the products. The sieves used were U.S. Standard Testing Sieve #4, #10, and #40.
Considering that a stack of sieves was required for each test, sieves were stacked with the
coarsest sieve at the top and the finest sieve on the pan. Sieves were rotated and gently
tapped for approximately 3 minutes (Appendix Figure 28). Each sieve was processed
separately, adding any additional material that passes through to the sieve below it. This
procedure was repeated until the finest sieve to the pan. The result of the gathered in
sieve #4, #10 and #40 were shown in Appendix Figure 29a, 29b and 29c, respectively.
F. Data gathered:
The following data were gathered in this study:
Operating time (hr). Time in which the machine pulverized the test samples. This refers
to the time from when the materials were put in the hopper until there was no output
coming out of the discharge chute.
Voltage reading (V). The electric pressure reading of the machine in each operation.
24
Ampere reading (A). The electric current reading of the machine in each operation.
Weight of the product (g). This refers to the weight of the output from each trial.
Weight of the fine materials (g). This refers to the gathered fine materials after sieving
the output of the machine.
G. Research design
The performance of the machine was evaluated using two different angular speeds
with two different moisture content of moringa leaves. The speed 1 having speed of 1433
rpm and speed 2 having speed of 538 rpm. Both types of speeds were evaluated under
two different moisture content; moisture content of 5% and 8%. It was replicated three
times each for a total of 12 test trials.
The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) for
the study of four (4) trials.
The following trials are used in this study:
T1 - RPM1 (1433 rpm), MC1 (8%)
T2 - RPM 1 (1433 rpm), MC2 (5%)
T3 - RPM 2 (538 rpm), MC1 (8%)
T4 - RPM 2 (538 rpm), MC2 (5%)
H. Performance Evaluation of the Machine
The following formula were used in getting the performance of the machine
(PNS/BAFS/PAES 248:2018).
a. Moisture content (oven drying) equation 1
MC = ((Wi-Wodw)/Wi) x 100
25
where:
MC is the oven dried moisture content (%)
Wi is the initial weight of the material (g)
Wodw is the oven dried weight of the material (g)
b. Moisture loss (sun drying) equation 2
Wf = (Wi(1-MCi))/(1-MCf)
where:
Wf is the final weight of the material (g)
Wi is the initial weight of the material (g)
MCi is the initial moisture content (%) (eq.1)
MCf is the final moisture content (%)
c. Pulverizing capacity equation 3
CP = WO/TO
where:
CP is the pulverizing capacity (g/h)
WO is the weight of the pulverized product (g)
TO is the total operating time (h)
d. Pulverizing recovery equation 4
PR = WO/WI× 100%
where:
PR is the pulverizing recovery (%)
WO is the weight of the pulverized product (g)
26
WI is the weight of input material (g)
e. Pulverizing efficiency equation 5
Eff = FP/PR x 100%
where:
Eff is the pulverizing efficiency (%)
FP is the acceptable pulverized product (%)
PR is the pulverizing recovery (%)
f. Energy consumption equation 6
E= (A x V x O.T.)/1000
where:
E is the energy used (kWh)
A is the ampere reading (A)
V is the voltage reading (V)
O.T. is the operating time (hr)
I. Data analysis
All data in this study were subjected to statistical procedure. Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used to determine the
statistical significance among trials means with 5% level of significance.
J. Cost and Return Analysis
The cost and return analysis of the machine were determined by the following
formula:
A. Fixed Cost equation 7
27
a. Depreciation cost = (Investment cost - Salvage value) / Expected lifespan
b. Interest on Investment = Interest x Actual Cost
c. Repair and Maintenance Cost = 5 % of Actual cost
d. Housing/Building Cost = Rent/month x month/yr
e. Total Fixed Cost = Depreciation + Interest + Maintenance
B. Variable Cost equation 8
a. Labor Cost = (Machine-Man per day) x (Operation Time of the Machine)
x (Operation Time per year)
b. Material Cost = Materials x Operation time per Day x Operation
Time per Year
c. Electrical cost= kWh used x Operating time per Day x Operating Time
per Year
C. Total Operating Cost equation 9
Total Cost = Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost
D. Gross Income = Income per day x days of operation equation 10
E. Net Income = Gross Income – Total Operating Cost equation 11
F. Return on Investment = Net Income x 100 equation 12

Total Operating Cost
G. Payback Period = Machine Cost / Net Income equation 13
28
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results and other observations during the testing and
evaluation of the machine during operation at Farm Machinery Building of Pangasinan
State University, Sta. Maria Campus.
General description of the machine
The motorized pulverizer shown in Figure 11 was dsesigned, constructed and
evaluated to pulverize dried moringa leaves for tea purposes. It consists of the following
components: frame, hopper and feeder, pulverizing assembly, discharge assembly, power
transmission assembly and guard. The machine was made by locally available materials
and was designed to be operated by one person. It has a total height of 1167 mm, width of
410 mm, and length of 934 mm.
Figure 11. Motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves
29
Machine performance results
The performance of the machine was tested based on Philippine National
Standard “PNS/BAFS PAES 248:2018 Agricultural Machinery - Multicrop Pulverizer -
Methods of Test”. The machine was evaluated with 4 trials at two different speeds which
were 1433 rpm and 538 rpm and at two different moisture content, 5% and 8%. The
results were shown in Appendix Table No. 3 to 6.
Performance evaluation of the machine
Table 1 presents the performance evaluation of the machine in terms of summary
of means of pulverizing capacity, pulverizing recovery, pulverizing efficiency and power
consumption.
Table 1. Summary of all means of the trials

Trials Parameters
Energy
Pulverizing Pulverizing Pulverizing
MC % Consumption
Capacity (g/hr) Recovery (%) Efficiency (%)
(kWh)
T1 7.89 3113.98ns 97.82ns 54.60b * 0.1300b **
T2 5.16 1794.90ns 98.09ns 49.26b * 0.2133a **
T3 7.89 5963.56ns 97.75ns 69.35a * 0.0500b **
T4 5.16 2632.03ns 98.20ns 57.39ab * 0.1033b **
ns – not significant * - significant ** - highly significant
Pulverizing capacity
The pulverizing capacity of the motorized pulverizer for dried moringa leaves was
presented in Table 1. It was indicated in the table that among the trials, Trial 3 registered
the highest mean of 5963.56g/hr while Trial 2 obtain the lowest mean of 1794.90g/hr.
Analysis of variance (Appendix 1) presents that the probability of 0.1131 is higher
than the significance level of 0.05; therefore, revealing non significant differences among
the trials in terms of pulverizing capacity.
30
Pulverizing recovery
The mean pulverizing recovery of the different trials were shown in Table 1. Trial
4 obtained the highest mean of 98.20 %, followed by Trial 2 and Trial 1 with means of
98.09% and 97.82%, respectively. Trial 3 obtained the lowest mean of 97.75%.
Analysis of variance (Appendix 2) presents that the probability of 0.1131 is higher
than the significance level of 0.05; therefore, revealing non significant differences among
the trials in terms of pulverizing recovery.
Pulverizing efficiency
The mean pulverizing efficiency of all the trials were shown in Table 1. The table
presents that Trial 3 obtained the highest mean of 69.35% followed by Trial 4 and Trial
Trial 1 with means of 57.39%and 54.60%. Trial 2 obtained the lowest mean of 49.26%
Analysis of variance (Appendix 3) reveals significant differences among the trials
in terms of pulverizing efficiency. Result shows that Trial 1 and Trial 2 were comparable
and have no significant difference to each other but have significant difference over Trial
3 and Trial 4. Also, Trial 4 was comparable to Trial 3 but has significant difference to the
other trials.
In comparison, trials using the same speed have no significant effect in terms of
pulverizing efficiency of the machine, it also reveals that trials of the same moisture
content but having different speed shows a significant effect in terms of pulverizing
efficiency.
31
Energy consumption
The summary of means of energy consumption of all the trials were shown in
Table 1. The table presents that Trial 2 obtained the highest mean of 0.2133 kWh
followed by Trial 1 with mean of 0.1300 kWh and Trial 4 with mean of 0.1033 kWh.
Trial 3 obtained the lowest mean of 0.0500 kWh.
Analysis of variance (Appendix 4) reveals highly significant differences among
the trials in terms of energy consumption. Result shows that Trial 1, Trial 3 and Trial 4
were comparable and have no significant difference to each other but have highly
significant difference over Trial 2.
In comparison, trials using the same speed have no high significant effect in terms
of energy consumption of the machine.
Cost and Return Analysis
The economic adaptability and feasibility of the motorized pulverizer for dried
moringa leaves were shown in Table 2. The computed total cost of investment is Php
31,623.90, which includes the cost of materials and labor for fabrication of the machine.
The best results were shown in speed setting of 538 rpm and moisture content of 8% that
has a depreciation cost of Php 2,846.15 a year with an interest of Php 3,794.87 a year.
The calculations for the cost and return analysis of the machine for all the trials were
shown in Appendix 5 to 8 respectively.
32
Table 2. Estimated cost and return analysis of the machine as compared to manual pulverizing.
Motoriz ed Pulverizer for Dried Moringa Leaves Manual

Items
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Pulverizing
A. Investment Cost 31,623.90 31,623.90 31,623.90 31,623.90 116.00
1. Fixed Cost
a. Depreciation Cost (10 years) 2,846.15 2,846.15 2,846.15 2,846.15
b. Interest of Investment (12%) per annum 3,794.87 3,794.87 3,794.87 3,794.87
c. Repair and Maintenance Cost (5% initial cost) 1,581.20 1,581.20 1,581.20 1,581.20
d. Housing/Building Cost (Php/yr) 49,776.00 49,776.00 49,776.00 49,776.00
Total Fixed Cost (Php/yr) 57,998.21 57,998.21 57,998.21 57,998.21
2. Variable Cost (Php/Year)
a. Labour Cost 53,280.00 53,280.00 53,280.00 53,280.00 53,280.00
b.Materials Cost (moringa leaves, plastic bag, etc.) 648,000.00 432,000.00 1,296,000.00 648,000.00 108,000.00
c. Energy consumption 1,536.19 2,600.64 580.60 1,257.98
Total Variable Cost (Php/yr) 702,816.19 487,880.64 1,349,860.60 702,537.98 161,280.00
B. Total Operating Cost 760,814.40 545,878.85 1,407,858.81 760,536.19 161,280.00
C. Pulverized product Cost (Php/Kilo) 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 650.00
D. Gross Income (Php/year) 1,267,920.00 1,271,520.00 2,533,680.00 1,272,960.00 280,800.00
E. Net Income (Php/Year) 507,105.60 725,641.15 1,125,821.19 512,423.81 119,520.00
F. Return on Investment (%) 66.65 132.93 79.97 67.38 74.11
G. Payback Period (year) 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.00
33
Other observations
Based on the observation done during the testing of the performance of the
motorized pulverizer, the machine was easy to operate and requires lesser effort. The
operator was also in comfortable position and could easily do the operations needed in
the machine. The sound emitted by the machine under all the trials registered sound level
ranging from 85.05 to 96.05 dB(A). The maximum registered sound level of 96.05 dB(A)
exceeded the allowable sound level of 96 dB(A) according to PNS/PAES 258:2011. The
said maximum sound level was registered in speed setting of 1433 rpm. It was also
observed that the design of the machine which could be disassembled and assembled
easily made it easier to clean and collect losses every operation.
However, test samples of different varieties though have the same weight, results
to varying bulk densities which observed to have effects on the machine’s pulverizing
capacity.
34
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter concerns the summary, conclusions as well as the recommendations
of the study.
Summary
This study entitled, “DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION AND
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A MOTORIZED PULVERIZER FOR DRIED
MORINGA LEAVES”, was conducted to design, fabricate and evaluate the performance
of the machine in terms of: pulverizing capacity; pulverizing recovery; pulverizing
efficiency; and power consumption as well as to calculate the cost and return analysis of
all test trials conducted. The machine had undergone test trials in terms of varying speed
at 1433 rpm and 538 rpm and moisture content of 5% and 8%.
The motorized pulverizer comprises the following components: frame, hopper and
feeder, pulverizing assembly, discharge assermbly, power transmission assembly and
guard. A total of 12 kg of dried moringa leaves were used in all operations, 1kg for each
replication.
Among all trials, Trial 3 with speed of 538 rpm and moisture content of 8%
showed the best results with pulverizing capacity of 5,963 g/hr, pulverizing efficiency of
69.35% and energy consumption of 0.0500 kWh. While Trial 4 with speed of 538 rpm
and moisture content of 5% showed the best results in terms of pulverizing recovery with
98.2%. The least of all trials in terms of pulverizing capacity, pulverizing efficiency, and
power consumption was Trial 2 with speed of 1433 rpm and moisture content of 5%.
35
While Trial 3 with of 538 and moisture content of 8% showed the least pulverizing
recovery of 97.73%.
Cost and Return Analysis of the Motorized Pulverizer for Dried Moringa Leaves
revealed that the machine has a total cost of investment of Php 31,623.90; depreciation
cost of Php 2,846.15/year with an interest of Php 3,794.85/year; gross income of Php
2,533,680.00/year; a net income of Php 1,125,821.19/year; and return on investment of
79.97% in 0.03 years.
Conclusion
The pulverizer was designed and fabricated with locally sourced materials and
easily maintained because all components could be easily dismantled. Based on the study,
speed of 538 rpm and moisture content of 8% had the best results with pulverizing
capacity of 5963 g/hr, pulverizing efficiency of 69.35% and least energy consumption of
0.0500 kWh.
Moreover, the economic adaptability and feasibility of the motorized pulverizer
wass highly efficient in terms of return on investment which is about 79.97% with a net
income of Php 1,125,821.19/year that would have a payback period of 0.03 year
compared to manual pulverizing with return of investment of 74.11%.
36
Recommendations
Based on the observation, the researchers therefore recommend the following:
Speed of 538 rpm using 8% moisture content of dried moringa leaves should be
used when operating the machine. Though comparable with using an speed of 538 rpm
with 5% moisture content, it was conventional using dried moringa leaves with moisture
content of 8% without reducing it to 5%.
For further improvement:
1. The machine shall use a better roller material good for abrasion. The use of high
abrasive roller would allow the roller clearance to be reduced producing finer products
without wear.
2. The spout could be removed and the output should fall directly into the discharge
chute.
37
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(UPLB), College, Laguna.
40
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD/ BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND
FISHERIES PRODUCT STANDARDS/ PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING STANDARD. (PNS/BAFS/PAES) 247:2018. 2018. Agricultural
Machinery – Multicrop Pulverizer –Methods of Test. Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC), University of the Philippines Los Baños
(UPLB), College, Laguna.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD/ BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND

FISHERIES PRODUCT STANDARDS. (PNS/BAFS) 109:2012. 2012.
Malunggay (Moringa) powder – Specification. Department of Agriculture Biotech
Program and the National Agribusiness Corporation (NABCOR).
41
APPENDICES
42
Appendix 1. Analysis of Variance for Pulverizing Capacity (g/hr)
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
Trial 3 29452400.7577 9817466.9192 2.74 0.1131
Error 8 28671115.8268 3583889.4783
Total 11 58123516.5845
Table of Means
Trial Pulverizing.Capacity..g.hr. Means
1 3113.98ns
2 1794.90ns
3 5963.56ns
4 2632.03ns
cv = 56.07% ns – not significant
Appendix 2. Analysis of Variance for Pulverizing Recovery (%)

Trial 3 0.4284 0.1428 1.41 0.3104
Error 8 0.8126 0.1016
Total 11 1.2410
Table of Means
Trial Pulverizing.Recovery.....Means
1 97.83ns
2 98.09ns
3 97.73ns
4 98.20ns
cv = 0.3253% ns – not significant
Appendix 3. Analysis of Variance for Pulverizing Efficiency(%)

Trial 3 650.0228 216.6743 4.31 0.0438
Error 8 402.5685 50.3211
Total 11 1052.5914
43
Summary of the Result:
Trial means N group
1 54.60* 3b
2 49.26* 3b
3 69.35* 3a
4 57.39* 3 ab
cv = 12.31% *-significant
Appendix 4. Analysis of Variance for Energy Consumption (kWh)

Trial 3 650.0228 0.0139 7.46 0.0105
Error 8 0.0149 0.0019
Total 11 0.0567
Summary of the Result:

Trial means N group
1 0.1300** 3b
2 0.2133** 3a
3 0.0500** 3b
4 0.1033** 3b
cv = 34.80% ** - highly significant
44
Appendix 5. Calculation for the Cost and Return Analysis of the Motorized Pulverizer
for Dried Moringa Leaves for Trial 1.
Investment Cost = Php 31,623.90
A. Fixed Cost
a. Depreciation cost = Php 31,623.90 - 3,162.39 = Php 2,846.15/yr

10
b. Interest on Investment = 0.12 x Php 31,623.90 =Php 3,794.87/yr
c. Repair and Maintenance cost = 0.05 x Php 31,623.90 = Php 1,581.20/yr
d. House/building Cost = Php 4,148/month x 12 month/yr = Php 49,776.00/yr
Total Fixed Cost = Php 2,846.15/yr + Php 3,794.87/yr + Php 1,581.20/yr
+ 49,776.00/yr = Php 57,998.21/yr
B. Variable Cost
a. Labor cost = (Php 370/day) x 144 days/yr = Php 53,280.00/yr
b. Material cost = Php 250/kg x 18 kg/day x 144 days/yr = Php 648,000.00/yr
c. Electrical consumption = (0.127 kWh) x (6 hrs/day) (144 days/yr)
x (Php 14/kW-hr) = Php 1,536.192/yr
Total variable cost = Php 53,280.00 +Php 648,000.00 + Php1,536.19
= Php 702,816.19/yr
C. Total Operating Cost = Php 57,998.21/yr + Php 702,816.19/yr = Php 760,814.40/yr
D. Gross Income = Php 500/kg x 17.61 kg/day x 144 days/year = Php 1,267,920.00/yr
E. Net Income = Php 1,267,920.00 - Php 761,589.84 = Php 507,105.60/yr
F. Return on Investment = (Php 507,105.60/yr / Php 760,814.40/yr) x 100 = 66.65%
G. Payback Period = Php 31,623.90/Php 507,105.60/yr = 0.06 year
45
A. Fixed Cost

10
+ 49,776.00/yr = Php 57,998.21/yr
A. Variable Cost
c. Electrical consumption = (0.215 kWh) x (6 hrs/day) (144 days/yr) x (Php 14/
kW-hr) = Php 2,600.64/yr
Total variable cost = Php 53,280.00 + Php 432,000.00 +Php 2,600.64
= Php 487,880.64/yr
B. Total Operating Cost = Php 57,998.21/yr + 487,880.64 = Php 545,205.20/yr
C. Gross Income = Php 500/kg x 11.77 kg/day x 144 days/year = Php 847,440.00/yr
D. Net Income = Php 847,440.00 - Php 545,205.20/yr = Php 301,561.15/yr
E. Return on Investment = (Php 301,561.15/yr /Php 545,205.20) x 100= 55.24%
F. Payback Period = Php 31,623.90/Php 301,561.150/yr = 0.10 year
46
A. Fixed Cost

10
+ 49,776.00/yr = Php 57,998.21/yr
B. Variable Cost
b. Material cost = Php 250/kg x 36 kg/day x 144 days/yr =Php1,296,000.00/yr
c. Electrical consumption = (0.048 kWh) x (6 hrs/day) (144 days/yr) x (Php 14/
kW-hr) = Php 580.60/yr
Total variable cost = Php53,280.00 + Php 1,296,000.00 + Php 580.60
= Php 1,349,860.60/yr
C. Total Operating Cost = Php 57,998.21+ Php 1,349,860.60 = Php 1,407,858.81/yr
D. Gross Income = Php500/kg x 35.19 kg/day x 144 days/year = Php 2,533,680.00/yr
E. Net Income = Php 2,533,680.00 - Php 1,407,858.81/yr = Php 1,125,821.19/yr
F. Return on Investment =(Php 1,125,821.19/yr / Php 1,407,185.15/yr) x 100= 79.97%
G. Payback Period = Php 31,623.90/ Php 1,125,821.19/yr = 0.03 year
47
A. Fixed Cost

10
+ 49,776.00/yr = Php 57,998.21/yr
B. Variable Cost
c. Electrical consumption = (0.104 kWh) x (6 hrs/day) (144 days/yr)
x (Php 14/kW-hr) = Php 1,257.98/yr
Total variable cost = Php 53,280.00 + Php 648,000.00 + Php 1,257.98
= Php 702,537.98/yr
C. Total Operating Cost = Php 57,998.21/yr + Php 702,537.98 = Php 760,536.19/yr
D. Gross Income = Php500/kg x 17.68 kg/day x 144 days/year = Php 1,272,960.00/yr
E. Net Income = Php 1,272,960.00/yr - Php 760,536.19/yr = Php 512,423.81/yr
F. Return on Investment = (Php 512,423.81/yr /Php 760,536.19/yr) x 100 = 67.38%
G. Payback Period = Php 31,623.90/ Php 512,423.81/yr = 0.06 year
48
Appendix 9. Calculation for the Performance Evaluation of the Machine for Trial 1
1. Input capacity
Ci=Wi/Ti
=1000g/ 0.34hr
=3205.35 g/hr
2. Pulverizing capacity
Cp=Wo/To
=978.217 g/ 0.34hr
=3113.979 g/hr
3. Pulverizing recovery
PRf= (Wo/Wi) * 100
=(978.217 g/ 1000g) x 100
=97.822%
4. Pulverizing efficiency
Eff=(FP/PR) *100
=(53.4/97.822) x 100
= 54.59%
5. Energy Consumption
EC=(AC * V * TC)/1000
=(2.359A x 152.667 V x 0.34 hr)/1000
= 0.127 kWh
49
1. Input capacity
Ci = Wi/Ti
=1000g/ 0.57hr
=1865.20 g/hr
Cp=Wo/To
= 980.87g / 0.58hr
=1794.90 g/hr
PRf = (Wo/Wi) * 100
= (980.87g/1000g) x 100
= 98.087%
Eff = (FP/PR) *100
= (48.32/98.087) x 100
= 49.26%
EC= (AC * V * TC)/1000
= (2.44A x 152.667V x .58 hr) /100
= 0.22 kWh
50
1. Input capacity
Ci=Wi/Ti
=1000 g/ 0.22hr
=6655.01g/hr
Cp=Wo/To
=977.533 g/ 0.223hr
=5963.556 g/hr
PRf= (Wo/Wi) * 100
=(977.533 g/1000g) x 100
=97.75%
Eff=(FP/PR) *100
=(67.75/97.75) x 100
=69.3%
EC=(AC * V * TC)/1000
=(2.077 A x 104.667 V x 0.223hr)/1000
=0.05 kWh
51
1. Input capacity
Ci=Wi/Ti
=1000g/ 0.37hr
=2756.084 g/hr
Cp=Wo/To
=982.033 g/ 0.383hr
=2632.025 g/hr
PRf= (Wo/Wi) * 100
=(982.033 g/ 1000g) x 100
=98.203%
Eff=(FP/PR) *100
=(56.36/98.203) x 100
= 57.39%
EC=(AC * V * TC)/1000
=(2.613A x 104 V x 0.383 hr)/1000
= 0.10 kWh
52
APPENDIX TABLES
53
Appendix Table 1. Bill of materials
Qty Unit Description/ Particulars Cost per Unit Amount

3 pcs Angle Bar (38.1 mm x 6.35 mm x 6 m ) 700.00 2,100.00
1 pc Flat Bar (25.4 mm x 6.35 mm x 6m ) 285.00 285.00
30 pcs Hex Head Bolts and Nuts (M6 x 58.2 mm) 16.00 480.00
30 pcs Washer (M6) 2.50 75.00
12 pcs Hex Head Bolts and Nuts (M12 x 31.75 mm) 19.00 228.00
27 pcs Washer (M12) 5.00 135.00
1 pc Stainless Steel Sheet (Gauge #24, Smoke type) 1,800.00 1,800.00
1 pc Shafting ( ∅15.875 mm x 6m) 1,500.00 1,500.00
1 pc Polyoxymethylene (POM) (∅ 120 mm x 1 m) 5,000.00 5,000.00
1 pc V-Pulley (∅63.5 mm) with machining 500.00 500.00
1 pc V-Belt (A-30) 120.00 120.00
1 pc V-Belt (B-39) 180.00 180.00
2 pcs Spur Gear (120 teeth - Module 1) 1,000.00 2,000.00
6 pcs Pillow Block (UCP202-10) 240.00 1,440.00
1 pc Electric Motor (1.5 hp, 1760 rpm) 6,000.00 6,000.00
5 pcs Cutting disc 40.00 200.00
2 pcs Drill bit 120.00 240.00
4 pcs Grinder 50.00 200.00
1 kg Welding Rod 80.00 80.00
1 li Enamel (quick dry, Light gray) 365.00 365.00
1 pc Paint brush (50.8 mm) 25.00 25.00
Sub-Total 24,333.00
Labor (30% of material cost) 7,299.90
Total 31,623.90
54
Appendix Table 2. Assumptions in calculating the cost and return analysis
Motorized Pulverizer for Dried Manual Pulverizer

ASSUMPTIONS:
Moringa Leaves
Investment cost, Php 31,632.90 116.00
Useful life, years 10 -
Interest rate, %/year 12 -
Repair and maintenance, % 5 -
Pulverizing capacity (T1, T2, 3,113.98, 1,794.90, 5,963.56,
500.00
T3 and T4), g/hr and 2,632.03
Labor Cost 370.00 370.00
Material Cost 250.00 250.00
Housing Space Cost/yr 49,776.00
Pulverized product cost, Php/kg 500.00 650.00
No. of working days/year 144 144.00
Cost of electricity, Php/kWh 14.00
55
Appendix Table 3. Data and parameters for Trial 1 (T1) - speed 1 (1433 rpm), moisture
content of 8%
Replication Replication Replication Replication

RPM1 MC1
1 2 3 mean
Weight of input (g) 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00
Input capacity (g/hr) 4,545.45 2,439.02 2,631.58 3,205.35
Pulverizing Capacity (g/hr) 4,448.41 2,376.22 2,517.31 3,113.98
Pulverized products (g) 978.65 974.25 981.75 978.22
Pulverizing Recovery (%) 97.87 97.43 98.18 97.82
Feeding time (hr) 0.22 0.41 0.38 0.34
Operating time (hr) 0.22 0.41 0.39 0.34
Ampere reading (A) 2.22 2.30 2.55 2.36
Voltage reading (V) 153.00 153.00 152.00 152.67
Weight of accepted products (g) 60.77 53.31 46.11 53.40
Pulverizing efficiency (%) 62.10 54.72 46.97 54.59
Energy consumption(kWh) 0.07 0.14 0.15 0.12
56
content of 5%.

RPM1 MC2
1 2 3 mean
Weight of input (g) 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00
Feeding time (hr) 0.78 0.49 0.44 0.57
Ampere reading (A) 2.41 2.38 2.53 2.44
57
content of 8%.

RPM2 MC1
1 2 3 mean
Weight of input (g) 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00
Feeding time (hr) 0.10 0.13 0.44 0.22
Ampere reading (A) 2.04 2.15 2.04 2.08
58
content of 5%.

RPM2 MC2
1 2 3 mean
Weight of input (g) 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00
Feeding time(hr) 0.42 0.29 0.41 0.37
Operating time(hr) 0.43 0.30 0.42 0.38
Ampere reading (A) 2.50 2.69 2.65 2.61
Voltage reading(V) 104.00 104.00 104.00 104.00
Weight of accepted products(g) 47.59 57.10 64.38 56.36
59
APPENDIX FIGURE
60
Appendix Figure 1. Hammer type mill
Appendix Figure 2. Attrition type mill
61
Appendix Figure 3. Roller type mill
Appendix Figure 4. Conical type mill
62
Appendix Figure 5. Blade type mill
Appendix Figure 6. Pin type mill
63
Appendix Figure 7. Cross Beater type mill
64
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
Sta. Maria Pangasinan
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ISOMETRIC VIEW
Appendix Figure. 8a. Isometric view of the machine
Emerson A. Tugade Thesis Title: Development, Construction and Performance

Jejz A. Ventura Scale 1:18 mm
Evaluation of Motorized Pulverizer for Dried
Moringa Leaves
65
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
934
410
TOP VIEW
ISOMETRIC VIEW
1167
252
172
SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW
Unless Otherwise Specified:

Appendix Figure. 8b. Orthographic view of the machine
Dimensions are in millimeter
Emerson A. Tugade Thesis Title: Development, Construction and Performance Evaluation

of Motorized Pulverizer for Dried Moringa Leaves
66
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
6.1
3 6.2
6.5
6.3
5.1 ISOMETRIC VIEW
4
General Table
No. Part Page
6.5 1 Frame 68 - 72
2 Hopper and Feeder 73
6.4 3 Pulverizing Assembly 74 - 76
5.2
4 Power Transmission Assembly 77
1 5 Discharge Assembly 78 - 80
EXPLODED VIEW 6 Guard 81 - 85

Appendix Figure. 8c. Exploded and Isometric view of the machine

Moringa Leaves
67
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
934
410
TOP VIEW
184 118
329 ISOMETRIC VIEW
607
488
399
516

Appendix Figure. 9a. Orthographic view of the frame

Scale 1:23 mm
Jejz A. Ventura Evaluation of Motorized Pulverizer for Dried
Moringa Leaves
68
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4 ISOMETRIC VIEW

General Table
No. Part Page
1.1 Upper Frame 73
1.2 Rear Guard Frame 74
1.3 Front Guard Frame 74
1.4 Base Frame 75
EXPLODED VIEW
Appendix Figure. 9b. Exploded and Isometric view of the Dimensions are in
frame millimeter
Jejz A. Ventura Evaluation of Motorized Pulverizer for Dried Scale 1:23 mm
Moringa Leaves
69
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
554 402 1.1.1 1.1.2
1.1.1. Frame 01 1.1.6. Frame 02

Material: Angle bar 38.1 x 6.5 mm Material: Angle bar 38.1 x 6.5
mm
Qty.: 2 pcs Qty.: 2 pcs 1.1.3
1.1.6
347 321 1.1.4

1.1.5
1.1.2. Frame 03 1.1. 5. Frame 04
Material: Angle bar 38.1 x 6.5 mm Material: Angle bar 38.1 x 6.5 mm
Qty.: 4 pcs Qty.: 2 pcs General Table
No. Part Description Qty.
1.1.1 Frame 01 See page 70 2 pcs
278 215 1.1.3 Frame 03 See page 70 4 pcs
1.1.4. Frame 05 1.1.3. Frame 06
Material: Angle bar 38.1 x 6.5 mm Material: Angle bar 38.1 x 6.5
mm
Qty.: 2 pcs Qty.: 2 pcs
Appendix Figure. 9c. Components of the upper frame Unless Otherwise Specified:
70
Scale 1:18 mm
Jejz A. Ventura of Motorized Pulverizer for Dried Moringa Leaves
71
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
1.2
100
222
1.2. Rear Guard Frame

Material: Flat bar 25 mm x 6.5 mm
Qty.: 4 pcs
Bolts and Nuts: M6 x 16 mm
Qty.: 4pcs
1.3
100
198 General Table

1.3. Rear Guard Frame 1.2 Rear Guard Frame See page 71, 83 4 pcs
Material: Flat bar 25 mm x 6.5 mm 1.3 Front Guard Frame See page 71, 82 2 pcs
Qty.: 4 pcs
Bolts and Nuts: M6 x 16 mm
Qty.: 8 pcs
Appendix Figure. 9d. Components of the guard frame Unless Otherwise Specified:

Moringa Leaves
72
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
1.4.7 1.4.1
397 336
1.4.1. Frame 1a 1.4.2. Frame 1b 1.4.6 1.4.2
Material: Angle bar 38.1 x 6.5 mm
Qty.: 9 pcs Qty.: 4 pcs
1.4.5 1.4.3
443 579
1.4.3. Frame 1c 1.4.4. Frame 1d
Material: Angle bar 38.1 x 6.5 mm
Qty.: 2 pcs Qty.: 4 pcs 1.4.4
General Table
772 579
1.4.5. Frame 1e 1.4.6 Frame 1f
Material: Material:
1.4.1 Frame 1a See page 72 9 pcs
Angle bar 38.1 x 6.5mm Flar bar 25 x 6.5mm 1.4.2 Frame 1b See page 72 4 pcs
Qty.: 4 pcs Qty.: 2 pcs 1.4.3 Frame 1c See page 72 2 pcs
1.4.4 Frame 1d See page 72 4 pcs
321 1.4.5 Frame 1e See page 72 4 pcs
1.4.7 Frame 1g 1.4.6 Frame 1f See page 72 2 pcs
Material: Flar bar 25 x 6.5mm 1.4.7 Frame 1g See page 72 2 pcs
Qty.: 2 pcs
Appendix Figure. 9e. Components of the base frame Unless Otherwise Specified:
Moringa Leaves
73
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
551
2.1
335
40
273
2.2
TOP VIEW
ISOMETRIC VIEW 190
53 216
2.2. Regulator
Material:
305 Stainless steel sheet Gauge #24
155 86
Qty.:1 pc
90
80 100 No. Part Material
190 235 2.1 Hopper Stainless steel sheet
Gauge #24
SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW 2.2 Regulator Stainless steel sheet
Gauge #24
Appendix Figure. 10. Orthographic view of the hopper and feeder

Moringa Leaves
74
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
656
247
273
TOP VIEW
219 213 120
ISOMETRIC VIEW
92
Ø201
82 117

Appendix Figure. 11a. Orthographic view of the pulverizing assembly
Emerson A. Tugade Thesis Title: Development, Construction and Performance Scale 1:9 mm
Moringa Leaves
75
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
3.1
3.10
3.9 3.2
3.8 ISOMETRIC VIEW

3.3 General Table
3.7 No. Part Page
3.1 Pulley 76
3.4
3.2 Pillow block 76
3.3 Spur gear 76
3.5 3.4 Bolts and nuts 76
3.5 POM attachment 76
3.6 3.6 Shaft 3 76
3.7 Shaft 1 76
3.8 Shaft 2 76
EXPLODED VIEW 3.9 Roller 76
3.10 Roller guard 76
Appendix Figure. 11b. Orthographic view of the pulverizing assembly

Scale 1:13mm
Moringa Leaves
76
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
3.1. Pulley 3.2. Pillow block 3.3. Spur gear

Ø76.2 mm and Ø203.2 mm UCP202 Qty.: 6 pcs Module 1, 120 teeth Qty.: 2 pcs
Qty.: 2 pcs 3.4. Bolts and Nuts:
M12 x 31.75 mm Qty: 12 pcs
Ø108
200 200 Ø108
3.9. Roller 3.5. POM attachment
Material: Polyoxymethylene Material: Polyoxymethylene
Qty.: 2 pcs 101 Qty.: 1 pc
General Table
108 No. Part Description Qty.
365 3.1 Pulley See page 76 2 pcs
Ø201 3.2 Pillow block See page 76 6 pcs
3.6. Shaft 3
3.10. Roller guard 3.3 Spur gear See page 76 2 pcs
Material: Stainless steel rod, Ø15.87 mm 3.4 Bolts and nuts See page 76 12
Material: Stainless steel sheet Gauge
Qty.: 1 pc pcs
#24 Qty.: 2 pcs
3.5 POM attachment See page 76 1 pc
655 3.6 Shaft 3 See page 76 1 pc
468 3.7 Shaft 2 See page 76 1 pc
3.7. Shaft 1 3.8. Shaft 2 3.8 Shaft 1 See page 76 1 pc
Material: Stainless steel rod, Ø15.87 mm Material: Stainless steel rod, Ø15.87 mm 3.9 Roller See page 76 2 pc
Qty.: 1 pc Qty.: 1 pc
Appendix Figure. 11c. Components of the pulverizing assembly

Moringa Leaves
77
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
3.2
96
3.3
3.1
4.2
4.3
TOP VIEW
4.1
General Table
No. Parts Page
3.1 Pulley (Ø76.2 and 203.2) mm 76
4.3 3.2 Pillow block (P202) 76
129 3.3 Spur gear 76
SIDE VIEW REAR VIEW 4.1 Electric Motor (1.5 hp) 77
4.2 V-belt (A-39 and B-39) 77
4.3 Pulley (Ø63.5 mm) 77
Appendix Figure. 12. Orthographic view of the power transmission assembly Dimensions are in millimeter

Moringa Leaves
78
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
5.1
5.2
5.3
ISOMETRIC VIEW
5.3.1
General Table
No. Part Page
5.1 Spout 79
5.2 Cover 80
5.3 Discharge outlet 81
EXPLODED VIEW 5.3.1 Stainless steel angle brackets 81

Appendix Figure. 13a. Exploded view of the discharge assembly Dimensions are in millimeter
Emerson A. Thesis Title: Development, Construction and Performance Scale 1:23 mm

Tugade Jejz A.
Ventura Evaluation
of Motorized Pulverizer for Dried Moringa Leaves
79
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
321
265
TOP VIEW
9
ISOMETRIC VIEW
31
50 30
5.1. Spout
Materials: Stainless steel sheet
3 Gauge#24
0
90 Qty.: 1 pc
39

Appendix Figure. 13b. Orthographic view of the spout

Moringa Leaves
80
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
90
47
Ø320
ISOMETRIC VIEW
TOP VIEW
5.2. Cover
25 Materials: Stainless steel sheet
Gauge#24
Qty.: 1 pc

Appendix Figure. 13c. Orthographic view of the cover
Emerson A. Tugade Thesis Title: Development, Construction and Performance Scale 1:7 mm
Moringa Leaves
81
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
Ø30
Ø320
5.3.1. Stainless steel angle bracket
TOP VIEW Qty: 4 pcs
ISOMETRIC VIEW
25
5.3. Discharge outlet
141 Materials: Stainless steel
sheet Gauge#24
70 Qty.: 1 pc

Appendix Figure. 13d. Orthographic view of the discharge outlet

Moringa Leaves
82
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
184
6.1
352
1.3
TOP VIEW ISOMETRIC VIEW
EXPLODED VIEW
100
100 6.1. Front Guard

SIDE VIEW Gauge#24
Qty.: 1 pc

Appendix Figure. 14a. Orthographic view of the front guard

Moringa Leaves
83
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
230
6.2
354
TOP VIEW ISOMETRIC VIEW 1.2
EXPLODED VIEW
125 50
260
60 6.1. Rear Guard

50 Gauge#2
SIDE VIEW 4 Qty.: 1
pc
Appendix Figure. 14b. Orthographic view of the rear guard
Scale 1:10 mm
Moringa Leaves
84
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
6.3
6.4
ISOMETRIC VIEW
General Table
No. Part Page
6.5 6.3 Pulverizing guard 01 85
6.4 Pulverizing guard 02 85
EXPLODED VIEW 6.5 Pulverizing guard 03 85

Appendix Figure. 14c. Exploded and Isometric view of the pulverizing guard

Moringa Leaves
85
STA. MARIA CAMPUS
238
554
402 402
189
97
335 335 278
6.3. Pulverizing guard 01 6.4. Pulverizing guard 02 6.5. Pulverizing guard 03

Materials: Stainless steel sheet Materials: Stainless steel sheet Materials: Stainless steel sheet
Gauge#24 Gauge#24 Gauge#24
Qty.: 1 pc Qty.: 1 pc Qty.: 2 pc
Bolts and nuts Bolts and nuts Bolts and
nuts
M6 x 58.2 mm Qty.: 7 pcs M6 x 58.2 mm Qty.: 7 pcs M6 x 58.2 mm Qty.: 2 pcs

Appendix Figure. 14d. Components of the pulverizing guard
Jejz A. Ventura of Motorized Pulverizer for Dried Moringa Leaves Scale 1:11 mm
86
Appendix Fig. 15. The researchers making the frame of the machine.
86
Appendix Fig. 16. The researcher cutting the roller for the pulverizer
87
Appendix Fig. 17. The researcher cutting the stainless steel sheet
for the machine covers.
88
Appendix Fig. 18. Assembling of the machine.
89
Appendix Fig. 19. Testing the machine’s functionality.
90
Appendix Fig. 20. Gathering of moringa leaves.
Appendix Fig. 21. Air drying of moringa leaves.
91
Appendix Fig. 22. Cleaning the moringa leaves
by removing the stems after air drying.
92
93
Appendix Fig. 23. The researchers preparing samples
for moisture content determination.
94
Appendix Fig. 24.Weighed samples for moisture
content determination.
95
Appendix Fig. 25.The researcher weighing the samples
after oven drying.
96
Appendix Fig. 26.The researchers
with their respective panels doing an evaluation of the machine.
97
Appendix Fig. 27. The researchers with their adviser testing
and timing the operation of the machine.
98
Appendix Fig. 28. The researcher with other bayaws sieving
the output of the machine testing.
Appendix Fig. 29a. Samples gathered in testing the machine

(Sieve #10)
99
Appendix Fig. 29b. Sample gathered in testing the machine
(Sieve #40)
Appendix Fig. 29c. Sample gathered in testing the machine (Pan)
100
Appendix Fig. 30. The researcher operating the machine.
Appendix Fig. 31. The researcher gathering data of the machine.
101
Appendix Fig. 32. Sieved products gathered in the machine operation.
102
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: EMERSON A. TUGADE
Address: Zone IV Brgy. San Vicente Sta. Maria, Pangasinan
Date of Birth: August 23, 1998
Place of Birth: Sta. Maria, Pangasinan
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Emilio A. Tugade
Mother’s Name: Lorenzana A. Tugade
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
School Attended: Year
Primary:San Vicente Elementary School 2005 - 2011

Address:San Vicente, Sta. Maria, Pangasinan
Secondary: Tayug National High School 2011- 2014

Address:Plaridel Street, Tayug, Pangasinan
Tertiary:Pangasinan State University Sta. Maria Campus 2016 - 2023

Address: Cuangao, Sta. Maria Pangasinan
Degree: Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering
SEMINARS/TRAINING ATTENDED:
Title Inclusive Dates
22nd PSABE-PPG Annual Luzon Convention- Pangasinan 2018

State University Sta. Maria, Pangasinan
RICE MACHINERY OPERATIONS NC II Dec. 9,2020 - Jan 18,2021
The Green Infrastructure and Green Economy Initiative in May 06, 2021
103
4th Industrial Revolution
Information Education and Communication Seminar on January 25, 2018

Renewable Energy
Environment and Climatic Literacy April 28, 2017
1st Youth in Agriculture Summit May 11-12, 2021
104
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: JEJZ A. VENTURA
Address: Barangobong, Natividad, Pangasinan
Date of Birth: April 20, 1997
Place of Birth: Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Edgardo P. Ventura
Mother’s Name: Delia A. Ventura
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
School Attended: Year
Primary: Canarem Elementary School 2002-2008

Address: Canarem, Natividad, Pangasinan
Secondary: Tayug National High School 2008-2012

Address:Plaridel Street, Tayug, Pangasinan
Tertiary:Pangasinan State University Sta. Maria Campus 2012-2014

Address: Cuangao, Sta. Maria Pangasinan 2019-2023
Degree: Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering
SEMINARS/TRAINING ATTENDED:
Title Inclusive Dates
17th PSAE-PPG Annual Luzon Convention-Pangasinan State 2013

University Sta. Maria, Pangasinan
NC II- Computer Hardware Servicing 2018
105
2021 Agricultural Waste Management and Biogas Technology April 23, 2021
Webinar
The Green Infrastructure and Green Economy Initiative in 4th May 06, 2021
Industrial Revolution
BAFE: Tulay sa Modernisasyon ng Agrikultura at Pangisdaan sa June 28-30,2021

Gitna ng Pandemya
Advanced Hydroponics and Aquaponics July 22-24, 2021
106

2023BSAE Design Construction and Performance Evaluation of Motorized Pulverizer For Dried Moringa Leaves

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DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

OF MOTORIZED PULVERIZER FOR DRIED MORINGA LEAVES

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty Members of

In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science

in Agricultural Engineering, this thesis entitled “DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION

AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MOTORIZED PULVERIZER FOR

DRIED MORINGA LEAVES”, prepared and submitted by Emerson A. Tugade and

Jejz A. Ventura is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.

MARY LOU F. COLLADO ROSELYN B. VILLACORTE

DANDELO C. LAROCO ROMEO G. ANCHETA

FREDDIE RICK L. RAMOS

Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering..

FREDDIE RICK L. RAMOS BRENDA C. PANELO, Ph.D.

HONORIO L. CASCOLAN, Ph.D.

inspiration provided by those who accompanied the researchers towards the

gratitude and sincere words of appreciation to the following:

prayers and blessings which they appreciated a lot throughout everything.

researchers to conduct this study;

suggestions and patiently checking and editing the manuscript;

spent in the conduct and completion of their study;

sacrifices, advices and continuing support.

To them all, this accomplishment is wholeheartedly and profoundly dedicated.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Table No. Page

1 Summary of all means of the trials 30

Figure No. Page

1 Machine of S.I. Manuwa, et. al, 2020 11

Appendix No. Page

1 Analysis of Variance for Pulverizing Capacity. 43

Appendix Table Page

Appendix Figure Page

1 Hammer type mill 61

TUGADE, EMERSON A. and VENTURA, JEJZ A., Pangasinan State

University, Sta. Maria Pangasinan. June 2023. “DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION

AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A MOTORIZED PULVERIZER FOR

DRIED MORINGA LEAVES”.

Adviser: Engr. Roselyn B. Villacorte

leaves, evaluate its performance in terms of pulverizing capacity, pulverizing recovery,

power consumption of 0.0500 kWh.

of Php 2,846.15/year with an interest of Php 3,794.87/year; gross income of Php

2,533,680.00/year; a net income of Php 1,125,821.19/year; and return on investment of

79.97% in 0.03 years.

Background of the study

developed with the assistance of the government and private sectors.

potent nutritional and medicinal value.

SBE Farms Enterprises Incorporated in Rosales, Pangasinan was a home of

tropical regions in Asia. It was referred to as a superfood, queen of Philippine

Medenilla of Manila Bulletin, 2021.

A pulverizer is a mechanical device for the reduction in grain size of different

accessed easily and be available to all.

Significance of the study

Pulverizing of moringa dried leaves are done traditionally by rubbing stone

existing machines for moringa leaves has no seiver attached to it meaning

that it can be fabricated easily.

Objectives of the study