DEVIANCE

“Behavior that departs from societal or group

norms”
 Norms

are behavioural codes or prescriptions that

guide people into actions and self
presentations conforming to social
acceptability
 Who and Why?
Natur Nurture
e

Individual Society
 Nature Nurture
1.Individual 2. Personal
Individual Heredity Deficiency

3. Group 4. Societal
Heredity Factors
Society
 Ground Rules and What to Expect
• We educate and learn like real social workers
do
• We can’t discuss all of them and all about
them
INDIVIDUAL
HEREDITY
 Lombrosian Positivism
Cesare Lombroso
Classification of Criminals
1. Criminoids or Occasional criminals
(Had a tendency to commit crime in order to
overcome their inferiority or in order to meet the
needs of survival)
2.Insane criminals
(Resorted to criminality on account of certain
mental depravity or disorder)
3. Atavists or Born Criminals
– Retreating forehead,
– Dark skin,
– Long arms
– Enlarged jaw and cheek bones,
– Long or flat chin and so on
 Jacobs’ Syndrome
Patricia A. Jacobs
• Males with 47XYY Chromosome had severe,
indeterminately caused personality disorder.
– Unstable,
– Unable to conduct adequate personal
relationships,
– a tendency to abscond from institutions, and
committing apparently motiveless crimes.
 Group
Heredity
 The Kallikak Family
Henry Goddard
• Proposed Eugenics or the improvement of
hereditary qualities of a race or breed by
controlling human mating

Good Branch Feeble Minded Branch

Established Individuals Criminals
Intellectuals Violent individuals
Model Citizens Prostitutes and Promiscuous
Drunkards
 “Criminology”
Raffaele Garofalo
• Natural Crime is conduct that offends the
basic moral sentiments of pity and probity.
• Rejected free will
 Moral Anomaly
• Criminality is hereditarily transmissible
• A criminal is abnormal and lacks proper
development of altruistic sensibilities
• They belong to a sub-human category as they
fail to properly adapt to their social
environment
PERSONAL
deficiency
 Frustration-Aggression Theory
John Dollard, Leonard Doob, Neal
Miller, O.H. Mowrer and Robert Sears
“The occurrence of aggressive behavior always
presupposes the existence of frustration and,
contrary wise, that the existence of frustration
always leads to some form of aggression".

Frustration is defined as thwarting of a goal response

Goal response is defined as the reinforcing final operation

in an ongoing behavior sequence
 Factors Influencing Motivational
Strength Towards Aggression
1. The reinforcement value of the frustrated
goal response
2. The degree of frustration of this goal
response, and
3. The number of frustrated response
sequences.
 Revised Frustration-Aggression Theory

1. Any hostile or aggressive behavior that

occurs is caused by frustration.
2. Frustration instigates behavior that
Neal Miller
may or may not be hostile or
aggressive.
 Revised Frustration-Aggression Theory
Nicholas Pastore
Frustrations only result in aggressive reactions when
they are deemed inappropriate

Leonard Berkowitz
The work of Dollard et al. only focused on hostile
aggression and not on instrumental aggression.
It is not frustration but the negative affect that generates
aggressive inclinations
These negative feelings generate a range of biological
reactions that promote fight or flight tendencies
 Differential Association Theory

Deviance is created through

“Cultural Transmissions”
I should avoid getting caught We must uphold the law
An eye for an eye We should respect others
Only the strongest survive Compassion is important
It is okay to steal for yourIndividuals become
survival Hurting othersdeviants
is wrong
when theHow
The life of others is unimportant balance
to run aofbusiness
definitions
How to Edwin
shoot a gun It is wrong to takeexceeds
what is notthose
yours
for law-breaking
Sutherland
for law-abiding.
TECHNIQUES, MOTIVES, DRIVES, RATIONALIZATION,
ATTITUDES
 Differential Association Theory
• While criminal behavior is an expression of
general needs and values, it is not explained
by those needs and values, since non-criminal
behavior is an expression of the same needs
and values.
 Differential Association Theory
• Learning deviant behavior applies the same
principles as in any other form of learning
• The specific direction of motives and drives is
learned from definitions of the legal codes as
favorable or unfavorable.
• It primarily takes place in intimate personal
groups
 Societal
FACTORS
 Structural Functionalist Perspective

Deviance is simply what is

defined as not normal by
norms, values or laws-
formation of values enforced
Emile by institutions.
Durkheim

Deviance is a normal and necessary part of any society

because it contributes to the social order.
 Structural Functionalist Perspective

• “Anomie…social condition in which norms are

weak, conflicting, or absent.”
• Functions of Deviance
– Affirmation of cultural norms and values
– Clarification of right and wrong
– Unification of others in society
– Promoting social change
 Strain Theory
Deviance is a result of strain
and frustration experienced
by people when they are
prevented from achieving
culturally approved goals
through institutional means.

Robert It is an adaptation of individuals

Merton to the dominant culture

anomie feelings of being disconnected from society

particularly its’ norms on goals and means of achieving
 Components of Social Functions
• Manifest functions are recognized and
intended consequences of any social pattern.
• Latent functions are the unrecognized and
unintended consequences of any social
pattern.
• Dysfunction are social patterns’ undesirable
consequences.
 Adaptations
• Conformists: accept the goals their society
sets for them, as well as the institutionalized
means of achieving them.

• Innovators: accept society’s goals but reject

the usual ways of achieving them.
• Ritualists: rejects cultural goals but still
accepts the institutionalized means of
achieving them.

• Retreatists: reject cultural goals as well as the

institutionalized means of achieving them.
• Rebels: not only rejects culturally approved
goals and the means of achieving them, but
they replace them with their own goals.
 Social Control Theory
Deviance or delinquency is
intrinsic to human nature

Conformity is achieved
through socialization, the
formation of bond
between individual and
society
Travis Hirschi
Social Bonds that Prevent Deviance
1. attachment -- a measure of the
connectedness between individuals

1. commitment -- a measure of the stake a

person has in the community
3. involvement -- a measure of the
time/energy a person is spending on activities
that are helpful to the community

4. belief -- a measure of the person's support

for the morals and beliefs of the community
 Labeling Theory
Also called “ Societal-Reaction
Approach” which posits that
it is the response to an act,
and not the behavior, that
determines the Deviance.

Stigmas are undesirable traits or

labels that are used to
Howard Becker characterize a person.

A Label is usually a Master

Status
 Labeling Theory

Primary Deviance: Behavior

that causes the initial labeling
of the person

Secondary Deviance: Happens

Edwin Lemert when the person begins to
identify with and classify
themselves by the label
 Social Disorganization Theory
Deviance is a function of
neighbourhood dynamics, and
not necessarily a function of
Clifford Shaw and the individuals within
Henry D. Mckay
neighbourhoods.

There are socially organized

communities and socially
disorganized communities.
Concentric Zones

•Zone 1:Central Business District

•Zone 2 Inner City or Zone of Transition
•Zone 3 Respectable working class housing
•Zone 4 Middle Class Suburbs
•Zone 5: Rural areas inhabited by the rich
 Social Disorganization Theory
• Neighborhood Characteristics that promote
Social Disorganization:
– Poverty
– Racial/Ethnic Heterogeneity
– Residential Mobility
 Social Disorganization Theory
• Socially organized communities have:
– Solidarity
– Cohesion
– Integration
Informal Social Control

Movement
Informal Direct
Governing
Surveillance Intervention
Rules
 Conflict Theory

“ People with power

protect their own interest
and define deviance to
suit their own needs”

Richard Quinney
 The Social Reality of Crime
1. Crime is defined by authorized agents
2. Crime is defined to describe behaviors
conflicting with the interests of people with
power to shape public policy
 The Social Reality of Crime
3. Criminal definitions are applied by the
segments of society that have the power to
shape the enforcement and administration of
criminal law
4. Criminal definitions shape behavioral patterns
5. Conceptions of crime are constructed and
diffused in the segments of society through
different media
6. The social reality of crime is constructed by
the formulation and application of criminal
definitions, the development of behavior
patterns related to criminal definitions, and the
construction of criminal conceptions
 Subcultural Theories

Subcultural theories argue that certain

groups develop norms and values that are
different from those held by other
member of society.
 Albert K. Cohen
• Deviance is a collective response to the
dominant culture
• Argued that Merton failed to account for non-
utilitarian crime
• Published Delinquent Boys: The Culture of
Gangs in 1955
 Albert K. Cohen
• Deviant
Don't ever try subculture
to judge me,wasdudemostly found in the
You don't know
working whatdue
class the to:
fuckSTATUS
I've beenFRUSTRATION
through
But I know something about you
• went
You Material and Cultural
to Cranbrook, that'sDeprivation lead to
a private school
educational
What's the matter,failure
dog, you embarrassed?
• The
This guy'sdeviant
a gangster? His real name's
subculture Clarence
not only rejects the
And mainstream
Clarence lives at home with
culture, both parents
it reverses it.
And Clarence parents have a real good marriage
This guy don't wanna battle, he shook
Cause ain't no such things as halfway crooks
He's scared to death, he's scared to look in his fucking
yearbook
 Focal Concerns Theory
Crime is a result of the fact
that there is a lower-class
subculture with different
norms and values to the
rest of society.
Walter B. Focal Concerns are
Miller concerns and things that
members of a lower-class
subculture want to
achieve.
 Focal Concerns
• Toughness – Miller said that people within the
lower-class subculture value toughness as an
important trait
• Smartness – This culture also value the ability
to outfox each other.
• Excitement – This culture constantly searches
for excitement and thrills.
 Differential Opportunity Theory

Development of deviant behavior is

Richard Cloward influenced by differential access to
legitimate and illegitimate means to
and Lloyd Ohlin succeed

Deviant sub-cultures are developed as a response to lack of

access to legitimate means to succeed and influenced by
access to illegitimate means
 Deviant Subcultures
• Criminal emerge in areas where there is an
established pattern of organized adult crime.
Children learn from their parents and are concerned
with utilitarian crime – financial reward.

• Conflict develop in areas where adolescents have

little opportunity for access to illegitimate
opportunity structures. Lack of cohesiveness.
Response is often gang violence.
• Retreatist some lower class adolescents form
subcultures around illegal drug use because
they have failed to succeed in both the
legitimate and illegitimate structures. Double
failures – as they have failed in terms of
criminal and conflict subcultures.
 Nature Nurture
1.Individual 2. Personal
Individual
x
Heredity Deficiency

Society x
3. Group
Heredity
4. Societal
Factors