Fused deposition modelling 2023-24

Abstract
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) Is an Advanced 3D Printing Technique for The Manufacture
of Plastic Materials. The Ease of Use, Prototyping Accuracy and Low Cost Makes It a Widely
Used Additive Manufacturing Technique. FDM Creates 3D Structures Through the Layer-By-
Layer Melt-Extrusion of A Plastic Filament. The Production of a Printed Structure Involves the
Generation of a Digital Design of The Model By 3D Design Software and Its Execution by The
Printer Until The Complete Model Is Reproduced. This Review Presents the Current Status Of
FDM, How to Handlead Operate FDM Printers, Industry Standards of Printing, The Types of
Filaments That Can Be Used, The Post-Processing Treatments, Advantages, And Limitations as
Well as An Overview of The Increasing Application Fields of FDM Technology. The Application
Areas of FDM Are Endless, Including Biomedicine, Construction, Automotive, Aerospace,
Acoustics, Textiles, And Occupational Therapy Amongst Others. Even During the Current
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic, FDM Has Helped to Fabricate Face Masks,
Ventilators and Respiratory Systems, Respiratory Valves, And Nasopharyngeal Swabs For
COVID-19 Diagnosis. FDM 3D And 4D Printing Can Produce Polymeric and Composite
Structures of Various Designs, And Compositions in A Range of Materials According to The
Desired Application. The Review Concludes by Discussing the Future Prospects For FDM.

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SL.NO CONTENTS Page.no

1 Chapter 1: Introduction
2 Chapter 2: Basic concepts of fused deposition modelling
2.1: Main stages
2.2: Operation
2.3: Industry standards for printing
3 Chapter 3: FDM 3D printed PLA part fused interface
3.1: Flaws and priorities of PLA
3.2: Materials
3.3: Design of the components
3.4: Equipment
3.5: Testing procedure
4 Chapter 4: Working principle of FDM
5 Chapter 5: Technological studies
6 Chapter 6: Future scope of FDM in India
7 Chapter 7: Industries, Advantages and Disadvantages
8 Chapter 8: Conclusion
9 References

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Is An Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technology, Also
Known As Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), That Is Widely Used For Creating Prototypes,
Functional Parts, And Even Finished Products. It Was Invented By Scott Crump, The Founder Of
Stratasys, In The Late 1980s.

3D Printing, Mainly Used In Additive Manufacturing (AM) And Combined With Many Fields Of
Materials, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Technology, And Electronics, Started In The
1980s. As One Of The Most Representative Techniques In The Third Industrial Revolution, It Is
Also Deemed As A Technique Driving The Rapid Development Of The World, Exerting An Over
Powering Effect On Our Day-To-Day Life. Its Matures Technologies Include Fused Deposition
Modeling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Stereo Lithography Apparatus (SLA), Three-
Dimensional Printing (3DP), And Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) [1].

The FDM Technique Becomes A Research Highlight In 3D Printing Technology For Its Non-
Laser Application And Low Cost In Use And Maintenance. In Addition, Its Consumables Are
Mostly The Low-Melting-Point Polymer Filaments Of Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile
Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polycarbonate (PC), And Polyamide (PA). Moreover, Its Equipment Is
Small In Size And Easy In Use, With A Common Operating Interface; The 3D Printing Of Multi-
Phase Compound Materials Is Available By Feeding Through Multiple Nozzles And
Multichannel, So As To Get Multifunctional Parts. Thus, The FDM Technique Is Widely Used In
Aerospace, Automobile Making, Bio-Medicals, Smart Home, Stationery And Training Aid, And
Creative Gifts.

It Is Worth Noting That The First FDM 3D Printer Named Additive Manufacturing Facility (AMF)
Was Sent To The Space For The First Time By The US National Aeronautics And Space Agency
(NASA) In 2014, And This Printer Could Print The Spanner In The Orbit To Be Used For
Maintenance And Repair In The Space Station [2]. Moreover NASA Planned To Send The Second
3D Printer To Recycle 10,000 Sealed Plastic Bags Sent To The Space [3].

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As The Substance Foundation, 3D Printing Material Is One Of The Bottlenecks Restricting The
Further Development Of 3D Printing Technology. Currently, As A Most Promising Material, PLA
Is Most Extensively Used In FDM 3D Printing Technology.

Scholars At Home And Abroad Conducted More Studies On FDM 3D-Printed PLA Parts. These
Studies Focus On Two Aspects: One Is Technological Studies On Optimization Of Key Process
Parameters; The Purpose Is To Improve Interface Bonding Property, Mechanical Properties, And
Accuracy; The Other One The PLA Modification Research, Which Involves The Improvement Of
Mechanical Properties Of PLA Parts By Enhancing The Cross-Linking State And Crystalline Of
PLA Molecular Chains And Applying Reinforced Phase; In Addition, PLA Parts Become The
Ones With Such Functions As Heat Stability, Electrical Conductivity, Biocompatibility, Antistatic
Property, Electromagnetic Shielding, And Temperature-Controlled Heating Property By The
Functional Compound Modification Of PLA.

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CHAPTER 2

Basic Concepts Of Fused Deposition Modelling

2.1 Main Stages

As A General Scheme, The Core Principle Of The FDM Production Method Is Simply To Melt
The Raw Material And Facilitate The Creation Of New Shapes. The Material Is Made Of A
Filament Coil On A Wheel That Is Driven Into A Temperature-Controlled Nozzle Which Heats
It To A Semiliquid. The Nozzle Accurately Extrudes And Guides The Molten Material To Build
A Structural Element Layer By Layer. This Replicates The Outlines Of A Layer That Has Been
Introduced Into The FDM Working System By The Application Program.

. Figure 1. General Summary Of The FDM Process

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The ISO/ASTM 52901:2017 Standard Defines The General Principles, Specifies Requirements
And Gives Guidelines And Applicability For Use As A Basis To Obtain Parts Made Of Additive
Manufacturing, Including FDM

2.2 Operation

The FDM Technique Consists Of Layer-By-Layer Deposition Of Molten Polymeric Material, One
On Top Of The Other, Until The Designed Part Is Complete (Figure 2). It Consists Of A Polymeric
Filament, Which Is Delivered From A Coil And Melts As It Passes Through The Extruder, Where
It Reaches Its Melting Point [78]. There Are Two Main Types Of 3D Printers According To The
Movement That The Extruder And Print Bed Follow. Thus, Most Printers Have An Extruder That
Moves Along The X And Y Axes To Shape Each Layer, While The Bed Moves Along The Z-
Axis, Descending One Level Each Time A New Layer Is Formed [79]. However, Other 3D Printers
Have An Extrusion Head That Moves Along The X, Y And Z Axes To Print The Design [80]. The
Extruder Is Where The Filament Is Heated To Reach Its Melting Point And Thus Form The
Designed Part, Also Known As The Extrusion Process. This Part Of The 3D Printer Consists Of
A Series Of Components, Such As The Extrusion Motor, Responsible For Providing The Power
To Move The Filament And Melt It To Deposit The Layers Onto The Print Bed. The 3D Printer
Has A Pulley And A Lever, Which Move The Filament To The Tip Of The Extruder (Or Hot End).
The System Also Has A Fan To Cool The Extruder And Usually Includes A Bowden Tube At The
Extruder Inlet That Prevents The Filament From Breaking. The Hot-End Is At The Outlet And Is
In Charge Of Melting The Polymeric Material For Extrusion [81]. The Extruder Is On A Carriage
That Allows It To Move In The X And Y Directions. In This Way, As The Part Is Being Generated,
The Extruder Moves To Shape The Design. Note That Some Printers Have Two Or Three
Extruders That Allow Them To Print With Multiple Filaments At The Same Time

2.3 Industry Standards Of Printing

There Are Two Main Types Of Extruder Setups Found On Fdm Printers: The Direct And The
Bowden Extruders [83]. The Moving Print Assembly Is Composed Of The Hot-End And The
Nozzle In The Direct Extruder, And A Motor Pulls The Filament Off The Spool And Drives It
Directly Into The Hot-End. The Bowden Extruder Has A Motor That Pushes The Filament From
The Spool Through A Tube Connected To The Hot-End And Nozzle. The Bowden Setup Presents
The Advantage Of Significantly Reducing The Weight Of The Moving Print Assembly, Which

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Enables A Faster And More Enhanced Move [84]. Fdm Nozzles Are Made Of Metals Such As
Brass (Copper-Zinc) Alloy Or Stainless Steel Due To Their Relatively High Thermal Conductivity
And Tight Fabrication Tolerances [85,86]. Another Nozzle Characteristic Is The Inner Diameter
That Generally Ranges From 0.18 Mm To 1.07 Mm [87]. Several Tests Can Be Performed To
Characterize The Mechanical Properties Of Fdm Materials Such As Tensile Test (Astm D638),
Flexural Test (Iso 178) And Short-Beam Shear Test (Astm D2344m)[88], And There Are Many
Studies That Demonstrate That Changes In The Printing Parameters Cause Differences In The
Characteristics Of The Final 3d Piece [89– 95]. Thus, Multi-Factor Coupling Such As Different
Printing Temperatures, Printing Directions, Printing Paths, And Layer Thicknesses Have Been
Shown To Influence The Tensile Strength, Bending Strength, Crystallinity, And Grain Size Of
Fdm Printed Parts [96]. The Mechanical Properties Of The 3d Printed Pieces Are Limited By The
Weak Interlamination Bonding As Well As The Poor Performance Of Raw Filaments Used [89].
Thus, Temperature Control Can Increase Inter-Layer Bonding Strength In Fdm [97]. Printing
Parameters Such As Nozzle Diameter, Layer Height, Raster Angle, And Nozzle Temperature Have
Been Shown To Affect Composite Samples’ Tensile Strength, Density, And Production Time [90].
Fdm Process Parameters Such As Layer Thickness, Extruder Temperature, Filling Structure, And
Occupancy Rate Can Affect The Mechanical Properties In Terms Of Tensile Strength, Elongation,
And Impact Strength Of 3d Printed Pieces [91]. Other Important Parameters To Take Into Account
Are The Infill And Nozzle Diameter [98]. These Parameters Affect The Pore Size And Porosity
Of The Fdm Printed Parts. Infill Density Has Shown A Considerable Influence On The Tensile
Strength And Surface Roughness Of Fdm Printed Parts [99,100]. Additionally, The Size Of The
Nozzle Allows The Extrusion Of Different Thicknesses Of Materials [101]. The Temperature And
Building Orientation Of The Nozzle Influences The Relative Density, Flexural Strength, Tensile
Strength, Breaking Elongation And Impact Strength Of The Polymers [102]. Moreover, The Layer
Thickness Affects Irreversible Thermal Strain And Mechanical Properties [103]. Recycling Of
Fdm Waste, Which Is Nowadays Fundamental In A Circular Economy Perspective, Can Also
Change The Mechanical Properties Of The Pristine Material [104]. Fdm Feedstock Exists In The
Form Of

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CHAPTER 3

FDM 3D Printed PLA Part Fused Interface

3.1 Flaws And Priorities Of PLA

Apparently, Some Practical Problems Encountered In FDM 3D Printing Of PLA Are
Unavoidable: Firstly, PLA Owns Volume Change And Residual Stress Caused By The
Crystalline, Both Of Which May Affect Its Dimensional Precision. No Crystallization Occurs
For The Amorphous Polymers Such As ABS And PC, But They Themselves Have A Bigger
Shrinking Percentage. Moreover, With The Greater Melting And Printing Temperatures Than
PLA, They Have The Bigger Temperature Gradient And Stress During The FDM Printing.

3.2 Materials
Filaments In PLLA, ~96 % L-Isomer Content, ~1.25 Kda Molecular Weight, ~1.6
Polydispersity Index, (Alfaplus, Filoalfa, Ozzero (MI), Italy) With A Diameter Of 1.75 ± 0.05
Mm Were Used During The Experimental Tests [21]. The PLLA Is Modified By The Addition
Of Less Than 10 % Of An Elastomeric Material (TPU, Thermoplastic Polyurethane). The
Thermo-Physical And Mechanical Properties Of The Material Are Reported.

3.3 Design Of The Components

The Need To Create Lightweight Structures With High Stiffness Has Led To The Development
Of Sandwich-Type Structures In Recent Years. They Consist Of Two Components: The Rigid

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And External Skin, And The Core, Mostly Consisting Of Hollow Volume. Among The
Advantages Offered By Structures Of This Type, There Is The Possibility Of Composing
Multiple Materials With Different Characteristics. In Order To Create Skins And Cores Of
Different Materials, It Is Possible To Fill The Cavities Of The Core With Light Materials Such
As Foams (For Example, Flame Retardant Foams, Insulating Foams Or Capable Of Resisting
The Energy Of An Impact). As A Result Of The Light Weight Of The Resulting Components,
The First And Most Frequent Uses Of Sandwich Structures Are In The Aerospace Field Or As
Stress-Absorbers In Many Technological Fields. The Choice Of The Core Texture Allows To
Obtain Multiple Mechanical Properties. A First Distinction Can Be Made Between In-Plane
And Out-Of-Plane Structures [22, 23]: The Core Is The Same But The Arrangement Of The
Structure Changes, With The Inplane Type Being Of Particular Interest For The Application
In Which A High Stiffness, Especially For Applications Related To The Structure Impact
Resistance, Plays A Crucial Role

3.4 Equipment’s
The Manufacturing Of The Samples Was Performed Using An Open-Chamber 3D Printing
(Meeds, Zaturi, Rome, Italy). The System, Based On FDM Technology, Is Equipped With An
Aluminum Frame, An Extruder With A Diameter Of 0.4 Mm And A Glass-Built Heated Plate.
The Filament Is Located On Top Of The Aluminum Space Frame. The Maximum Printing
Volume Is 200 Mm In Diameter And 300 Mm In Height. The Maximum Temperature At The
Nozzle Is 260 ◦C. The Maximum Temperature Of The Built-In Heated Plate Is 110 ◦C. The
Layer Resolution Is 100 Μm.

3.5 Testing Procedure

The Experimental Test Consists Of Two Different Stages. In The First, The Compression Tests
Of The Samples Are Performed In Order To Program The New Shapes Of The Samples.
Programming Of The Samples Was Performed At Ambient Temperature. During
Programming, The Deformation Speed Of The Samples Was Set At 1 Mm/Min In Order To
Achieve The Final Shape Very Slowly, Thus Allowing The Samples To Gradually Adapt To
The New Shape. Additionally, The Mechanical Response Of The Samples By Varying The
Printing Operating Parameters Is Investigated.

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CHAPTER 4
Working Principle Of FDM

The FDM 3D Printing Process

When The FDM Printer Begins Printing, The Raw Material Is Extruded As A Thin Filament
Through The Heated Nozzle. It Is Deposited At The Bottom Of The Printer Platform, Where It
Solidifies. The Next Layer That Is Extruded Fuses With The Layer Below, Building The Object
From The Bottom Up Layer By Layer. Most FDM Printers First Print The Outer Edges, The

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Interior Edges Next And Lastly The Interior Of The Layer As Either A Solid Layer Or As A Fill
In Matrix.

In Some Objects / Models, There Are Fragile ‘Overhangs’ That Will Droop Unless They Are
Given Some Support. FDM Printers Incorporate A Mechanism Whereby These Support Structures
(Called Struts) Are Printed Along With The Object. They Are Later Removed Once The Build Is
Complete. These Struts Are Usually Of The Same Material As The Object. Some Printers Have A
Second Extruder To Specifically Deposit Soluble Thermoplastic Struts When There Is A Need To
Prevent The Overhangs From Drooping. These Struts May Be Of A Different Composition Than
The Thermoplastic Used For The 3D Model. They Are Later Dissolved By An Appropriate
Solvent.Remember That A 3D Printer Works By Depositing Raw Material Layer By Layer Along
The X, Y And Z Axis. The Accuracy Of The 3D Printer Therefore Depends Upon The Minimum
Distance The Nozzle Can Travel Vertically (The Z Axis). Minimum The Distance It Can Move,
More The Points Along The Sinusoid That It Can Capture, And Better The Accuracy.For Stratasys
3D Printers, Which Are The Pioneers Of The FDM Printers, The Current Best Possible
Dimensional Accuracy Is About 0.127 Mm. Of Course, The Choice Of Raw Material Too Plays
An Important Part In Achieving Dimensional Stability. It Should Also Be Remembered That The
Accuracy Comes At The Cost Of Printing Time Required. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Is
A Manufacturing Technology That Uses A Moving Nozzle To Extrude Fibers Of Polymeric
Material Layer-By-Layer In Order To Build A Structural Design. FDM Is Mainly Used
For Mechanical System Modeling, Fabrication, And Production. FDM Printing Also Creates
External Support Structures That Must Be Manually Removed [86,87]. FDM Technology Uses
The Melt Extrusion Method To Construct A Structural Design From A Thermoplastic
Polymer [88,89]. When A Layer In The X–Y Plane Is Completed, The Base Platform (Z Axis) Is
Lowered, And The Procedure Is Repeated Until The Complete Structure Is Produced [90]. In This
Process, The Filament Materials Are Heated And Extruded The Through A Nozzle Onto The Base
Plate Following A Path As Set By The Data Implemented In CAD [91]. It Is Possible To Control
Pore Size And Porosity By Changing The Material Deposition Amount, The Spacing Between The
Material Paths, And The Height Interval (Z Axis)

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CHAPTER 5

TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES

Interface Bonding Property For PLA Parts Obtained By FDM 3D Printing Technology, The Fuse
Has The Nearly Same Mechanical Properties As That Of Die Forming When It Is Melted,
Solidified, And Continuously Distributed In Its X Direction, But It Is Discontinuous Between
Fuses In The Parallel Distribution In The Y Direction And The Gradually Accumulating
Distribution In The Z Direction, Where The Macroscopic Interface Exists, As Shown In Fig. 1.
Obviously, The Interface Is The Most Fragile Position Of 3D Parts [4–6], So That The Parts Have
Poor Properties With Anisotropy As A Whole [7, 8]. Moreover, The Interface Cannot Be Removed
As It Is Determined By The FDM Printing Technological Principle. For This Reason, Improving
The Interface Bonding Property To Enhance The Whole Mechanical Properties Is An Important
Way To Develop FDM 3D-Printed PLA Parts. Whether Die Forming Or FDM Printing, It Is A
Root Cause For Weak Interface Bonding And Poor Mechanical Properties That The Extruded PLA
Cannot Maintain Enough Time At The Temperature Of The Melting Point [9–12]. In The Process
Of FDM 3D Printing PLA Parts, The Temperature Of The Extruded PLA Filaments Drops Quickly
To The Melting Point Or Less In A Short Time Due To The Impacts Of External Environment
And The Limitation Volume Of The Filaments By Nozzle Melting. The PLA Molecular Chains
On The Interface Are Not Be Diffused Completely, So That These Extruded PLA Filaments
Cannot Be Well Fused With The Newly Extruded PLA Filaments On The Interface, Even The
Holes Occurs To Lower The Strength Of PLA Parts. Figure 2 A Indicates The Bond Formation
Process Between Two Fused Filaments For FDM 3D-Printed PLA Parts; Fig. 2 B Shows
Microphotograph Of The Cross sectional Area Of PLA Parts, Where The Holes Can Be Seen
Clearly. It Is Always One Of Key Tasks For Researchers To Solve Interface Molecular Chain
Diffusion And Interface Bonding Of FDM 3D-Printed PLA Parts. In The FDM Forming Process,
The Control Of Cooling Speed Is A Crucial Factor For Interface Bonding [13]. Too Slow Cooling
Can Lead To The Disorder Of Fused PLA Filaments, Poor PLA Parts Forming Ability, Bad
Surface Quality, And Serious Deformation Of Parts Shape. Too Fast Cooling May Cause The
Fused PLA Filaments Solidified In A Short Time, Poor Diffusivity Of PLA Molecular Chains On
Interface, And Bad Interface Bonding, So That PLA Parts Present Poor Mechanical Properties.
Thus, The Rationally Cooling Speed Of Fused Filaments For FDM In Printed PLA Parts Has An

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Important Impact On Enhancing The Interface Bonding And Improving Surface Quality. By This,
Partain [14] Tried To Blow The Heated Air To The FDM3D Printed Whole PLA Parts Via Another
Nozzle So As To Raise The Temperature Of Working Environment And Reduce

Fig. Concept Illustration: The Laser Local Pre-Deposition Heating Approach Allows A Laser
Beam To Heat Up The Plate Locally Where The New Interfaces Are Forming. In Doing So, Higher
Interface Temperatures Are Obtained Which Allows More Polymer Interdiffusion Across The
Interface To Increase FDM Part Strength In The Build Direction

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A Bending Load-Deflection Plot, B Optical Micrograph Of Fractured Section It’s Cooling Speed.
It Is Seen From Fig. 3 That When The Air Temperature Is 65 °C, There Is A Maximum Interface
Strength For PLA Parts, Increasing By 66% Against The Case Before The method Is Applied.
However, There Are Practical Restrictions For This Method. On One Hand, The Hot Air Can Heat
The PLA Parts As A Whole, So That The Interface Cannot Be Strengthened Accurately; On The
Other Hand, The Hot Air Blown Out From The Nozzle Can Produce The Turbulent Flow, Which
Leads To The Disorder Of Fused PLA Filaments, The Damage To PLA Parts Surface Appearance
In The Printing Process, And Even The Suspended Forming Process, Especially It Is More Serious
For Small-Sized Parts. Ravi Et Al. [15] Proposed The Synchronous And Local Laser Heating To
The Layered Zone Near The Nozzle To Raise The Interface Temperature Exceeding Critical
Temperature By Reasonable Temperature Controlling. By This Way, The Mutual Interface
Diffusion Of PLA Molecular Chains Was Increased, The Interface Bonding Was Enhanced In
FDM 3Dprinted PLA Parts. It Is Seen From Fig. 5 A That The Test Sample With Laser Pre
deposition Heating Has More Than 60% Increase In Strength, Near 100% Increase In Elasticity,
And More Than 3 Times Increase In Toughness Than The FDM Part Printed With The Same
Parameters But Without Laser Pre-Deposition Heating. Moreover, There Is Surface Reflow And
Therefore Enhanced Infill In The Samples Using The In-Process Laser Predisposition Heating
Approach, Which Also Contributes To Overall Better Strength And Quality, As Shown In Fig. 5
B. By Virtue Of The Same Idea, Kishore Et Al. [16] Realized Synchronous And Local Heating
With Infrared Ray

Fig. A Schematic Of The Experimental Setup, B Variation Of Fracture Energy For Various Pre-
Heating Conditions

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CHAPTER 6

FUTURE SCOPE OF FDM IN INDIA

3D Printing Is a Rapidly Growing Technology That Has Gained Popularity In India In Recent
Years. This Technology Allows Individuals to Create Three-Dimensional Objects By Using A
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Software And A 3D Printer. This Has Led To The Creation Of A
Wide Range Of Products, From Toys And Jewelry To Medical Implants And Aerospace Parts. In

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This Article, We Will Explore The Scope Of 3D Printing In India. India Has A Huge Potential For
3D Printing Due To Its Growing Manufacturing Sector And Increasing Demand For Customized
Products. According To A Report By Wohlers Associates, The 3D Printing Industry In India Is
Expected To Grow At A CAGR Of 19.3% Between 2020 And 2025. This Growth Can Be
Attributed To Several Factors, Including Government Initiatives, Increased Awareness Of The
Technology, And The Availability Of 3D Printing Services.

One Of The Key Areas Where 3D Printing Is Making A Significant Impact In India Is In The
Healthcare Sector. 3D Printing Technology Is Being Used To Create Medical Implants,
Prosthetics, And Dental Models, Which Are Customized For Each Patient's Individual
Needs. This Not Only Improves Patient Outcomes But Also Reduces The Cost Of Medical
Treatment. For Example, In 2020, The Indian Army Used 3D Printing To Create A Custom-
Made Prosthetic Limb For A Soldier Who Had Lost His Leg In A Landmine Explosion.

Apart From Healthcare, 3D Printing Is Also Being Used In Other Sectors, Such As Aerospace,
Automotive, And Architecture. In Aerospace, 3D Printing Is Being Used To Create Lightweight
Parts That Are Stronger And More Efficient Than Traditionally Manufactured Parts. In The
Automotive Sector, 3D Printing Is Being Used To Create Prototypes And Customized Parts. In
Architecture, 3D Printing Is Being Used To Create Complex Building Designs And Models.

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CHAPTER 7

7.1 FDM INDUSTRIES IN INDIA

1. Imaginarium India Pvt. Ltd.: Imaginarium Is One Of The Leading 3D Printing

Companies In India Offering FDM Technology Along With Other Additive Manufacturing
Solutions.
2. Divide By Zero Technologies Pvt. Ltd.: Divide By Zero Is Another Prominent Player In
The Indian 3D Printing Industry, Known For Its Advanced FDM 3D Printers.
3. Stratasys India: Stratasys Is A Global Leader In 3D Printing Technologies, Including
FDM. They Have A Presence In India Through Their Subsidiary Stratasys India, Offering
A Range Of FDM Printers And Services.
4. Intech Additive Solutions Pvt. Ltd.: Intech Additive Solutions Is A Company
Specializing In Industrial-Grade 3D Printing Solutions, Including FDM Technology.
5. Suhas Softech LLP: Suhas Softech Is A Provider Of 3D Printing Solutions In India,
Offering FDM Printers And Related Services To Various Industries.

7.2 FDM INDUSTRIES IN KARNATAKA

1. Wipro 3D: Wipro 3D Is A Division Of Wipro Infrastructure Engineering Limited, Based

In Bangalore. They Provide Additive Manufacturing Solutions, Including FDM
Technology, To Various Industries.
2. Altem Technologies (P) Ltd: Altem Technologies Is A Bangalore-Based Company That
Offers A Wide Range Of 3D Printing Solutions, Including FDM Printers And Related
Services.
3. Divide By Zero Technologies Pvt. Ltd.: While Not Exclusively Based In Karnataka,
Divide By Zero Technologies Has A Significant Presence In The Region. They Offer
Advanced FDM 3D Printers And Solutions.
4. Imaginarium India Pvt. Ltd.: Imaginarium Has A Presence In Bangalore And Offers
Various 3D Printing Solutions, Including FDM Technology.

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5. Sahas Softech LLP: Sahas Softech Is Another Company That Operates In The 3D Printing
Sector And Offers FDM Printers And Related Services. They May Have A Presence In
Karnataka.

7.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE FDM

S.NO. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Budget-Friendly Rough Surface Finishing

2. Filament Reusable Warping Is Common

3. Cloud Server Printing Nozzle Clogging

4. Less Complex Longer Printing Time

5. Easy Ergonomics Layer Adhesion Problem (Layer Shift)

6. Variety Of Material Choice Weak In Strength

7. Easily Portable Bed Calibration Is Needed Frequently

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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The discussed technical parameters and the modification methods in the reviewed literature can
significantly improve the mechanical properties and accuracy of FDM 3D-printed PLA parts. The
potential of fabricating isotropic and enhanced PLA parts can be available directly from
commercial FDM printers with controllable technical parameters; meanwhile, fabricating
functional devices with the multi-properties of modified PLA has created a huge rush for the new
developments of the FDM field. They even can be implemented or referenced in various 3D
printing techniques, such as SLA, SLS, and LOM. In conclusion, FDM 3D-printed PLA part is
tremendously promising in turning 3D printing from a prototyping method to a robust and
functional manufacturing technique, and it have gained enormous attention from a broad range of
science industries as a turning point for 3D printing technology. However, most methodologies for
FDM 3Dprinted PLA part are still facing major challenges, which need to be overcome before
becoming a mainstream manufacturing method.

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[7] Lee CS, Kim SG, Kim HJ, Ahn SH (2007) Measurement of anisotropic compressive strength
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