Thapaya 1

;dmh
• WIaK;ajñ;sh
• >k m%idrKh
• o%j m%idrKh
• jdhq m%idrKh
• ;dmñ;sh
• ;dm ikakhkh
• ;dm ixjykh
• jdIam iy w¾o%;dñ;sh
• ;dm.;s úoHdj
WIaK;ajñ;sh
fuu tallh hgf;aoS wm jiska hï ia:dkhl WIaK;aj uekSug WIaK;aj uekSug WIaK;ajudk ilid .ekSu
iïNkaOj wOHkh lrkq ,nhs WIaK;ajudkhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSfïoS WIaK;ajh iu. tu ØjH i;= hï
.=Khla jsp,kh jk WIaK;aju;sl ØjHh wjYH jk w;r tu ØjHh i;= WIaK;ajh iu. fjkia jk .=Kh
WIaK;aju;sl .=Kh f,i yeoskafõ
WIaK;ajñ;sl o%jH yd tajdg wod< WIaK;ajñ;sl .=K
ØjHh .=Kh
riosh mrsudj
ksYal%Sh jdhq ksh; mrsudfõoS mSvkh
ksh; mSvkfhaoS mrsudj
ikakdhl m%;sfrdaOh
^ma,eákï, ;U, hlv& fofl<jr js..d.n.
w¾O ikakdhl m%;sfrdaOh
WIaK;ajudkhla ilia lsÍfï§ WIaK;ajñ;sl o%jHhk f;dard.ekSfï§ ie,ls,su;a úhhq;= lreKq

WIaK;aju;sl .=Khlg w;HjYfhkau mej;sh hq;= ,laIK 2la mj;S
^01& WIaK;ajus;sl .=Kh i,lkq ,nk WIaK;aj mrdih ;=< WIaK;ajh iu. ika;;slj jsp,kh jsh hq;=h
.=Kh .=Kh
𝜃1 𝜃2 𝜃1 𝜃2
^02& WIaK;ajus;sl .=Kh WIaK;ajfha tAlM, Y%s;hla jsh hq;=h

i,lkq ,nk mrdih ;=< tla WIaK;ajhla ioyd WIaK;aju;sl .=Kfha tla w.hla muKla mej;sh hq;=h
.=Kh .=Kh
𝜃 𝜃
×
𝜃1 𝜃1 𝜃2
1
WIaK;ajus;sl .=Kh mj;sk WIaK;aju;sl Ø%jHhg my; ,laIK mj;skafka kï jvd;a fydo fõ
01& ;dm ikakdhl;dj by< - blauKska mdGdxl fmkajhs
02& jsYsIG
a ;dm Odrs;djh wvq jsh hq;=h - ksrjoH;djh by< hhs
03& tall WIaK;aj fjkilg WIaK;ajus;sl .=Kh jsp,kh by< jSu - ixfõoS;djh
by< hhs
04& .=Kh WIaK;ajh iu. jsp,kh talldr ùu
.=Kh .=Kh
jvd iqÿqiqh iqÿqiqh
𝜃 𝜃
05& fN!;sl wjia:d jsm¾hdi wju ùu
WIaK;ajudkhl mej;sh hq;= ,laIK
01& Ndõ;h myiq ùu.
02& myiqfjka mdGdxl lshjd .; yels ùu.
03& ksrjoH;dj by< ùu.
ksrjoH;djh by< WIaK;ajudkhla hkq WIaK;ajudkh jsiska WIaK;ajh
ueksh hq;= ia:dkfhka wju ;dm m%udKhla weo .ksuska mdGdxl fmkajk WmlrKhls. fï
wkqj WIaK;aju;sl ØjHfha ;dm Odrs;dhjh wvqjk jg WIaK;ajudkfha
ksrjoH;djh by< fõ
04& ixfõoS;dh by< ùu

tall WIaK;aj jsp,khla ioyd WIaK;aju;sl .=Kh jsp,kh by< jk
WIaK;ajudk ixfõoS;dj by< WIaK;ajudk fõ.
05& oS¾>ld,Skj Ndjs; l< yels ùu.
06& usf,ka wèl fkdùu.
07& iS>%fhka fjkiajk WIaK;aj uekSug yels ùu.
08& ,laISh WIaK;aj uekSug yels ùu.
idudkHfhka WIaK;aju;sl Ø%jHh f,i jdhq Ndj; jk WIaK;ajudkj, ksrjoH;djh yd ixfõoS;dj idfmalaIj
by< fõ
fuhg fya;=j jkafka jdhqjla r;a lsÍu ioyd wju ;dmhla wjYH ùu ksid ksrjoH;djh idfmalaIj by< ùu
iy >k Ø%j jdhq jeks mod¾:j,g jvd jdhq ksoyfia mej;Su ksid jdhqj, mrsud m%idrK;djh >k Ø%j j,g
idfmalaIj by< ùfuka jdhq WIaK;ajudkj, ixfõoS;dj by< ùuhs
❖ m%dfhda.slj WIaK;ajudkhla f;dard .ekSfïoS by; ioyka ishü ,laIK mj;sk WIaK;ajjudk m%dfhda.slj
fkdmj;sk w;r wjYH;dj wkqj jvd;a .e<fmk ,laIK iys; WIaK;ajudkh f;dard .; hq;=h
WIaK;ajudk j¾.
01& riosh-ùÿre WIaK;ajudkh
fuysoS isÿ lrk l%shdj,sh jkafka wdrïNfhaoS ùÿre n,anhlg riosh wka;¾.; lr bkamiq th wod<
WIaK;ajhlg r;a l< jsg isyska k<hla ;=< riosh by< kexùug ie,eiaùfuka by< k.sk Wi wkqj
mrudKhlska mdGdxl lshjd .ekSuhs
jdis wjdis
➢ Ndjs;hg myiqhs ➢ ksrjoH;dj my<hs
➢ myiqfjka mdGdxl lshjd.; yelsh ➢ ixfõoS;dj my<hs
➢ usf,ka wèl fkdùu ➢ iS>%fhka fjkia jk WIaK;aj ueksh
fkdyelshs
➢ ,laISh WIaK;aj ueksh fkdyelshs
2
02& ksh; mrsud WIaK;ajudkh
fuysoS isÿ lrkq ,nkafka ksYal%Sh jdhqjla wvx.= n,anh jsjsO
WIaK;ajj,g ,lalr jdhqfõ mrsudj ksh;j mj;sk mros wjYH jk
mSvkh uek mSvkh uek mSvkh weiqrska m%ia:drhla Ndjs;fhka
WIaK;ajh lshjd .ekSuhs
ksh; mrsudfõoS jdhqjl mSvkh ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajhg wkqf,dauj
iudkqmd;sl ksid 0℃ yd 100℃ j,oS ksh; mrsudfõoS mSvk uek
fkdokakd WIaK;aj lshjd .kq ,nhs
𝑃 ∝𝑇
mrsudj ksh; 𝑃
0℃ 𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑃0
100℃ 𝑃2
𝑃1
𝑇(𝐾)
0℃ 𝜃1 100℃
jdis wjdis
➢ ksrjoH;dj by<hs ➢ Ndjs;hg wmyiqhs
➢ ixfõoS;dj by<hs ➢ mdGdxl .ekSu wmyiqhs
➢ usf,ka wèlhs
➢ iS>%fhka fjkia jk WIaK;aj ueksh fkdyelshs
fuu WmlrKfha Ndjs;h myiqq lsÍu ioyd my; mrsos wegjqula ks¾udKh lr tu.ska iDcqju mSvkh lshjd
.kq ,nhs
𝑃
𝑃0
𝑃𝐴 𝑃2
mSvk wdudkh
𝑃0
𝑃1
𝜃(℃)
0℃ 𝜃1 100℃
𝜃↑
𝜃↑
03& ksh; mSvk WIaK;ajudkh

fuysoS jdhq lol mSvkh ksh;j ;nd f.k ksh; mSvkfhaoS WIaK;ajh iu. jdhq lfoa mrsud jsp,kh i,ld
my; iïnkaO;djh ,nd .; yel
3
𝑃0
𝑃 ksh; ksid,
𝑉∝𝑇
𝑉
𝑉100℃
ℎ
𝑃1 = 𝑃0 + ℎ𝜌𝑔 𝑉𝜃
𝑃1 = 𝑃0 + ℎ𝜌𝑔
𝑉0℃
(𝜃 ↑)
𝜃 𝑇(𝐾)
↑ 0℃ 𝜃 100℃
jdis wjdis
➢ ksrjoH;dj by<hs ➢ Ndjs;hg wmyiqhs
➢ ixfõoS;dj by<hs ➢ mdGdxl .ekSu wmyiqhs
➢ iS>%fhka fjkia jk WIaK;aj ueksh fkdyelshs
kj hq.fha WIaK;ajudk
01& Pt - m%;sfrdaO WIaK;ajudk
fuysoS WIaK;ajus;sl Ø%jH f,i Pt - f,dayh Ndjs; lrk w;r WIaK;aju;sl .=Kh jkafka tu Pt f,dayhu f;dard
.ekSug fya;=j jkafka tys WIaK;aj m%;sfrdaë ix.=Klh wks;a f,dayj,g jvd by< w.hl mej;Suhs
fujeks WIaK;ajudkhl 𝜃 WIaK;ajhloS Pt lene,a, i;= m%;sfrdaOh my; iuSlrKh u.ska ,shd oelsjsh yelsh
𝜃 oS m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅𝜃 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝜃) WIaK;aj fjki

𝛼 = WIaK;ajfha m%;sfrdaO ix.=Klh
0℃ oS m%;sfrdaOh
fï wkqj WIaK;ajh iu. m%;sfrdaOh jsp,kh 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 yevhla ,efnk w;r 0℃ yd 100℃ jeks WIaK;aj
folloS m%;sfrdaO 2la okafka kï m%ia:drh weiqrska fkdokakd WIaK;ajhla .Kkh l< yel
𝑅𝜃
𝜃
0℃ 𝜃 100℃
4
fuu WIaK;ajudkfha w.% fol w;r m%;sfrdaOh uekSug jskaiagka fia;=j Ndjs;d lrkq ,nhss
jdis
➢ 600℃ muK WIaK;ajo ueksh yel.
➢ ksrjoH;dj by<hs
➢ ixfõoS;dj by<hs
fuh iu. ;j;a ndysr Wmdx. iïnkaO lsÍfuka
myiqfjka lshjd .; .ekSu
iS>%fhka fjkiajk mdGdxl WIaK;aj lshùu
hï;dla ÿrlg ,laISh ialkaOj, WIaK;aj lshùu isÿl< yelsh
02& ;dm jsoaHq;a hq.auh

us,sfjd,aÜ uSgrhla yd j¾. foll f,day lïì Ndjs;d lsÍuka fuh ksmojd we;
mV
Fe ØjH - usY% f,day
Fe,Cu
.=Kh - fofl<jr fm%ars; js. .d. n.
Cu
A B
❖ fuys A yd B ikaè fol fjkia WIaK;ajj, mj;sk jsg us,sfjda,aÜ mrsudKfha hï mdGdxlhla lshfõ A,B
w;r WIaK;aj fjki jeä jk jsgoS fjda,aÜ uSgr mdGdxlho wdrïNfhaoS by< hk w;r hï w.hlg
<.d jSfuka miq WIaK;aj fjki iu. fjda,aÜ uSgr mdGdxlh my< hdu isÿ fõ
❖ Ndjs;fha myiq ioyd tla ikaèhlays mj;ajd .;a jsg wks;a ikaêfha WIaK;ajh iu. fjda,aÜ uSgr mdGxl
jsp,kh my; mrsos fõ (fuh f¾Çh fkdfõ)
𝑚𝑉
𝜃
−270℃
❖ fuu WIaK;ajudkfha m%Odk jdis f,i ixfõoS;djh yd ksrjoH;dj by< ùu ,laISh WIaK;aj ueksh yels
ùu yeoskajsh yelsjk w;r ndysr äcsg,a Wmdx. iïnkaO lsÍfuka iS>%fhka fjkiajk WIaK;aj lshùu
myiqqffjka mdGdxl lshjd .; yels ùu jeks jdis o ,efns
03& ;¾usiagrh
fuh w¾O ikakdhlj,ska idod we;s bf,lafg%dksl mrsm: Wmdx.hla jk w;r fuys WIaK;ajh jeä ùfusoS
m%;sfrdaOh wvq fõ
ØjH - w¾O ikakdhl
(𝑅)
.=Kh - m%;sfrdaOh
(𝐶)
fuys uQ,sl jdis f,i ixfõoS;djh ksrjoH;djh by< ùu iy usf,ka wêl fkdùu yeoskajsh yels w;r ndysr
äcsg,a Wmdx. iu. iïnkaO lsÍfuka ishü jdis iys; WIaK;ajudkhla ksmojd .ekSfï yelshdjla mj;S
5
WIaK;ajudkhla l%udxlkh lsÍu
WIaK;ajudkhla l%udxlkh lsÍfï mshj,oS m%:ufhkau WIaK;ajudkh 0℃ oshjk whsia ;=< .s,ajd WIaK;ajus;sl
.=Kh iïnkaO mdGdxlhla ,nd .kakd w;r bkamiq WIaK;ajh100℃ kgk c,h ;=< ;nd WIaK;ajus;sl .=Kh
iïnkaO kej; mdGdxlhla ,nd .kshs bkamiq fuu WIaK;ajus;sl .=Kh WIaK;ajh iu. f¾Çhj jsp,kh jkafka
kï muKla by;oS uek.;a w.hka fol w;r m%udKh iudk fldgia 100 la fyda tjeks m%udKhlg fnod
mrsudKhla ks¾udKh lr .; yel
100℃
100℃ 0℃ 0℃
by< wp, ,laIHh my< wp, ,laIHh

100℃ → 373.15𝐾 0℃ → 273.15𝐾
my< wp, ,laIHh f,i 0℃ ;a by< wp, ,laIHh f,i 100℃ ;a tkï iïu; mSvk ;;aa;aj hgf;aoS c,fha
ysudxlh yd ;dmdxlh ,nd .ekSug fya;=jkafka tu WIaK;aj myiqfjka ,nd .; yels ùu;a wks;a WIaK;ajj,g
jvd fuu WIaK;ajj, mj;sk c, nÿfka idfmalaIj jeâ ld,hla fuu WIaK;ajj, ksh;j mej;Su;ah
01& riosh ùÿre WIaK;ajudkhla 0℃ oS 12𝑚𝑚 Wi riosh lol=;a 100℃ oS 142𝑚𝑚 la Wi riosh lol=;a
fmkajhs 40℃ oS riosh lfoa Wi fidhkak
100℃ 142𝑚𝑚 40 − 0 ℎ − 12
=
100 − 0 142 − 12
4 ℎ − 12
=
40℃ ℎ 10 130
ℎ − 12 = 13 × 4
ℎ = 52 + 12 = 64𝑚𝑚
0℃ 12𝑚𝑚
c,fha ;%sl ,laIH f,i yÿkajkafka whsia Øj c,h yd yqud,h hk ;=ku iu;=,s;;djfha mej;sh yels
WIaK;ajhhs fuh wdikakj 273.16𝐾 fõ (0.01℃)
^,l=Kq lrk& î;H& 30 − 0 𝜃−1

100℃ 99℃ =
100 − 0 99 − 1
3 𝜃−1
=
10 98
30℃ 𝜃
98 × 3
𝜃= +1
10
𝜃 = 30.4℃
0℃ 1℃
6
01& ksh; mßud jdhq WIaK;ajudkhla kgk c,h ;=<§ 900Hgmm fmkajk w;r Èhjk whsia ;=<§ 700Hgmm
fmkakqï lrhs' WIaK;ajudkh ldurhla ;=< ;enQ úg th fmkajkafka 725Hgmm kï ldurh ;=< jd;fha
WIaK;ajh fidhkak'
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02& ksh; mßud WIaK;ajudkhl jdhqfõ mSvkh riÈh lol Wila f,iska ,nd.;a úg§ Èh jk whsia j,§
70'0cm o idudkH mSvkh hgf;a mj;sk yqud,fha§ riÈh 102'2cm o fõ' n,anh WKqiqï o%jhl .s,ajQ úg
oelafjk mSvkh riÈh 82'0cm kï o%jfha WIaK;ajh fidhkak'
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WIaK;ajudkhla l%udxlkh lsÍug hdfï§ isÿjk fodaI fya;=fjka ,efnk jerÈ "ñkqï ksjerÈ lr.ekSu
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkfha we;s jk fjkia ùï fya;=fjka mrsirfha c,hg wod< Øjdxl ;dmdxl fjkia ùu isÿjsh yel
fï wkqj fï nj fkdokakd uksfila WIaK;ajudkhla l%udxlkh lsÍu ioyd oshjk whsia Ndjs; lr 0 f,i
igyka l<;a i;H jYfhkau whsia oshjk WIaK;ajh 0 fkdjsh yels jk w;r ;dmdxlh 100 f,i usksid is;d
isáh;a c,h yqud,h jk WIaK;ajh tu mrsirhg wod<j 100℃ fkdjsh yelsh.
fï wkqj fuf,i ks¾udKh lrk WIaK;ajudkj, mdGdxl ksjeros fkdjk w;r mdGdxlh weiqrska my; mrsos
i;H w.h .Kkh l< yelsh.
^01& ysudxlh −5℃ yd ;dmdxlh 105℃ jk mrsirhl ta nj fkdoek usksfil= l%udxlkh lrk ,o
WIaK;ajudkh 80℃ WIaK;ajhla fmkakï
q lrk w;r jsg mrsirfha i;H WIaK;ajh fidhkak
80 − 0 𝜃 − (−5) wu;r oekqug

=
100℃ 105℃ 100 − 0 99 − (−5)
jd.f.da.mS.↑ = ;dmdxlh ↑
8 𝜃+5 jd.f.da.mS.↓ = ;dmdxlh ↑
= …………………………………………………
10 105 + 5
80℃ 𝜃 …………………………………………………
8 × 110
𝜃= −5 …………………………………………………
10
…………………………………………………
𝜃 = 88 − 5 …………………………………………………
0℃ −5℃ …………………………………………………
𝜃 = 30.4℃
…………………………………………………
01& riÈh WIaK;ajudkhla l%udxlkhfh§ ms<sfj<ska 10C yd 990C w.hka c,fha ysudxlh yd yqud, wxlh f,i
jer§ulska Ndú; lrk ,§' fuu idjoH WIaK;ajudkfha ñkqu 300C la f,i lshjk úg ksjerÈ WIaK;ajh
fidhkak'
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7
02& WIaK;ajudkhla l%udxlkh lsÍfï§ jer§ulska )10C WIaK;ajh" c,fha ysudxlh f,i;a 1010C WIaK;ajh"
c,fha ;dmdxlh f,i;a Ndú; lrk ,§' th 600C ñkqula fmkajk úg ksjerÈ WIaK;ajh fldmuKo@
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WIaK;ajhla uekSu ioyd Ndú; lrk úúO WIaK;aj mßudKhka

𝐾1 ℃ yd ℉ w;r iïnkaOh my; mrsos fõ
100℃ 373𝐾 212℉
0℃ 273𝐾 32℉
132℉ fi,aishia lrkak
100℃ 212℉ 𝜃−1 132 − 32

=
99 − 1 212 − 32
𝜃 100
=
132℉ 100 180
𝜃
100 × 100
𝜃=
180
0℃ 32℉ 𝜃 = 55.55℃
01& my; oelafjk WIaK;ajhka fi,aishia wxYlj,g yrjkak

1. 500K - 2. 600F -
3. 700K - 4. 1000F -
WIaK;ajñ;sh wNHdi
01&𝑥 kï l,ams; WIaK;ajudkhl c,fha ysudxlh igyka lr we;af;a 200S f,i yd c,fha ;dmdxlh igyka lr
we;af;a 1500S f,ih' fuu WIaK;ajudkfhka 600C WIaK;ajhla ukskq ,nk úg th fmkakqï lrk mdGdxlh
l=ulao@
02& fl,aúka T WIaK;ajhl§ ksh; mßud jdhq WIaK;ajudkhla 48000Pa mSvkhla fmkakqï lrhs' c,fha ;%sl
,laIHg wod,j ksh; mSvk jdhq WIaK;ajudkfhka olajk mSvkh 42000Pa fõ kï WIaK;ajh .Kkh
lrkak'
03& S kï tallhla we;s l,ams; WIaK;aj mßudKhla i|yd by< wp, ,laIHh ¤58'5A jk w;r my< wp,
,laIHh )120A kï 346K l WIaK;ajhla fuu mßudKhg wkqj lshjQ úg ,efnk w.h l=ulao@
04& ksh; mßud jdhq WIaK;ajudkhl n,anh 00C Èhjk whsia ;=, mj;sk úg mSvkudkfha iSre udre lrk
ndyqfõ riÈh uÜgu wks;a ndyqfõ riÈh uÜgu wp, i,l=K iam¾Y lrk úg i,l=Kg 8cm l my<ska
mj;sk w;r n,anh 1000C mj;sk úg tu riÈh uÜgu wp, i,l=Kg 42cm la by,ska msysghs' n,anh
lsishï o%djKhla ;=, mj;sk úg riÈh uÜgu wp, i,l=Kg 30cm la by,ska msysghs kï o%jKfha
WIaK;ajh fidhkak' ldur WIaK;ajh 300C kï túg riÈh uÜgfï msysàu fidhkak'
8
05& ma,eákï m%;sfrdaO WIaK;ajudkhla 00C ys § 12Ω m%;sfrdaOhlao 1000C ys§ 14Ω m%;sfrdaOhlao fmkakqï lrhs'
th 11Ω m%;fs rdaOhla fmkajk WIaK;ajh fidhkak'
06& kgk c,h ;=,§ yd Èhjk whsia ;=,§ ùÿre)riÈh WIaK;ajudkhl riÈh lf|a È. m%udK ms<sfj,ska
10cm yd 2cm fõ' )50C WIaK;ajhl mj;ajdf.k we;s YS; ldurhla ;=, fuu WIaK;ajudkh ;nd we;s úg
tys riÈh lf|a È. fidhkak'
07& hï l%shdj,shl§ WIaK;ajh 500C m%udKhlska fjkia úh' fl,aúka mßudKhg wkqj fuu WIaK;aj fjki
fldmuKo@
08& riÈh WIaK;ajudkhla l%udxlkh lsÍfï§ 00C yd 1000C f,i i,l=Kq lr we;s WIaK;aj j, i;H w.hka
)60C yd 980C fõ' ldur WIaK;ajh 300C kï fuu WIaK;ajudkh fmkajk WIaK;ajh ljf¾o@ lsishï
WIaK;ajhl§ muKla fuu WIaK;ajudkh ksjerÈ WIaK;ajh fmkajhs' tu WIaK;ajh l=ulao@
09) S kï l,ams; WIaK;aj mßudKhlska hq;a WIaK;ajudkhl c,fha ysudxlh igyka lr we;af;a )200S f,i yd
c,fha ;dmdxlh igyka lr we;af;a ¤900S f,ih' fuu WIaK;ajudkfhka ¤500S mdGdxlhla fmkajk
fi,aishia WIaK;ajh fidhkak' fuul,ams; WIaK;aj mßudKh yd fi,aishia WIaK;aj mßudKh iudk mdGdxl
fmkajk WIaK;ajh l=ulao@
10& fodaI iys; WIaK;ajudkhl n,anh whsia ,laIfha yd yqud, ,laIfha ;nd ,l=Kq lr we;af;a i;H jYfhka
ms,sfj,ska 60C "960C WIak;ajhkah' fuu WIaK;ajudkh u.ska 420C l mj;sk o%djKhl WIaK;ajh uekak
úg ,efnk w.h l=ulao@
WIaK;ajñ;sh nyqjrK
(1) ksh; mSvkfha we;s wp, jdhq ialkaOhl mßudj whsia ,laIfha§ 200.0 𝑐𝑚3 o yqud, ,laIfha§ 273.2 𝑐𝑚3 o
tla;rd >k o%jHhl idudkH o%jdxlfha § 525.1 𝑐𝑚3 o fõ' fuu ksh; mSvk WIaK;aj udkh wkqj >kfha
o%jdxlh fldmuKo@
(i) 440.10 °𝐶 (ii) 424.13 °𝐶 (iii) 444.13 °𝐶 (iv) 400.11 °𝐶 (v) 344.13 °𝐶
(Time Target- 2 minutes)
(2) ksh; mSvk jdhq WIaK;ajudkhl lshùu o%j jk whsia j,§ tall 44.5 o kgk o%jhl§ tall 68.4 o fõ'
0 °𝐶= 273.15 K = kï o%jfhys ;dmdxlh fidhkak'
(i) 400.23 K (ii) 423.85 𝐾 (iii) 412.67 K (iv) 450 K (v) 419.85 K
(3) S kï l,ams; WIaK;aj mßudKhl c,h ysudxlh igyka lr we;af;a 20 °𝑆 f,i yd c,fha ;dmdxlh igyka
lr we;af;a 150 °𝑆 f,ih' fuu mßudKfhka 60 ℃ WIaK;ajhla ukskq ,nk úg tys fmkakqï lrk w.h
fidhkak'
(i) 88 °𝑆 (ii) 98 °𝑆 (iii) 108 °𝑆 (iv) 78 °𝑆 (v) 100 °𝑆

(4) ùÿre o%j WIaK;ajudkhl o%j mßudj 𝑉𝜃 jdhq WIaK;aj mßudKfhka ukskq ,nk 𝜃 ℃ WIaK;ajh iu. 𝑉𝜃 =
𝑉0 (1 + 𝑎𝜃 + 𝑏𝜃 2 ) wdldrhg úp,kh fõ' fuys a yd b ksh; jk w;r a = 1000b fõ' jdhq mßudKfhys 70 ℃
l lshùulg wkqrEm jk WIaK;ajh, ùÿre-o%j WIaK;ajudkfhys fldmuKo@
(i) 60.09 ℃ (ii) 65.69 ℃ (iii) 78.09 ℃ (iv) 90.21 ℃ (v) 68.09 ℃
9
(5) rEmfha oelafjkafka úfYaIs; WIaK;ajudkhls' i¾jiu n,an folla iudk
jdhqj,ska mqrjd c, lgdr foll .s,ajd we;s w;r n,an foflys mSvk
fjki uefkda ógrh u.ska lshjd .; yelsh' c, lgdr fol c,fha ;%sl
,laIhg wkqrEm WIaK;ajfha mj;sk úg n,an foflys mSvk fjkila
fkdue;' tla n,anhla ;%sl ,laIHfha mj;sk úg wfkla n,anh yqud,
wxlhg wkqrEm WIaK;ajhg m;a l< úg mSvk fjki 120 mm Hg ls'
tla n,anhla ;%sl ,laIHfha mj;sk úg wfkl fkdokakd WIaK;ajhl
;sìh§ mSvk fjki 90 mm Hg ls' fkdokakd WIaK;ajh jkafka"
(i) 350 K (ii) 352 K (iii) 358 K (iv) 348 K (v) 360 K

(6) ;dm úoHq;a hq.auhl isis,a ikaêh 0 ℃ ys ;nd tys WKqiqï ikaêh WIaK;aj lsysmhl mj;ajd .;aúg Bg
wkqrEm úoHq;a .dul n, my; mßÈ úh'
WKqiqï ikaêh Wÿkla ;=< ;enQ úg ikaê fol w;r úoHq;a .dul n,h 4.60 mV fõ kï Wÿfkys WIaK;ajh
jkafka"
(i) 548 ℃ (ii) 538 ℃ (iii) 558 ℃ (iv) 550 ℃ (v) 535 ℃
(7) ;dm úoHq;a hq.auhl úoHq;a .dul n,h l=vd WIaK;aj mrdi i|yd ikaêj, WIaK;aj wka;rhg iudkqmd;sl
fõ' tla ikaêhla yeuúgu wp, WIaK;ajhl mj;ajd wfkla ikaêh fjkia WIaK;aj ;=kl§ mj;sk úg Bg
wkqrEm úoHq;a .dul n, uksk ,§' 63℃ ∶ 2 𝑚𝑉 ∶ 𝜃 ∶ 5 𝑚𝑉 ∶ 126℃: 9 𝑚𝑉 kï 𝜃 ys w.h ℃ j,ska jkafka"
(i) 80 ℃ (ii) 100 ℃ (iii) 70 ℃ (iv) 110 ℃ (v) 90 ℃
(8) ;dm úoHq;a hq.auhl P ixêh 0℃ jQ o%j jk Y=oaO whsia j, o Q ikaêh 100℃ jQ yqud,fha o ;nd we;' túg
úoHq;a .dul n,h 1.0 mV fõ' oeka Q ikaêh ùlrhl jQ o%jhla ;=< ;enQ úg tys úoHq;a .dul n,h 1.2 mV
úh' fi,aishia mßudKfhka uekakúg o%jfha WIaK;ajh jkafka"
(i) 120℃ (ii) 110℃ (iii) 130℃ (iv) 100℃ (v) 90℃
(9) ksh; mSvk WIaK;ajudkhla 0℃ we;súg 21 cm mdGdxlhla fmkajhs' th kgk o%jhl .s,ajd we;s úg 36 cm
mdGdxlhla fmkajhs kï o%jfha ;dmdxlh jkafka"
(i) 195 𝐾 (ii) 258 𝐾 (iii) 288 𝐾 (iv) 468 𝐾 (v) 741 𝐾
(10) uOHidr ùÿre WIaK;ajudkhl 0℃ § uOHidr lfoa È. 11.82 cm jk w;r 100℃ § th 23.85 cm lS'
uOHidr lf|a È. 16.67 cm w.h .kakd úg wkqrEm WIaK;ajh ljf¾ o@
(i) 40.6℃ (ii) 20.3℃ (iii) 72℃ ( iv) 53.2℃ (v) 45.3℃
10
(11) riÈh ùÿre WIaK;ajudk folla È.ska iudk jk w;r iudk riÈh mßudjla we;' tla WIaK;ajudkhl
mrdih 0℃ isg 100℃ olajd jk w;r wfkla mrdih 0℃ isg 10℃ olajd fõ' WIaK;ajudk foflysu by;
mrdihka w;r È.j,a iudk fõ' tfia kï WIaK;ajudk foflys yrialv j¾.M,hka tlsfklg fldmuK
m%udKhlska fjkia fõo@
(i) 0℃ - 10℃ WIaK;ajudkh fuka 1/5 .=Khls
(ii) 0℃ - 10℃ WIaK;ajudkh fuka 10 .=Khls
(iii) 0℃ - 10℃ WIaK;ajudkh fuka 1/3 .=Khls
(iv) 0℃ - 10℃ WIaK;ajudkh fuka 1/2 .=Khls
(v) 0℃ - 10℃ WIaK;ajudkh fuka 1/10 .=Khls
(12) 100℃ § iy 0℃ § ksh; mßud jdhq WIaK;ajudkhl mSvk ms<sfj,ska jdhqf.da, 0.700 iy jdhqf.da, 0.512
fõ' jdhqfõ mSvkh jhqf.da, 0.040 jk úg wkqrEm WIaK;ajh jkafka"
(i) −360℃ (ii) −260℃ (iii) −130℃ ( iv) −100℃ (v) −251℃
>k m%idrKh
>k jia;=jla hkq wxY= b;d <.ska weisÍfuka ilia jQ jia;=jls. idudkH wjia:dj,oS fuu wxY= lïmkh fjuka
mj;sk w;r jia;=fõ WIaK;ajh by< kexùfïoS wxY=j, lïmk jsia:dr by< hk ksid jia;=j wjldYfha jeä
mrsudjla wh;a lr .kshs. fuh m%idrKh f,i yeoskafõ.
>k m%idrKh wdldr 3lg wOHkh l< yel.
01& f¾Çh m%idrKh
02& j¾.M, m%idrKh
03& mrsud m%idrKh
f¾Åh m%idrKh
fuysoS >k jia;=jla r;a lsÍfïoS osf.ys isÿjk fjki iïnkaOfhka wOHkh lrkq ,nhs.
wdrïNfhaoS 𝑙0 os.la iys; oKavla WIaK;ajh ∆𝜃 m%udKhlska jeä l< jsg m;a jk os. 𝑙𝜃 f,i i,luq. fuysoS
osf.ys isÿjk fjki oKav ,lajk WIaK;aj fjkig;a oKafâ wdrïNl os.g wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl nj
yÿkdf.k we;.
(∆𝜃)
① yd ② ka ∆𝑙 ∝ 𝑙0 (∆𝜃)
∆𝑙 = 𝑘𝑙0 (∆𝜃)
∆𝑙 = 𝛼𝑙0 (∆𝜃)
𝑙0 𝑙𝜃
∆𝑙 = 𝑙𝜃 − 𝑙0
𝑙 ∝ (∆𝜃) ①
∆𝑙 ∝ 𝑙0 ②
f¾Åh m%idrK;d ix.=Klh w¾:oelaùu
∆𝑙 = 𝛼𝑙0 (∆𝜃)
𝛼 = …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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11
➢ hï mod¾:hl f¾Çh m%idrK;dj hkq,
tys tAll os.la iys; oKavl WIaK;ajh tAll WIaK;ajhlska by< kexùfïoS osf.ys isÿjk fjkia ùuhs
fuh wod< mod¾: j¾.h u; rod mj;sk w.hla fõ.
𝑚
𝛼 tall = 𝑚℃
= ℃−1 / 𝐾 −1 wu;r oekqug

……………………………………………
……………………………………………
∆𝑙 = 𝑙0 𝛼(∆𝜃) ……………………………………………
……………………………………………
𝑙𝜃 − 𝑙0 = 𝑙0 𝛼(∆𝜃) ……………………………………………
𝑙𝜃 = 𝑙0 + 𝑙0 𝛼(∆𝜃) ……………………………………………
……………………………………………
𝑙𝜃 = 𝑙0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝜃) ……………………………………………
(01) 30° ysoS 2m os. oKavla 130° g r;a l< jsg kj os. fidhkak. (𝛼 = 2 × 10−3 ℃−1)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
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(02) 40° ysoS 2m os. oKavla 140° g r;a l< jsg kj os. 8m fõ. 𝛼 fidhkak.(𝛼 = 2 × 10−3 ℃−1)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
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(03) 30° ysoS 1m os. oKavla hï WIaK;ajhlg r;a l< jsg kj os. 6m fõ. 𝛼 fidhkak. (𝛼 = 2 × 10−3 ℃−1)
kï kj WIaK;ajh fidhkak.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
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(04) wdrïNfhaoS tlu WIaK;ajfha mj;sk 1m yd 1.25m j¾. 2l ovq 2la we;. TSkEu WIaK;ajhloS ovq 2ys
os.j,a w;r fjki ksh;j mej;Sug 𝛼1 yd 𝛼2 w;r wkqmd;h fidhkak.
∆𝑙 = 𝑙0 𝛼(∆𝜃) ∆𝑙1 = ∆𝑙2
∆𝑙 = 1 × 𝛼1 × (∆𝜃) ̶̶̶ ① 1 × 𝛼1 × ∆𝜃 = 1.25 × 𝛼2 × ∆𝜃

𝛼2 1.25m
1m ∆𝑙 = 1 × 𝛼2 × (∆𝜃) − ② 𝛼1 1.25
𝛼1 𝛼2
= 1
= 1.25
mr;r iudk ùug
12
(05) È. 4m jk jdfka oKavla 10℃ WIaK;ajhl mj;S' tys WIaK;ajh 260℃ olajd jeäl< úg oKafâ kj
È. fidhkak' jdfkaj, uOHkH f¾Åh m%idrK;dj 1'1×10-℃−1 ls'
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(06) 8m È. jdfka oKavla 20℃ WIaK;ajfha ;nd we;' tys WIaK;ajh 50℃ olajd /f.k .shfyd;a tys kj
È. fidhkak' ^jdfka j, f¾Åh m%idrK;dj 2×10-5 K)1&
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(07) È. l1 yd l2 jk ovq folla fYa%Ks.;j ilialr we;' tajdfha f¾Åh ix.=Kl ms<sfj<ska α1 iy α2 fõ' fuu
ixhqla; oKav fjkqjg fhÈh yels ;ks oKafâys f¾Åh m%idrK;d ix.=Klh ioyd m%ldYhla ,nd.kak'
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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f¾Åh m%idrKfha fh§ï

01& ir, WIaK;ajudkhla ks¾udKh lsÍu
by< m%idrK;djhla iys; f,day j¾.hla iy m%idrKh fkd.sksh yels ,S lene,a,la Ndjs; lr my; mrsos
ir, WIaK;ajudkhla ks¾udKh l< yel
100℃ 100℃
0℃ 63℃
0℃
f,day ,S f,day ,S
(0℃) (100℃) ^fkdokakd 𝜃&
02& oaúf,day máfha l%shdldß;ajh

iudk os. iys; fjkia j¾.M, f,daymÜ 2la b;d ;oska my; tlg iïnkaO lsrSfuka oaùf,day máhla
ksmojd .; yel th r;a l< jgoS jeä f¾Çh m%idrKhla iys; f,dayh jeâ os.lg m;ajk ksid ixhqla;h
fndl=gq ùu isÿfõ
03& wj,ïN nÜgdf.a l%shdldß;ajhg WIaK;ajh ksid jk n,mEu
(∆𝜃)
𝑙0 𝑇𝜃 = 2𝜋 √𝑔0
𝑙
r;a lsÍu 𝑙𝜃
wj,ïNfha wdj¾; ld,h ;ka;=fõ os.u; rod mj;sk ksid WIAK;ajh by< hdfïoS ;ka;=fõ os. by< hdfuka
wdj¾; ld,h fjkia fõ
13
04& WIaK;ajfha isÿjk fjki ioyd mßudKhla Ndú; lsÍu
20℃ WIaK;ajfhaoS ÉkfhaoS ks¾udKh l< f,day wärE,la Ndjs; lr Y%S ,xldfõ 30℃ WIaK;ajfhaoS 8mm
os. jia;=jla uekSu i,luq
0 20℃ oS China 1cm

^ksjeros mrsudKh&
f,day
ma,diaÜla
0 30℃ oS Sri Lanka ^jeros mrsudKh&
mrsudKh m%idrKh ù we;
rEmhg wkqj ma,diaála lene,af,a

i;H os. = 7mm
lshjk os. = 5mm
𝛼 = wärEf,a f¾Çh m%idrK;djh
ksjeros os. = lshjk os. (1 + 𝛼∆𝜃)
u.ska .Kkh lsÍï isÿ l< yel
osf.ys Nd.sl yd m%;sY; jsp,k yÿkd .ekSu
Nd.sl jsp,k hkq osf.ys fjki wdrïNl os.g ork wkqmd;h Nd.sl jsp,kh m%;sY;hla f,i oelaùu m%;sY;
jp,kh kï fõ
(∆𝜃) ∆𝑙 = 𝑙0 𝛼(∆𝜃)
Nd.sl fjkiaùu = osf.ys fjki

wdrïNl os.
∆𝑙
=
𝑙0 𝑙𝜃 𝑙0
𝑙0 𝛼(∆𝜃)
= 𝑙0
osf.ys fjkia ùu = 𝛼(∆𝜃)
osf.ys m%;sY; fjkiaùu = Nd.sl fjkiaùu × 100%

= 𝛼(∆𝜃) × 100%
lafIa;%M, m%idrKh
f,day jeks mod¾:hlska iEÿKq jia;=jla r;a lsÍfïoS wxY=j, lïmk jsia:dr by< hdfuka mod¾:h mod¾:h
m%idrKh jk w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i mDIaÀl j¾.M,h by< hdug ,la fõ ∆𝜃
j¾.M,fha isÿjk fjki my; mrsos ,shd oelaõh yelsh
jeä jQ j¾.M,h = ∆𝐴
wjika 𝐴𝜃
= 𝐴𝜃 − 𝐴0 wdrïNl A0
14
∆𝐴 ∝ 𝐴0 − ①
∆𝐴 ∝ (∆𝜃) − ②
𝛽 =j¾.M, m%idrK;djh
lafIa;%M, m%idrK;d ix.=Klfha w¾: oelaùu

① yd ② ka
∆𝐴 = 𝛽𝐴0 (∆𝜃)
∆𝐴 = 𝛽𝐴0 (∆𝜃)
j¾.M, fjki
𝐴𝜃 − 𝐴0 = 𝛽𝐴0 (∆𝜃)
(∆𝐴)
𝛽= (𝐴0 )(∆𝜃) 𝐴𝜃 = 𝐴0 + 𝛽𝐴0 (∆𝜃)
𝐴𝜃 = 𝐴0 (1 + 𝛽∆𝜃)
1m2 1℃
𝑚2
𝛽 tall = 𝑚2 ℃
= ℃−1 fyda 𝐾 −1
hï mod¾:hlg wod< j¾.M, m%idrK;dj hkq tys tall j¾.M, iys; mDIaGhla 1℃l WIaK;ajhlska by<
kexùfïoS j¾.M,fha isÿjk fjkiaùuhs
lafIa;%M, m%idrK;d ix.=Klfha yd f¾Åh m%idrK;d ix.=Klh w;r iïnkaOh
wdrïNfha me;a;l os. 𝑙0 jk iup;=ri%dldr ;yvqjla i,ld tys m%idrKh wOHkh lsrSfuka my; iïNkaO;djh
,nd .; yelsh
∆𝜃 f¾Çh m%idrK;djhg
𝑙𝜃 = 𝑙0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝜃)
j¾.M, m%idrK;djhg
𝐴𝜃 = 𝐴0 (1 + 𝛽∆𝜃)
𝑙0 𝑙𝜃
𝑙𝜃2 = 𝑙02 (1 + 𝛽∆𝜃)

𝑙0 𝑙02 (1 + 𝛼∆𝜃) = 𝑙02 (1 + 𝛽∆𝜃)
𝑙𝜃 1 + 2𝛼∆𝜃 + (∆𝜃)2 = 1 + 𝛽∆𝜃
2𝛼∆𝜃 + 𝛼 2 (∆𝜃)2 = 𝛽∆𝜃

b;d l=vd ≅ 0
2𝛼(∆𝜃) = 𝛽∆𝜃
2𝛼 = 𝛽
isÿrl m%idrK;dj
m%idrKh jk mod¾:hl isÿrla lmd we;s jsgoS mod¾:h r;a lsÍug ,la l< jsg isÿro th ;=< mod¾:h
yels;dla fukau m%idrKh ùug ,lafõ fuhg fya;= jkaafka wod< isÿf¾ m%udKh ;SrKh lrk rduqfõ mj;sk
mod¾: wxY+ka m%idrKh ùuhs
15
𝐴𝜃 = wjika isÿf¾ j¾.M,h
𝐴0 = wdrïNl isÿf¾ j¾.M,h
𝐴𝜃 = 𝐴0 (1 + 𝛽∆𝜃)
𝛽 = f,dayfha mrsudM, m%idrK;djh
𝐴0 ^yssia&
𝐴𝜃 ^ysia&
tlu mod¾:hlska idok ,o my; yev;, 3u iudk ùug r;a l< jsgoS wjidkfhaoS wrhka iudk fõ.
R R R
r;a lsÍu
𝑅𝜃 𝑅𝜃 𝑅𝜃
mßud m%idrKh ^>k mod¾:hl&

>k jia;=jla r;a lsÍfïoS th ks¾uKh ùug odhl ù we;s wxY+ka lïmk jia:dr by< hdfuka mod¾:h wh;a
lr .kakd bv m%udKh by< hdfïoS mrsudfõ fjki my; mrsos wOHkh l< yel
∆𝜃
∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝜃 − 𝑉0
∆𝑉 ∝ ∆𝜃 ①
∆𝑉 ∝ 𝑉0 ②
𝑉0 𝑉𝜃
① yd ② ka ∆𝑉 ∝ 𝑉0 (∆𝜃) mrsud m%idrK;d ix.=Klh w¾: oelaùu
∆𝑉 ∝ 𝑘(∆𝜃) 𝛾 = mrsud m%idrK;djh mrsud m%idrK;djh
(∆𝑉)
∆𝑉 ∝ 𝛾(∆𝜃) 𝛾=
(𝑉0 )(∆𝜃)
𝑉𝜃 − 𝑉0 = 𝛾𝑉0 (∆𝜃)
𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉0 + 𝛾𝑉0 (∆𝜃) 1m3 1℃
𝑚3
𝛾 tall = 𝑚3 ℃
𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉0 (1 + 𝛾∆𝜃)
= ℃−1 fyda 𝐾 −1
16
>k mod¾:hl m%idrK;d ix.=Klh hkq,
mod¾:fha tall mrudjl WIaK;ajh tall WIaK;ajhlska by< kexùfïoS mod¾: mrudfõ isÿjk fjkia ùuhs
mßud m%idrK;d ix.=Klh yd f¾Åh m%idrK;d ix.=Klh w;r iïnkaOh

>k mod¾:hl mrud m%idrK;d ix.=Klh f¾Çh m%idrK;djh fuka ;=ka .=Khla fõ
𝛾 = 3𝛼
>k m%idrKh wNHdi

^01& rEmfha oelafjkafka 200C WIaK;ajhla we;s mßirhl mj;sk my< fl,jr
wp, f,i iúlr we;s jdfka yd weÆñkshï oඬq folls' tlsfkl iu. iam¾Y
ù mj;sk tajd ksoyia m%idrKhg bv mj;sk f,i ilia lr we;s w;r
weÆñkshï oKavg jvd jdfka oKav 25cm È.h' ´kEu WIaK;ajhl§ oඬq fofla
È. m%udK w;r fjki 25cm ùu ioyd 200C WIaK;ajfha§ oඬq fofla È.
m%udK fldmuK úh hq;=hso@ jdfka yd weÆñkshï j, uOHkh f¾Çh m%idrK;d
ms,sfj,ska 1.1x10)5 0C)1yd 2.5x10)5 0C)1 fõ'
^02& wdrïNl È. l1 yd l2 jk A yd B f,day oඬq folla mj;S' tajdfha f¾Çh m%idrK;djka α1 yd α2 fõ'
wdrïNfha § fuu ovq foflys Èf.ys fjkila mj;S' fofokdu iuj r;a lrk úg fuu Èf.ys fjki
ksh; ùu ioyd ;sìh hq;= wjYH;djka fudkjdo@
^03& f¾Çh m%idrK;dj α jk f,dayhlska ;kd we;s ir, wj,ïNhla T wdj¾; ld,hla fmkajhs' WIaK;ajh θ
m%udKhlska my< nei we;s wjia:djl tys kj wdj¾; ld,h jkafka@
^04& wj,ïNhla iys; Trf,daiqjl ksjerÈ foda,k wdj¾; ld,h 200C § 2s fõ' wj,ïNh n/;s f,day
nÜgl=f.ka yd isyska ms;a;, oKavlska hqla; fõ' WIaK;ajh 300C jQ Èkl Trf,daiqfõ foda,k wdj¾; ld,h
l=ulao@ fuu WIaK;ajfha ;sìh§ tla Èklg Trf,daiqfjka ydksjk fyda thg tl;= jk ld,dka;rh
fldmuKo@ ^ms;a;, j, f¾'m%'i 19x10)6K)1&
^05& 300C l WIaK;ajhl§ l%udxlkh l, weÆñkshï óg¾ fldaÿjla Ndú; lr 250C WIaK;ajhl§ ksjerÈ È.
2'5m jk jdfka j,ska idodk ,o fïihl È.
i) 350C WIaK;ajhl§
ii) 200C WIaK;ajhl§ uekak úg ,efnk mdGdxl fidhkak' jdfka yd
weÆñkshï j, uOHkh f¾Çh m%idrK;d ms,sfj<ska 1'1x10)5 0C)1 yd 2'5x10)5K)1 fõ'
^06& mdohla 20cm jk iup;=ri%dldr ms;a;, ;yvqjl uOHfhys wrh 5cm jk fldgila iuñ;sl f,i lmd
bj;afldg ;sfí' ;yvqfõ WIaK;ajh 1000C lska by< kexjQ úg isÿf¾ kj wrh l=ula fõo@ ms;a;, j,
f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 2x10)5 0C)1 hehs i,lkak'
^07& f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 2'5x10)5 0C)1 f,dayhlska ;kk ,o óg¾ fldaÿ folla 00C ys§ l%udxlkh lr we;' tla
tla óg¾ fldaÿfõ tla fl<jrla isria ì;a;shlg iúlr rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ tll me;af;ka wfkl
msysgk f,ig tajd ;sria f,i ilia lr we;' tla óg¾ fldaÿjla 00C ys mj;ajd .kq ,nk w;r wfkl
100C ys mj;ajd .kq ,efí' fldaÿj, mßudK fofla my; oelafjk l=uk i,l=Kq tlsfkl iumd; fõo@
^2'5cm yd 25'1cm $ 40cm yd 40'1cm $ 39'9cm yd 40'0cm&
^08& ms;a;, wj,ïNhla iys; Trf,daiqjla 150C ys § ksjerÈ ld,h fmkajhs' WIaK;ajh 300C jk Èkhl
Trf,daiqj Ndú;d lrk úg oji wjidkfha Trf,daiqj olajk ld,fha we;sjk fodaIh fldmuKo@ fuu
Trf,daiqj 100C WIaK;ajh we;s mßirhl ;nd we;s úgl i;shl ld,hl§ th fmkajk mdGdxlfhys we;s
jk fodaIh .Kkh lrkak' ms;a;, j, f¾Çh m%idrK;djh 1.9x10-5K-1 fõ'
^09& ldur WIaK;ajfha we;s l È.e;s ;U lïìhl WIaK;ajh T m%udKhlska kexjQ úg tys È. 1% m%udKhlska
by< hhs' ldur WIaK;ajfha we;s 2l x l udk iys; ;U ;yvqjl WIaK;ajh T m%udKhlska by< kexjQ
úg tys j¾.M,h jeäjk m%;sY;h@
^10& 00C WIaK;ajfha§ ksjerÈ jk ms;a;, mßudKhla Ndú;d lr 300C ys§ 100m ksjerÈ È.la ukskq ,enQ úg
mdGdxlh l=ulao@ ^ms;a;, j, f¾Çh m%irK;dj 2x10-5 0C-1&
17
^11& jdfka ñkqï máhla 50C WIaK;ajhl § l%udxlkh lr we;' 400C WIaK;ajhl§ th Ndú;d lrk úg tu.ska
,nd fok mdGdxlfha m%;sY; fodaIh l=ulao@ ^jdfka j, f¾'m%'i 1x10-5 0C-1&
^12& 1m úIalïNhla we;s ,S frdaohlg hlv mÜgula iúl< hq;=j we;' mÜgfï wrh frdaofha wrhg jvd
3mm m%dudKhlska wvqh' hlv j, j¾.M, m%idrK;dj 2.4x10-5 0C-1 kï" fuys§ mÜgfï WIaK;ajh jeäl,
hq;= m%udKh fldmuKo@
^13& rEmfha oelafjkafka úfYaIs; WIaK;ajudkhls' AB oKav ;kd we;af;a f¾Çh m%irK;dj 2x10)5 0C)1 jk
f,dayhlska jk w;r tys A fl,jr wp, f,i iúlr we;' tys B fl,jr p,kh úh yels jk mßÈ
frda,rhla u; ;nd we;s w;r oKav" frda,rh iu. r¿ f,i iam¾Y fõ' tneúka oKav m%idrKh ùfï§
,siaiSulska f;drj frda,rh N%uKh fõ' frda,rfha wrh 0'5mm jk w;r thg 100mm È. o¾Ylhla
iúlr we;' o¾Ylh .uka lrk mßudKh 0'5mm fldgia j,ska l%udxlkh lr we;'WIaK;ajudkfhka 0'10C
WIaK;aj fjkila ksjerÈ f,i lshùu i|yd oKafâ È. fldmuK úh hq;=o@
^14& rEmfha oelafjkafka wp, ia:dkhlg iúlr we;s 50cm ne.ska È. ms;a;, yd
hlv oඬq foll ksoyia fl<jrj,a w;r ;nd we;s wrh 0'5mm jk r¿
is,skavrdldr wlaI oKavls' wlaI oKavg o¾Ylhla iúlr we;s w;r moaO;sfha
WIaK;ajh by< kexjQ úg 100 fldaKhlska o¾Ylh lrlefõ' ms;a;, yd hlv
j, f¾Çh m%idrK;d ms<sfj,ska 1'8x10)5 0C)1 yd 1'2x10)5 0C)1 hhs .ksñka oඬq r;a
lr we;s WIaK;aj mr;rh fidhkak'
^15& 200C ys we;s ;=kS jdfka ;yvqjlg yd 100C ys we;s ;=kS ;U ;yvqjlg iudk j¾.M, we;' jdfka j, yd
;U j, f¾'m%'i' ms<sfj,ska 11x10)6K)1 yd 19x10)6K)1 fõ' ;yvq fofla j¾.M, iudk jk fmdÿ WIaK;ajh
l=ulao@
^16& f,day >klhl WIaK;ajh 200C lska by< kexùfï§ tys mßudj 0.12% lska jeä fõ' f,dayfha f¾Çh
m%idrK;dj jkafka l=ulao@
^17& ABC iuoaúmdo ;%sfldaKdldr rduqfõ AB } AC } b o BC } 2a o fõ' BC j, uOH ,laIHh D,A j,g AD
kï oKavlska iïnkaO lr we;' AB yd AC ovq fol f¾Çh m%idrK;dj α jk f,dayhlska ;kd we;s w;r
BC oKav f¾Çh m%idrK;dj β jk f,dayhlskao AD oKav f¾Çh m%idrK;dj γ jk f,dayhlskao ;kd we;'
moaO;sh r;a l< úg weo fkd.eiS mj;S kï my; i|yka iïnkaO;djh i;H nj fmkajkak'
b2 ^α ) γ& } a2 ^β ) γ& ABC iumdo ;%sfldaKdldr rduqjla kï th r;a l, úg weo fkd.eiS mej;Sug
γ }1$3 x ^4α ) β& úh hq;= nj fmkajkak'
^18& È. 2l jQ f,day oKavla ;kd we;af;a È. l jQ iudk oඬq folla tlg ;eîfuks' fuu oඬq fol
2l ÿßka wp, wdOdrl folla w;r rEmfha mßÈ ;nd we;' WIaK;ajh θ j,ska by< oeuQ úg
oKafâ yß ueo rEmfha mßÈ x Wilg tifõ' l È.l we;sjk m%idrKh Δl b;d l=vd hehs
i,ld x } l ^2αθ&1$2 nj fmkajkak'
^19& 1m È." f¾Çh m%idrK;d a yd b jk f,day j,ska ;ekQ oඬq fol ne.ska f.k iup;=ri%dldr rduqjla ;kd
we;' tys WIaK;ajh 200C m%udKhlska kexùfï § rduqj weo fkdù mj;S kï tys lafIa;%M,fha jeä ùu
wdikak f,i 2â ¤ b& nj fmkajkak'
18
>k m%idrKh nyqjrK
f¾Çh m%idrKh
(1) ÿïßh ud¾.hl jdfka f¾,a mS,s iúlrk ,oafoa WIaK;ajh 9.5℃ jQ Èklh' túg f¾,a mS,a,l È. 20 m w;r
tajd w;r 1 cm l ysveila ;nk ,§' fuu ysvei iïmQ¾Kfhkau uelS hkafka WIaK;ajh ljrla jQ Èkl§ o @
jdfka i|yd 𝛼 = 1 × 10−5 ℃−1
(i) 57.5℃ (ii) 59.5℃ (iii) 69.5℃ (iv) 63.5℃ (v) 62.0℃
(2) tla;rd rgl foaY.=Kfha mj;sk Wmßu WIaK;ajh 20℃ o wju WIaK;ajh −10℃ o fõ' 200 m wE;ska msysá
úÿ,s lïì lKq folla w;r" Wmßu WIaK;ajh we;s Èfkl ;u lïì wÈkq ,efí' ;U lïìhg ;sìh hq;=
wju È. fldmuK o @ ;U j, 𝛼 = 0.000018 𝐾 −1
(i) 200.108 m (ii) 150 m (iii) 167.87 m (iv) 220.18 m (v) 135.98 m
(3) È. 𝐿1 jQ oKavla f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 𝛼1 jQ o%jHlska o< È. 𝐿2 jQ ;j;a oKavla f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 𝛼2 jQ
𝐿
o%jHlskao ;kd we;' oඬq fofla È. m%udK w;r fjki, WIaK;ajfhka iajdhla; jkafka 1⁄𝐿 wkqmd;h l=uk
2
w.hla .kakd úgo@
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼2 2 𝛼1 2 𝛼
(i) 1⁄𝛼2 (ii) 2⁄𝛼1 (iii) 𝛼 +𝛼 (iv) 𝛼 +𝛼 (v) 𝛼√+𝛼1
1 2 1 2 2 1
(4) uyd ud¾.hla yryd weo we;s È. 10 m jk AB lïìhl C uOH ,laIfhka

ieye,aÆ úÿ,s mykla ;sriaj t,a,d we;' idudkH WIaK;ajh 20℃ jQ Èkhl
lïìh ;sriaj mej;=Ks kï" th 8.0 cm ÿrla my;a ù ;sfnk Èkl idudkH
WIaK;ajh fidhkak' jdfka j, 𝛼 = 12 × 10−6 𝐾 −1
(i) 33.67℃ (ii) 30.67℃ (iii) 28.5℃
(iv) 39.65℃ (v) 25.67℃
(5) rEmfha oelafjk jdfka yd ms;a;, oඬq w;r mr;rh iEu úgu 1 m ùug
0℃ § tajdg úh hq;= È. fidhkak' jdfka j,
𝛼 = 12 × 10−6 ℃−1 ms;a;, j, 𝛼 = 18 × 10−6 ℃−1
(i) 4 m, 5 m (ii) 2m, 6m (iii) 2 m, 3 m
(iv) 1m, 3m (v) 5m, 2m
j¾.M, m%idrKh
(1) 20℃ ys we;s jdfka ;yvqjlg iy 10℃ we;s ;=kS ;U ;yvqjlg iudk j¾.M, we;' jdfka yd ;U j, f¾Çh
m%idrK;d ms<sfj,ska 11 × 10−6 𝐾 −1 iy 19 × 10−6 𝐾 −1 fõ kï, ;yvq fofla j¾.M, iudk jk fmdÿ
WIaK;ajh l=ulao@
(i) -2.75 ℃ (ii) -3.75 ℃ (iii) -5.25 ℃ (iv) -4.5 ℃ (v) -3.0 ℃
(2) ldur WIaK;ajfha we;s 𝑙 È.e;s ;U lïìhl WIaK;ajh T m%udKhlska kexjQ úg tys È. 1% m%udKhlska by<
hhs' ldur WIaK;ajfha we;s 2𝑙 × 𝑙 udk iys; ;U ;yvqjl WIaK;ajh T m%udKhlska by< kexjQ úg tys
j¾.M,h jeäjk m%;sY;h jkafka"
(i) 3% (ii) 0.5% (iii) 1.5% (iv) 2% (v) 1%
(3) wrh 5 𝑐𝑚 jQ ;U l=yr f.da,h (𝛼 = 16.6 × 10−6 ℃−1) WIaK;ajh 2.5 ℃𝑠 −1 l ksh; YS>%;djhlska jeä lrk
,§' tys mDIaÀl j¾.M,h jeäjk YS>%;djh jkafka"
(i) 2.61 × 10−5 𝑚2 𝑠 −1 (ii) 2.61 × 10−4 𝑚2 𝑠 −1 (iii) 2.61 × 10−3 𝑚2 𝑠 −1
−6 2 −1 −7 2 −1
(iv) 2.61 × 10 𝑚 𝑠 (v) 2.61 × 10 𝑚 𝑠
19
mßud m%idrKh
(1) f,day >klhl WIaK;ajh 20℃ lska kexùfï§ tys mßudj 0.12 % m%udKhlska jeä fõ kï, f,dayfha f¾Çh
m%idrK;dj jkafka"
(i) 2 × 10−5 ℃−1 (ii) 1 × 10−6 ℃−1 (iii) 2 × 10−6 ℃−1
−5 −1 −5 −1
(iv) 2.5 × 10 ℃ (v) 3.5 × 10 ℃
(2) ms;a;, j,ska iE¥ l=yr is,skavrhl wNHka;r úIalïNh 20℃ § 10.000 cm fõ' 20℃ § ndysr úIalïNh
10.020 cm jk jdfka is,skavrhla l=yrhg we;=¿ lsÍu i|yd ms;a;, is,Þkavrh r;al< hq;= wju WIaK;ajh
jkafka" ms;a;, j, 𝛼 = 2 × 10−5 𝐾 −1
(i) 150℃ (ii) 120℃ (iii) 110℃ (iv) 125℃ (v) 130℃
(3) jdfka n÷kla ;=< ms;a;, l=Üáhla ;eîfuka WIaK;ajh iu. fjkia fkdjk wNHka;r mßudjla ,ndf.k we;'
ms;a;, l=Üáh ;eîug fmr jdfka n÷fkys wNHka;r mßudj 0℃ § 2 × 10−4 𝑚3 úh' fuu WIaK;ajfha§
ms;a;, l=Üáfha mßudj jkafka"
ms;a;, yd jdfka j, f¾Çh m%idrK;d ms<sfj,ska 20 × 10−6 𝐾 −1 yd 12 × 10−6 𝐾 −1 fõ'
(i) 1.2 × 10−4 𝑚3 (ii) 3.2 × 10−4 𝑚3 (iii) 0.2 × 10−4 𝑚3

(iv) 2.2 × 10−4 𝑚3 (v) 2 × 10−4 𝑚3
(4) tla;rd >k o%jHhl V mßudj;a, WIaK;ajh;a w;r we;s iïnkaOh 𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉0 (1 + 𝑎𝜃 + 𝑏𝜃 2 ) hk iólrKfhka
fokq ,efí. fuys 𝑉0 hkq 0℃ § tys mßudj jk w;r a =0.000175 𝐾 −1 yd
b = 0.0000024 𝐾 −2 o fõ' 0℃ yd 100℃ w;r o%jHfha uOHk f¾Çh m%idrK;dj jkafka"
(i) 4.15 × 10−4 𝑚3 (ii) 5.25 × 10−4 𝑚3 (iii) 4.15 × 10−3 𝑚3
(iv) 4.00 × 10−3 𝑚3 (v) 1.2 × 10−4 𝑚3
(5) wrh 5 cm jQ ;U l=yr f.da,hl (𝛼 = 16.6 × 10−6 ℃−1 ) WIaK;ajh 2.5 ℃𝑠 −1 l ksh; YS>%;djhlska jeä
lrk ,§' tys mßudj jeäjk YS>%;djh jkafka"
(i) 6.52 × 10−5 𝑚3 𝑠 −1 (ii) 6.52 × 10−4 𝑚3 𝑠 −1 (iii) 6.52 × 10−6 𝑚2 𝑠 −1
−6 3 −1 −6 3 −1
(iv) 6.52 × 10 𝑚 𝑠 (v) 7.5 × 10 𝑚 𝑠
o%j m%idrKh
Øjhla r;a lsÍfïoS o Øj wxY+kaj, lïmk jia:dr by< hdfuka Ø%jh wh;a lr .kakd bv m%udKh by< hdu
isÿfõ Ø%jhl m%idrK;dj ms<sno wOHkh lsrSfïoas mrsud m%idrKh b;d jeo.;a jk w;r th >khl mrsud
m%idrKh ioyd f.dv k.d .;a iQ;%fhka u wOHkh l< yel
❖ Øjhl m%idrKh wOHkh lsÍfïoS th wvx.= nÿfka o m%idrK;dj ie,lsh hq;=h
❖ Øjh muKla i,ld my; iuSlrK ,shd oelajsh yel
(∆𝜃) 𝛾 = Øjfha mrsud m%idrK;djh
wjidk Øj mrsudj
𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉0 (1 + 𝛾∆𝜃)
𝑉0 𝑉𝜃
wrïNl Øj mrsudj
20
01& mrsudj 10𝑐𝑚3 jk nÿkl 9𝑐𝑚3 Øj mrsudjla wka;¾.; fõ Øjfha iy nÿfka mrsud m%idrK;dj ms<sfj<ska
4 × 10−3 ℃−1 yd 1 × 10−3 ℃−1 kï moaO;sh 200℃ lska r;a lsÍfïoS msgdr .,k Ø%j mrsudj fidhkak
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02& c,fha m%idrK;d ix.=Klh 6x10-4 0C-1 jk w;r nÿkla ;=< c,h 10m3 wka;¾.;lr we;' c,fha
WIaK;ajh 200C jeälrhs kï c,fha kj mßudj fidhkak'
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03& f¾Åh m%idrK;d ix.=Klh 2x10-6 0C-1 jk úÿre nÿkla ;kd we;s w;r nÿfkka hï m%udKhla γ=1x10-5K)1
jk o%jhlska mqrjd we;' l=uk WIaK;ajhlg WIaK;ajh by< oeuqjo nÿfka ysia mßudj fkdfjkiaj mj;S'
o%jfha yd nÿfka wNHka;r mßud w;r wkqmd;h .Kkh lrkak'
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04& f¾Åh m%idrK;dj 1'2x10-5 0C-1 jk f,dayhlska ;kd we;s mßudj 1000cm3 jk nÿkla uq¿ukskau mßud
m%idrK;dj 1'56x10-4 0C-1 jk o%jhlska mqrjd we;' moaO;sfha WIaK;ajh 500C lska by< oeófï§ W;=rd hk
o%j mßudj fidhkak'
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Øjhl i;H m%idrK;dh yd oDYH m%idrKh

wdrïNfhaoS iïmQ¾Kfhkau Øjhlska mqrjd we;s m%idrKh jsh yels nÿkla i,luq fuu nÿfka WIaK;ajh
∆𝜃 m%udKhlska by< kexùfïoS msgdr mrsudj ioyd m%ldYkhla my; mrsos ,shd oelajsh yel
o%j m%idrKh weiqßka riÈh WIaK;ajudkhl l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lsÍu
riosh WIaK;ajudkhl iïmQ¾Kfhkau riosh msrjQ n,anhla yd isyska ùÿre k<hla wka;¾.; fõ.
0℃ oS WIaK;ajfhaoS n,anh hdka;uska iïmQ¾Kfhka msÍ mj;sk WIaK;ajudkhla my; mrsos l%udxlkh lr we;
100℃
wdrïNfhaoS iïmQ¾Kfhkau msÍ mj;sk n,anh
i,ld msgdr mrsudj ioyd m%ldYkhla my;
mrsos ,shd oelajh yel
0℃ 0℃
100℃
21
A wdrïNl mrsudj = 𝑉0 kï
∆𝜃 m%udKhlska WIaK;ajh by< kexjQ jsg
msgdr mrsudj (∆𝑉) = 𝑉0 (∆𝜃)𝛾oDYH
𝐴𝑙 = 𝑉0 (∆𝜃)𝛾oDYH
l l = 𝑉0 𝛾oDYH
(∆𝜃) 𝐴
𝑆= 𝑉0 𝛾oDYH
A= yrialv j¾.M,h
𝐴
msgdr mrsudj = Al
S = ixfõoS;djh
01& riÈh WIaK;ajudkhla )100C isg 1100C olajd WIaK;aj uekSu ioyd l%udxlkh lr we;' flaYsl k<fha
úIalïNh 0'68mm jk w;r )100C yd 1100C i,l=Kq w;r ÿr 30cm ls' úÿre ;=< riÈhj, oDYH mßud
m%idrK;dj 17x10-5K)1 kï 00C § WIaK;ajudkh ;=< wvx.= l<hq;= riÈh mßudj fidhkak
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02& riÈh)úÿre WIaK;ajudkhl flaYsl isÿf¾ yrialv j¾.M,h A fõ' WIaK;ajh iu. A ksh; f,i
i,lkak' 00C § n,anfha mßudj V jk w;r tu WIaK;ajfh§ n,anh hka;ñka riÈfhka msß mj;S'
WIaK;ajh θ ys§ riÈh lfoa Wi fidhkak'
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03& tla;rd riÈh WIaK;ajudkhl mßudKfha 0'5cm È.la u.ska wxYlhla fmkajhs' fuu WIaK;ajudkfha
n,anfhys we;s riÈh mßudj fo.=K lr flaYslfha yrialv j¾.M,h yß w¾Ohla l<fyd;a mßudKfha
tla wxYlhla olajk È. wdikak jYfhka fidhkak'
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WIaK;ajh iu. o%jhl >k;aj úp,kh

Øjhl WIaK;ajh by< kexùfïoS mrsudj by< hk kuq;a ialkaOh ksh;j mej;Su ksid idudkH Ø%jhla kï
>k;ajh my< hdu isÿfõ wdrïNfha >k;ajh 𝜌0 jk Øjhl WIaK;ajh ∆𝜃 j,ska by< kexjQ miq wjidk
>k;ajh 𝜌0 kï Øjfha m%idrK;dj i,ld my; m%ldYk f.dv kexjsh yel
(∆𝜃)
𝜌𝜃
𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉0 (1 + 𝛾∆𝜃)
𝑚 𝑚
= (1 + 𝛾∆𝜃)
𝜌𝜃 𝜌0
𝑉0 m m 𝑉𝜃
𝜃
22
𝑚
𝑚 𝜌𝜃 =
𝜌0 = 𝑉𝜃
𝑉0
𝑚
𝜌 0
𝜌𝜃 = (1+𝛾∆𝜃) ➂
𝑚 𝑉𝜃 = ②
𝑉0 = 𝜌 ① 𝜌𝜃
0
Eg: 20° Øjhl oS >k;ajh 800𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 fõ. tys mrsud m%idrK;dj 𝛾 = 5 × 10−4 𝐾 −1 kï 60° oS kj >k;ajh
fidhkak.
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c,fha wkshï m%idrKh

idudkH ØjhloS WIaK;ajh by< hdu iu. mrsudjla talldÍj by< hdula ksÍlaIKh l< yels jqj;a c,fha
mj;sk jsfYaI;ajh jkaaka 4℃ WIaK;ajfhaoS c, wKq-wKq w;r wka;¾l%shd wdl¾IK n,j,g odhl jk H
nkaOk m%N,;dj by< ùu ksid c,h wju mrsudjla fmkaùjhs fï wkqj c, idïm,hla 0℃ isg r;a lrk jsg
0℃ − 4℃ l,dmfhaoS mrsudj wvq ù 4℃ j,ska miq WIaK;ajh by< kexùfïoS idudkH Øjhl fuka kej; mrsudj
by< hdu isÿ fõ c,h
idudkH Øjhl
𝑉𝜃 𝑉𝜃
𝜃
𝜃 0℃ → 4℃
0℃
𝜌𝜃
fï wkqj 4℃ oS c,hg
Wmrsu >k;ajhla mj;S
𝜌0
↓ 𝜌𝜃 =
1 + 𝛾(∆𝜃) ↑
𝜃
0℃ 4℃
YS; R;=jl fmdl=Kl whsia mj;sk wjia:djla i,ld tla tla ia:dkj, WIaK;aj my; mrsos ,shd oelajsh yel
−10℃ ^mrsir WIaK;ajh&
← 0℃
← 2℃
← 4℃
23
01& riosh ùÿre WIaK;ajudkhl 0℃ i,l=K iy 100℃ i,l=K w;r A=2𝑚𝑚2
isria k<h Tiafia Wi 40𝑐𝑚 ls tu k<fha yrialv j¾.M,h
2𝑚𝑚2 ls moaO;sh ksjerosj l%shd lrùu ioyd oS we;=<;a l< hq;=
100℃
riosh mrsudj .Kkh lrkak ^0℃ oS n,anh iïmQ¾Kfhkau msÍ
mj;S&
40𝑐𝑚
0℃
riosh j, oDYH m%idrK;dj
𝛾oDYH = 𝛾 i;H −𝛾nÿk 𝑉0
= 8 × 10−4 𝐾 −1 − 1 × 10−4 × 3𝐾 −1
𝛾 oDYH = 5 × 10−4 𝐾 −1
0℃ → 100℃ olajd r;a lrk õg msgdr mrsudj

∆𝑉 = 𝛾oDYH × 𝑉0 × ∆𝜃
= 5 × 10−4 × 𝑉0 × 100
isyska k<fha mrsudj = 𝐴 × ℎ
(𝑉0 ) = 2 × 10−4 × 40 × 10−2 = 80 × 10−8
msgdr mrsudj 𝑉1 g iudk jsh hq;=h
80 × 10−8 = 5 × 10−4 × 𝑉0 × 100

80×10−8
𝑉0 = 5×10−2
= 16 × 10−6 𝑚3
o%j m%idrKh wNHdi

01& ùÿre n÷kl mßudj ldur WIaK;ajfha§ v fõ' riÈfhys mßud m%irK;dj γ o ùÿre j, f¾Çh
m%idrK;djh α o úg ´kEu WIaK;aj mrdihla ;=< n÷fka ysia mßudj ksh; jk mßÈ th ;=, wvx.= l,
yels riÈh mßudj fidhkak'
02& riÈh ) ùÿre WIaK;ajudkhlg wrh 5mm jQ n,anhla we;s w;r thg isÿf¾ úIalïNh 0'2mm jQ n|la
we;' )100C ys È n,anh iïmQ¾Kfhkau riÈfhka msß we;akï WIaK;ajudkfhys wp, ,laIH fol w;r
mr;rh fidhkak' riÈfhys i;H m%idrK;dj 1'8x10)4 0C)1 o ùÿre j, f¾Çh m%irK;dj 1x10)5K)1 o fõ'
03& 00C ys È ksjerÈ mSvkhla fmkajk ms;a;, mßudKhla iys; riÈh mSvkudkhla 200C ys § 75'820Hgmm
mdGdxlhla fmkajhs' 00C ys § ksjerÈ mSvkh fidhkak' riÈfhys i;H m%idrK;dj 1'8x10)4 0C)1 o ms;a;,
j, f¾'m%'i 1'9x10)5 0C)1 o fõ'
04& 40cm3 wNHka;r mßudjla iys; n÷kl mßud m%idrK;d ix.=Klh 4x10)4 jk o%jhla iïmq¾Ku
wka;¾.; lr we;' miqj n÷fka WIaK;ajh 300C g jeä lrhs'
i. o%jfha kj mßudj;a "
ii. n÷k idod we;s o%jHfha f¾'m%'i 1x10)5 0C-1 kï fuu WIaK;aj jeäùfuka wk;=rej n÷fka wNHka;r
mßudj;a fidhkak'
iii. fuu WIaK;aj jeäùu fya;=fjka msgdr .e¨ o%j mßudjo .Kkh lrkak'
05& 100cm3 wNHka;r mßudjla iys; n÷kla idod we;af;a f¾'m%'i 4x10)5 0C)1 jk ùÿre úfYaIhlsks' fuu n÷k
;=, mßud m%irK;d ix.=Klh 8x10)4 jk o%jhlska 80cm3 wka;¾.; lr we;' moaO;sfha WIaK;ajh 500C
jeä lsÍfuka wk;=rej n÷fka kj wNHka;r mßudj;a" o%jfha kj mßudj;a" ysia wjldY mßudj;a fidhkak'
06& WIaK;ajh t0C j,§ uOHkH mßud m%idrK;dj aw yd >k;ajh dw jk c,h îlrhl wvx.=fõ' t0C
WIaK;ajfhysu mj;sk >k;ajh dL(>dw jk c,h iu. ñY% fkdjk o%jhlska l=vd m%udKhla îlrhg j;a
lrkq ,efí' o%jfha uOHkh mßud m%irK;dj αL fõ' o%jH" c,h u; mdùug mgka .kakd WIaK;ajh i|yd
m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak'
24
07& 00C ys § uOHkh mßud m%irK;dj γ1 yd >k;ajh ρ1 jk o%jhla n÷kl wvx.= fõ' 00C ys § uOHkh
mßud m%irK;dj α2 yd >k;ajh ρ2 jk m<uq o%jh iu. wñY% o%jhla n÷k ;=,g ouhs' n÷fka WIaK;ajh
jeä lrk úg fojk o%jh" m<uq o%jh u; mdùu wrUk WIaK;ajh i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak'
08& 280C ys § f¾Çh m%idrK;djh 9x10)6K)1 jk ùÿre ma,dial=jl 50ml i,l=K olajd mßud m%irK;djh
1'8x10)9K)1 jk riÈfhka msÍ we;' moaO;sfha WIaK;ajh 480C olajd kexùfï§ tu i,l=Kg by<ska mj;sk
riÈh mßudj fidhkak'
09& taldldr yrialv j¾.M,hla iys; È. flaYsl k,hl riÈh mgla wka;¾.; jk w;r 00C WIaK;ajfha§
tys È. 100cm o 1000C WIaK;ajfha§ tys È. 101'55cm o fõ' ùÿrej, mßud m%idrK;dj fidhkak'
10& 100cm È. tlalr yrialv j¾.M,hla iys; flaYsl k,hl riÈh mgla wka;¾.; l< hq;= jkafka iEu
WIaK;ajhl§u tys È. ksh;j mj;sk f,I o¾Ykh jk mßÈ h' riÈh mfgys È. .Kkh lrkak'
riÈfhys yd ùÿre j, mßud m%idrK;d ms<sfj,ska 1'82x10)4K)1 yd 2'6x10)5 0C)1 fõ'
11& >k f,day lene,a,la jd;fha§ fmkajk nr 0'1kg fõ' 250C § fuh o%jhl iïmq¾Kfhka .s,ajd we;súg
fmkajk nr 0'09kg o o%jh yd f,day lene,a, 1000C WIaK;ajhg m;ajQ úg fmkajk nr 0'0902kg fõ'
f,dayfha f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 1'2x10)5 0C)1 kï o%jfha mßud m%idrK;djh fidhkak'
12& 200C ys mj;sk ,Sgrhl mßudfjka hq;a f,day n÷kla ;=, ùÿre l=Üáhla ;nd tys ysia mßudj mßud
m%idrK;djh 2x10)4K)1 jk o%jhlska mqrjd we;' f,dayfha yd ùÿre j, f¾Çh m%idrK;d ms<sfj,ska 2x10)5K)1
yd 1x10)5K)1úg ´kEu WIaK;ajhl§ o%jh n÷fkka bj;g fkd.e,Su i|yd 200C ys § l=Üáh mej;sh yels
Wmßu mßudj fidhkak'
13& jd;fha § weÆñkshï l=Üáhl ialkaOh 50g fõ' th 00C ys we;s mßud m%idrK;dj 1'9x10)4 0C)1 o%jhl
.s,ajQ úg oDYH ialkaOh 23g fõ' moaO;sh 500C olajd r;a l<úg weÆñkshï l=Üáfha oDYH ialkaOh
fidhkak' weÆñkshï j, f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 2'4x10)5 0C)1 fõ'
14& uOHidr WIaK;ajudkhla ;kd we;af;a 5cm3 mßudjla we;s ùÿre n,anhla yd 0'1mm2 yrialvla we;s
k,hla fhdod .ksñks' 00C WIaK;ajfha§ n,anh uqÆukskau mßud m%idrK;dj 1'4x10)4K)1 o ;dmdxlh 500C
jk uOHidr j¾.hlska mqrjd we;' ùÿre j, f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 1'33x10)5K)1 úg ueksh yels Wmßu
WIaK;ajh olajd l%udxlkh lsÍug k,hg mej;sh hq;= wju È. fidhkak'
15& 300C WIaK;ajhl mj;sk mßud m%idrK;dj 2'072x10)3K)1 jk o%jhla ;=, f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 2x10)5K)1 jk
f,dayhlska ;ekQ l=yr fnda,hla mßudfjka 40% la .s,S mdfõ' WIaK;ajh 1300C olajd kexjQ úg o%jh ;=,
.s,S mj;sk fldgfia mßudj fnda,fha uq¿ mßudfjka l=uk m%;sY;hlao@
o%j m%idrKh nyqjrK

o%j m%idrKh
(1) riÈfhys ksrfmalaI m%idrK;dj 1.8 × 10−4 ℃−1 fõ' riÈh 1000 𝑐𝑚3 m%udKhla 10℃ isg 35℃ olajd r;a
lrk úg isÿjk mßudfjys jeäùu jkafka"
(𝑖) 2.0 𝑐𝑚3 (𝑖𝑖) 4.0 𝑐𝑚3 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 3.5 𝑐𝑚3 (𝑖𝑣) 4.5𝑐𝑚3 (𝑣) 5.5 𝑐𝑚3
(𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑻𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒕 − 𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔)
(2) 4℃ yd 20℃ w;r WIaK;aj mrdih ;=< c,fhys uOHkH m%idrK;dj 1.5 × 10−4 ℃−1 fõ' 20℃ § c,h
,Sgrhl ialkaOh jkafka" c,fha >k;ajh 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 fõ.
(𝑖)900 𝑔 (𝑖𝑖)997.6 𝑔 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)1100 𝑔 ( 𝑖𝑣) 1000 𝑔 (𝑣)990 𝑔
(3) ùÿrej, f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 8 × 10−6 𝐾 −1 fõ' ùÿre ;=< we;s c,fha oDYH m%idrK;dj 2.1 × 10−4 𝐾 −1 fõ'
c,fha ksrfmalaI m%idrK;dj jkafka"
(𝑖) 2.34 × 10−4 𝐾 −1 (𝑖𝑖) 2.1 × 10−4 𝐾 −1 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)2.5 × 10−4 𝐾 −1
(𝑖𝑣) 2.34 × 10−6 𝐾 −1 (𝑣) 4.34 × 10−4 𝐾 −1
(4) ´kEu WIaK;ajhl§ ysia mßudj ksh;j ;sfnk mßÈ ,Sg¾ ma,dial=jlg oeñh hq;= riÈh mßudj fldmuKo@
riÈfhys ksrfmalaI m%idrK;dj 18 × 10−5 𝐾 −1 yd ùÿrej, f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 9 × 10−6 𝐾 −1 fõ'
(𝑖) 0.15 𝑙 (𝑖𝑖) 1.15 𝑙 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 0.75 𝑙 (𝑖𝑣) 1.55 𝑙 (𝑣) 2.15 𝑙
25
(5) f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 1.20 × 10−5 ℃−1 jk f,dayhlska ;kd we;s mßudj 1000 𝑐𝑚3 jk n÷kla uq¿ukskau mßud
m%idrK;dj 1.56 × 10−4 ℃−1 jk o%jHhlska mqrjd we;' moaO;sfha WIaK;ajh 50℃ lska by< kexùfï§ W;=rd
hk o%j mßudj jkafka"
(𝑖) 10 𝑐𝑚3 (𝑖𝑖) 6 𝑐𝑚3 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 16 𝑐𝑚3 (𝑖𝑣) 15 𝑐𝑚3 (𝑣) 25 𝑐𝑚3
−6 −1
(6) 28℃ f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 9 × 10 𝐾 jk ùÿre ma,dial=jl 50 ml i,l=K olajd mßud m%idrK;dj
−4 −1
1. 8 × 10 𝐾 jk riÈfhka mqrjd we;' moaO;sfha WIaK;ajh 48℃ olajd by< kexùfï§ tu i,l=Kg
by<ska mj;sk riÈh mßudj jkafka"
(𝑖)0.153 𝑚𝑙 (𝑖𝑖) 1.15 𝑚𝑙 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)0.75 𝑚𝑙 (𝑖𝑣)1.55 𝑚𝑙 (𝑣) 2.15 𝑚𝑙
(7) tla;rd f*daàka jdhq mSvk udkhl iqpl" l| yd mßudK ms;a;, j,ska ;kd we;' 0℃ § th 760 mmHg l
ksjerÈ jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhla olajhs' jdhqf.da, mSvkh fkdfjkiaj mj;S kï" WIaK;ajh 20℃ f;la jeäjQ úg
tys mdGdxlh jkafka"
riÈfhys mßud m%idrK;dj = 1.8 × 10−4 𝐾 −1 ms;a;, j, f¾Çh m%idrK;dj = 2 × 10−5 𝐾 −1
(𝑖) 662.4 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 (𝑖𝑖) 700 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 792.4 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 (𝑖𝑣) 720.4 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 (𝑣) 762.4 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

(8) 30℃ WIaK;ajhl mj;sk mßud m%idrK;dj 2.072 × 10−3 𝐾 −1 jQ o%jhla ;=< f¾Çh m%idrK;dj
2.0 × 10−5 𝐾 −1 jQ f,dayhlska ;ekQ l=yr f.da,hla tys mßudfjka 40% .s,S mdfõ' WIaK;ajh 130℃ olajd
kexjQ úg o%jh ;=< .s,S mj;sk fldgfia mßudj f.da,fha uq¿ mßjdfjka fldmuK o?
(i) 5𝑜% (ii) 48 % (iii) 45% (iv) 17% (v) 21%
(9) ldur WIaK;ajfha mj;akd mßud m%idrK;dj 𝛾1 jk f,dayhlska ;ekQ wNHka;r mßudj 𝑉1 jk n÷kla ;=<
mßud m%idrK;dj 𝛾2 jk ùÿre l=Üáhla we;' nÿfkys b;sß wjldYh iïmQ¾Kfhkau mßud m%idrK;dj 𝛾3 jk
o%jHhlska mqrjd we;' wêl fkdjk WIaK;aj mrdihla ;=< iEu WIaK;ajhl§u n÷k tf,iu o%jfhka msÍ ;sîu
i|yd ldur WIaK;ajfha§ ùÿre l=Üáhg ;sìh hq;= mßudj jkafka"
𝛾 −𝛾 𝛾 −𝛾 𝛾 −𝛾 𝛾 +𝛾 𝛾 −𝛾
(i) 𝛾2 −𝛾1 (ii) 𝑉1 𝛾2 −𝛾3 (iii) 𝑉1 𝛾3 −𝛾1 (iv) 𝑉1 𝛾3 −𝛾1 (v) 𝑉1 𝛾3 +𝛾1
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
(10) weÆñkshï l=Üáhl jd;fha § nr 50 g fõ' th i;H m%idrK;dj 0.0002 ℃−1 jQ o%jhl 0℃ .s,ajd we;s úg
oDIH nr 33 g fõ' weÆñkshï j, f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 0.000025 ℃−1 kï 50℃ § tys oDYH nr jkafka"
(i) 30 g (ii) 33.105 g (iii) 25.55 𝑔 (iv) 40 g (v) 90 g

jdhq m%idrKh
>k Øj jdhq fuka WIaK;aj yd mrsud muKla i,ld jdhqjl m%idrKh wOHkh lsÍu m%dfhda.slj fkdjk w;r
fuhg fya;=j jkaafka l=uk WIaK;ajfha jqjo jdhqj iEu jsgu th wka;¾.; nÿfka mrsudj wh;a lr .ekSuhs ta
wkqj jdhQka iïnkaOj wOHkh lsÍfïoS my; ufyalaISh .=K yd wkaùlaISh .=K jeo.;a fõ
ufyalaISh .=K wkaùlaISh .=K
• mSvkh • wxY=j, msysàu
• mrsudj • wxY=j, fõ.
• WIaK;ajh
➢ idudkH jdhq f.da,fha yuqjk 02 jeks jdhQka ;d;ajsl jdhQka jk w;r tajdfha jdhQfjka jdhqjg wka;¾
wKql n,j, m%N,;d yd jdhq wxY+ka jsiska wh;a lr .kakd mrsud fjkia ùu isÿfõ
➢ jdhq wKq w;r wka;¾ wKql wdld¾IK n, m%n,;d yd jdhq wxY+ka õiska wh;a lr .kakd mrsud fjkia
ùu isÿfõ
➢ jdhq wKq w;r wka;¾ wKql wdl¾Yk n, fkd.sksh yels jdhq mrmQ¾K jdhq f,i yeoskajsh yels w;r
tajd iïnkaOj my; kshuhka yeoskajsh yel
26
fndhs,a kshuh ^jdhqjl mSvk yd mßud w;r iïnkaOh&
ixjD; jdhq ksheoshl mrsmQ¾K jdhqjl WIaK;ajh ksh;j mj;sk jsgoS mSvkh mrsudjg m%;sf,dauj iudkqmd;sl
fõ
P
ksh; jsg
𝑉↓ → 𝑃↑
𝑉↑ → 𝑃↓
1
𝑃∝𝑉
𝐾
𝑃=
V 𝑉
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐾
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐾
P PV 1
𝑃 = 𝐾( )
𝑉
↑ ↑ ↑
𝑦 𝑚 𝑥
1
𝐼 𝑃∝( )
V 𝑉
𝑉
01& c,dYhl m;=f,ka ksl=;a jk mßudj 1cm3 jk jdhq nqnq<la c, mDIaGh fj;g meñfKk úg 5cm3
mßudjla w;alr .kS' c,dYfha .eUqr fidhkak' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh 10m Wie;s c, lolg iudk
hehs i,lkak'
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02) laú,a k<hla ;=< 20cm È. riÈh lola u.ska jd; ialkaOhla isrlr we;' k<h isria f,I tys újD;
fl<jr by<g mj;sk mßÈ ;enqúg isrù we;s jd; ialkaOfha È. 20cm ls' my; ioyka tla tla
wjia:dfõ tu jd; ialkaOfha È. m%udK .Kkh lrkak'
a) k<fha újD; fl<jr by<g mj;sk mßÈ ;srig 300 la wdk; f,i
b) k<h 30° wdk; f,i
c) k<fha jsjD; fl<jr my<g mj;sk f,i isriaj
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pd,aiaf.a m<uq kshuh ^jdhqjl WIaK;ajh iy mßudj w;r iïnkaOh&

wp, jdhq ialkaOh mSvkh ksh;j ;nd 0℃ ka wrUd WIaK;ajh by< kexùfïoS isÿjk jsp,kh i,luq
𝜃
∆𝑉 = ൫𝑉𝜃 − 𝑉𝑂 ൯
0℃ 𝑉𝜃 − 𝑉𝑂 = 𝛾𝑉𝑂 𝜃
𝜃
∆𝑉 ∝ 𝑉𝑂 − ① 𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉𝑂 + 𝛾𝑉𝑂 𝜃
∆𝑉 ∝ 𝜃 − ② 𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉𝑂 (1 + 𝛾𝜃)
① yd ② ∆𝑣 ∝ 𝑉𝑂 𝜃 ↑
𝑉0 𝑉𝜃 0℃ ys mrssudj
∆𝑉 = 𝑘𝑉𝑂 𝜃
^0℃ oS mrsudj&
∆𝑉 = 𝛾𝑉𝑂 𝜃
𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉𝑂 + 𝑉𝑂 𝛾𝜃 𝑉𝜃
𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉𝑂 𝛾(𝜃) + 𝑉𝑂
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
𝑦 =𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑐 Δ𝑦
←𝑚=
Δ𝑥
iuSlrKfhka, 𝑉0
1 𝑚=
𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉𝑂 (1 + 𝜃) 273
𝑚 = 𝑉𝑂 𝛾 273
𝑉𝑂 1
= 𝑉𝑂 𝛾 𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉𝑂 + 𝑉𝑂 × 𝜃 𝑉0
273 273
𝑉𝜃
1 𝑉𝜃 − 𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑂
𝛾= ( )=( ) 𝜃℃
273 𝜃 273
−273℃ 0℃
28
𝑉 𝑉
𝑉∝𝑇
𝑦
𝑉 = 𝐾𝑇
= 𝑚𝑥
𝑉
=𝐾
𝑇
℃ 𝑇
−273 0𝐾
𝑃 ksh; 𝑉1
ksksjdfw =𝐾=𝐾
𝑇1
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑉2
=𝐾=𝐾
𝑇2
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Eg: 𝑉2 fidhkak.
(i) 27℃ 127℃
𝑉 = 2𝑚3 𝑉2
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𝑃 ksh;j
(ii) ksksjdfwhf
27℃ 227℃
𝑉1 = 2𝑚3 𝑉2 =?
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29
01& riÈh mgla Ndú;fhka jdhq lola isrlr we;s k<hla c, ;dmlhl .s,ajd we;af;a k<fha újD; fl<jr
by<g mj;sk mßÈh' c,h 300C ys§ mj;sk úg flaYsl k<h ;=< isrù we;s jdhq lfoa È. 22cm fõ' c,
;dmlfha WIaK;ajh 650C olajd jeäl< úg jdhq lfoa È. fidhkak'
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pd,aiaf.a fojk kshuh ^jdhqjl WIaK;ajh yd mSvkh w;r iïnkaOh&

jdhq idïm,hl mrsudj ksh;j ;nd WIAK;Ajh by< kexùfïoS mSvkh jsp,kh jk wdldrh fuu.ska wOHkh
lrkq ,nhs
0℃ oS mSvkh 𝑃0 jk nÿkl mrsudj ksh;j ;nd WIAK;ajh by< kexùu i,luq
𝑃𝑂 → 𝑃𝜃
0℃
∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝜃 − 𝑃0
∆𝑃 ∝ 𝜃 − ①
∆𝜃 ∝ 𝑃0 − ②
∆𝑃 ∝ 𝑃0 𝜃
∆𝑃 = 𝐾𝑃0 𝜃
∆𝑃 = 𝛾𝑃0 𝜃
𝑃0 − 𝑃0 = 𝛾𝑃0 𝜃
𝑃𝜃 = 𝑃0 (1 + 𝛾𝜃)
𝑃𝜃 = 𝑃0 (1 + 𝛾𝜃)
WIaK;ajh iu. jdhq idïm,fha mSvk jssaps,kh my; mrssos m%ia:dr .; l< yel
𝑚 = 𝑃0 𝛾 − ①
𝑃𝜃 = 𝑃0 ൫1 + 𝛾𝜃൯ 𝑃𝜃
𝑃0
𝑚 = ∆𝑦Τ∆𝑥 = −②
𝑃𝜃 = 𝑃0 + 𝑃0 𝛾𝜃 273
𝑃𝜃 = 𝑃0 𝛾𝜃 + 𝑃0 ①=③
Δ𝑦
←𝑚= 𝑃0
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Δ𝑥 𝑃0 𝛾 =
𝑉0 273
𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑥+𝑐 𝑚=
273
𝑃𝜃 = 𝜃°∁ oS mSvkhSS 𝑃𝜃
∆𝑌
𝑃0 = 0°∁ oS mSvkh
𝜃℃
−273℃ 0℃
∆𝑋
30
1 1
𝛾= 𝑃𝜃 = 𝑃0 (1 + 𝜃)
273 273
by; m%ia:drh WIaK;ajh g tosrsj ks¾udKh l< jsg my; iïnkaO;djh ,nd .; yel
𝑉 → 𝑉
𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑃1 = 𝐾𝑇1 𝑃2 = 𝐾𝑇2
𝑃 𝑃2
𝐾 = 1൘𝑇 𝐾= ൘𝑇
1 2
01& WIaK;ajh 270C ys mj;sk c, nÿkl ksh; mßud jdhq WIaK;ajudkhl n,anh ;nd th ;=< mj;sk jdhq
mßudj ksh; lr.;a miq k< fol ;=< mj;sk riÈh uÜgï w;r fjki 10cm úh' c, nÿk tla;rd
WIaK;ajhlg m;alr n,anh ;=< mj;sk jdhq mßudj ksh; lr.;a miq k< fol ;=< mj;sk riÈh uÜgï
w;r fjki 20cm úh' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh 76Hgcm kï c, nÿfka WIaK;ajh .Kkh lrkak'
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jdhqjl wjia:d iólrKh ^mSvkh mßudj yd WIaK;ajh w;r iïnkaOh&
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01& ú,l m;=f,ys mSvkh jdhqf.da, 5 lao WIaK;ajh 170C o fõ' úf,ys m;=f,a isg by<g jdhq nqnq<la .uka
lrk w;r c, mDIaGhl WIaK;ajh 270C la yd mSvkh jdhqf.da, 1la o fõ' jdhq nqnq< o%j mDIaGhg
wdikak wjia:dfõ§ yd jdhq nqnq< úf,ys m;=f,a mj;sk úg jdhq nqnqf<ys mßud w;r wkqmd;h fldmuKo@
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.
wej.dâfrda kshuh
iïu; WIaK;ajh yd iïu; mSvk ;;a;aj hgf;a mj;sk ôkEu j¾.hl jdhq idïm, ;=< iudk mrsudfõoS
wka;¾.; jk wKq .Kk iudk fõ
tu.ska wej.dâfrda jiska my; ks.ukh bosrsm;a lr we;
ôkEu jdhq j¾.hl idïm,hl iïu; WIaK;aj yd mSvk hgf;a jdhqfõ 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 u.ska wh;a lr .kakd mrsudj
22.4𝑑𝑚3 fõ
iïu; WIaK;ajh = 0℃ = 278𝐾
iïu; mSvkh = 1 × 105 𝑃𝑎
by; ks.ukhkag wkqj iïu; ;;a;aj hgf;a jdhq i,ld wkqmd;h my; mrsos .Kkh l< yel
𝑃1 𝑉1
= 𝐾1
𝑇1
1 × 105 × 22.4 × 10−3

𝐾1 =
273
2240
𝐾1 =
273
𝐾1 = 8.314(𝑅)
mßmq¾K jdhq iólrKh

ujq, 1la i,ld .Kkh l< jg id¾j;% jdhq ksh;fha w.h (R) 8.314 f,i ,enqKq w;r ujq, n .Kkla
wka;¾.; idïm,hla ie,l+ jsg my; iulrKh jHq;amkak l< yel
ujq, 1 lg
𝑃 = mSvkh
𝑉0 = 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 mrsudj
𝑇 = ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajh
𝑃𝑉0
= 𝑅(8.314)
𝑇
ujq, n kï
𝑃(𝑉0 × 𝑛)
= 𝑛𝑅
𝑇
𝑃𝑉
= 𝑛𝑅
𝑇
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
01& ixjD; nÿkla ;=< mßmq¾K jdhqjla mj;sk w;r tys mSvkh 5x105Pa fõ' nÿfka mßudj 500cm3 jk w;r
WIaK;ajh 270C fõ' nÿk ;=< mj;sk jdhq wKq ixLHdj fidhkak'
32
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mßmq¾K jdhq iólrKfhka jHq;amkak iólrK

fuu iuSlrK moaO;s Ndjs; lsÍfusoS my; ksh;hka jeo.;a fõ
id¾j;% jdhq ksh;h (R) = 8.314
wej.dâfrda ksh;h (L) = 6.022 × 1023
𝑅 4
fnda,aÜiaudka ksh;h (K) = = × 10−23
𝐿 3
𝑁
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐿
𝑅𝑇 𝑁 = 𝑛𝐿
𝑅
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁( 𝐿 )𝑅𝑇 𝑁 = wKq .Kk
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝐾𝑇
mrsmQ¾K jdhq iuSlrKh Ndjs;fhka my; mrsos jsjsO iuSlrK jHq;amkak l< yel
uqq¿ ialkaOh
𝑚 𝑅𝑇
P=
Uq,q ialkaOh 𝑀 𝑉 PM = dRT
𝑚
n= =
>k;ajh 𝑀 𝑚 𝑅𝑇
P=
𝑉 𝑀
M = ujq,sl ialkaOh
d = >k;ajh
d wdfoaY lsÍfïoS 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 j,ska wdfoaY lrkak

01& 270C WIaK;ajfha mj;sk riÈh WIaK;ajudkhl 100cm È. k<hla mj;S' tys yrialv j¾.M,h
3cm2 muK fõ' 270C WIaK;ajfh§ WIaK;ajudkfha jQ riÈh lfoys Wi 75cm fõ' miqj riÈh
log by<ska jQ ßla;l wjldYh ;=<g N2 jdhqj we;=,al< úg 5cm m%udKhlska riÈh lfoys Wi
wvq fõ' k<h ;=<g we;=,a l< N2 jdhqfõ ialkaOh fldmuKo@ N2 jdhqfõ idfmalaI wKql
ialkaOh 28 ls'
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fvda,agkaf.a wdxYsl mSvk kshuh

wp, jdhq ialkaOhl idïm,hla ;=< jdhq j¾. lSmhla wka;¾.; jgoS tla jdhqj u.ska fjk fjku we;s lrk
mSvkj, tl;=j idïm,fha uqˆ mSvkhg iudk fõ. mrsudj 8𝑐𝑚3 u; nÿkl 𝐻2 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 o 𝑂2 3𝑚𝑜𝑙 o
𝑁2 4𝑚𝑜𝑙 o wka;¾.; fõ. 𝑅 = 8 f,i .kak
33
𝑃𝑜2 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑃𝑁2
𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑁2 =
𝑁2 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑉
𝑂2 𝑃𝑜2 =
𝑉 4 × 8 × 300
=
3 × 8 × 300 8𝑚3
=
8𝑚3 𝑃𝑁2 = 1200𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑜2 = 900𝑃𝑎
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (4 + 2 + 3) = 𝑚𝑑 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑂2 + 𝑃𝐻2 + 𝑃𝑁2

= 900 + 600 + 1200
𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑃= 𝑃𝑇 = 2700𝑃𝑎
𝑉
9 × 8 × 300
𝑃𝑇 =
8
𝑃𝑇 = 2700𝑃𝑎
jdhq idïm,hl uqˆ mSvkfha;a 𝑂2 j, ujq, Nd.fha;a .=Ks;fhka 𝑂2 j, wdxYsl mSvkh kej; ,efns
01& ,Sgrhl ma,dial=jla ;=< we;s jdhq ñY%Khlska iukaú; jkafka tlsfkl iu. m%;sl%shd fkdlrk A iy B jdhq
follsks' jdhq ñY%Kfha mSvkh 2x105Pa o WIaK;ajh 270C o jk w;r ñY%Kh ;=< A jdhqfjka ujq, 0'05 la
wka;¾.; fõ' ñY%Kh ;=< mj;sk B jdhq ujq, ixLHdj fldmuKo@ ^R } 8'3Jmol-1K-1&
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jdhq ms<sno pd,l wKql jdoh
fuu tallh hgf;aoS wm jiska jdhq idïm,hla ;=< mj;sk jdhq wxY=j, p,s;h iy tajdfha pd,l Yla;s wdY%s;
yÿkd.ekSï isÿ lrkq ,nhs
jdhq idïm,hla pd,l wKqljdoh ioyd mrmq¾K f,i ie,lSug kï th my; ;;a;aj hgf;a mej;sh hq;=h
pd,l wKql jdofha Wml,amk
01& idïm,h ;=< jdhq wxY+ka b;d jsYd, m%udKhla mj;S
02& idïm,h ;=< jdhq wxY+ka ir, f¾Çhj wyUq p,s;fha fhfoa
03& wxY=-wxY= w;r wka;¾ wKql wdl¾IK n, fkd.sksh yel
04& wxY=-wxY= w;r .eàï iy wxY=-ì;a;sh w;r .eàï mQ¾K m%;Hia: fõ
05& nÿk iu. ieioSfïoS jdhq wxY=j, mrsudj fkd.eksh yels ;rï l=vd fõ
fuu ,laIK j,ska nyq;rhla mj;sk jdhQka mrmQ¾K;ajhg wdikak fõ
pd,l iólrK
jdhq idïm,hla ;=< jdhq wxY=j, j¾. uOHk fõ.h weiqfrka pd,l iuSlrKh my; mrsos bosrsm;a lrkq ,nhs
𝑚 = jdhq wKqjl ialkaaOh
𝑁 = jdhq wKq .Kk
𝑉 = nÿfka mrsudj
𝑃 = nÿfka mSvkh
34
1 ̅𝐶̅̅2̅ = j¾. uOHkH fõ.h
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑁 𝐶2
3
j¾. uOHkH uq, fõ.h ioyd iïnkaO;d ,nd.ekSu

jdhq idïm,hl j¾. uOHkH fõ.h my; mrsos .Kkh l< yel
2
̅𝐶̅̅̅2 = 𝑉1 +𝑉2 2 +𝑉3 2 +𝑉4 2
= (𝑚2 𝑆 −2 )
4
̅𝐶̅̅2̅ = j¾. uOHkH fõ.h
fuu idïm,fhau j¾. uOHkH uQ, fõ.h my; mrsos ,shd oelajsh yel
𝑉 2 + 𝑉2 2 + 𝑉3 2 + 𝑉4 2
1 ̅𝐶̅̅2̅ ඥ ̅𝐶̅̅2̅ = ඨ 1 = ൫𝑚𝑠 −1 ൯
𝑃𝑉 = 3
𝑚𝑁 4
̅𝐶̅̅2̅ = j¾. uOHkH uQ, fõ.h
pd,l iuSlrKh weiqrska j¾. uOHkH uQ, fõ.h ioyd my; m%ldYk f.dv kexjsh yel
1
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑁𝐶 2 mN = wKqjl ialkaOh × wKq.Kk = uq¨ ialkaOh(𝑚0 )
3
1
𝑃 = 𝑚𝑜 ̅𝐶̅̅2̅
3 𝜌 = >k;ajh
1 𝑚0
𝑃 = ( ) ̅𝐶̅̅2̅
3 𝑉
1
𝑃 = 𝜌 ̅𝐶̅̅2̅
3
̅𝐶̅̅2̅ = 3𝑃
𝜌
3𝑃
ඥ ̅𝐶̅̅2̅ = ඨ
𝜌
𝑅𝑇 𝑃
𝑃𝑀 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 iuslrKhg wkqj ksh; WIaK;ajfhaoS wkqmd;h ksh;hla ksid wkqmd;h o ksh;hlaj mj;S fus
𝑀 𝜌
𝑃
wkqj hï ixjD; jdhq idïm,hl WIaK;ajh ksh;h ;nd mSvkh wvq$jeä l<o ta iu.u >k;ajh jsp,kh ù 𝜌
wkqmd;h ksh;hlaj mj;sk ksid j¾. uOHkH uQ, fõ.h ksh;j mj;S
̅𝐶̅̅2̅ = √3𝜌
𝜌
↑ 𝑃𝑀 =↑ 𝜌𝑅𝑇 ⇠ ksh;j
𝑃 𝑅𝑇
=
𝜌 𝑀
√ ̅𝐶̅̅2̅ = ඨ3𝑅𝑇
𝑀
35
fï wkqj ixjD; jdhq idïm,hl j¾. uOHkH uQ, fõ.h tys ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajfha j¾.uQ,hg wkqf,dauj
iudkqmd;sl fõ
01& jdhq wKq 6l fõ. my; oelafõ' 1ms-1 2ms-1 3ms-1 4ms-1 5ms-1 6ms-1 ' tajdfha uOHkH fõ.h;a" j¾.
uOHkH uq, fõ.h;a .Kkh lrkak'
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02& 00C WIaK;ajfha§ yd jdhqf.da, 1l msvkfha§ yhsv%cka jdhqfõ j¾. uOHkH uq, fõ.h 1840ms-1 fõ' 1000C
WIaK;ajfha§ yd jdhqf.da, 1l msvkfha§ tys j¾.uOHkH uq, fõ.h fidhkak'
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03& 00C WIaK;ajfha§ yd jdhqf.da, 1l msvkhl§ yhsv%cka jdhqfõ j¾.uOHkH uq, fõ.h 1840ms-1 fõ' tu
;;a;aj hgf;a§ Tlaiscka jdhqfõ j¾. uOHkH uq, fõ.h fldmuKo@ ^yhsv%cka yd Tlaiscka jdhqj,
id'w'ialkaO ms<sfj<ska 2 yd 32 fõ&
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jdhq wKqjl pd,l Yla;sh ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajh weiqfrka ,shdoelaùu

jdhq wKqjl pd,l Yla;sh idOdrK jYfhka uOHkH W;a;drK pd,l Yla;sh f,i yÿkajhs
1 3𝑅𝑇
ඥ𝐶 2 = ඨ
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑀
2
1 ̅𝐶̅̅2̅ = 3𝑅𝑇
= 𝑚(ඥ ̅𝐶̅̅2̅)2 𝑀
2
1 ̅̅̅2̅
= m𝐶
2
1 3𝑅𝑇
𝐸 = 𝑚×
2 𝑀 M= ujq,hl ialkaaOha
3𝑚 m= wKqjl ialkaOh
= 𝑅𝑇
2𝑀
L= ujq,hlg we;s wKq .Kk
31
= 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
2𝐿 K= fnda,aáiaaudka ksh;h ( 𝐿 )
3 𝑅
= ( )𝑇
2 𝐿
𝐸 = 3⁄2 𝐾𝑇 uOHkH W;a;drK pd,l Yla;sh
^tl wKqjl pd,l Ylaalsh&
36
fï wkqj fmkS hkafka tla wKqjl pd,l Yla;sh jdhq j¾.h jdhqfõ mSvkh jdhqfõ mrsudj >k;ajh jeks rdYska
u; rod fkdmj;sk njhs
uq¨ idïm,fha pd,l Yla;sh my; mrsos .Kkh l< yel wu;r oekqug
𝐸𝑇 = 𝐸 × 𝑁 …………………………………………
…………………………………………
𝐸𝑇 = 3⁄2 𝐾𝑇 × 𝑁 …………………………………………
…………………………………………
3
𝐸𝑇 = 𝑁𝐾𝑇 …………………………………………
2
𝑁 …………………………………………
𝑅 ( = 𝑛)
𝐿 …………………………………………
𝐸𝑇 = 3⁄2 Ⓝ × ×𝑇
Ⓛ …………………………………………
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𝐸𝑇 = 3⁄2 𝑛𝑅𝑇 …………………………………………
…………………………………………
….
𝐸𝑇 = 3⁄2 𝑃𝑉
01& i,lk jdhq moaO;shl 270C § pd,l Yla;sh fuka fo.=Khl pd,l Yla;shla mj;sk WIaK;ajh fidhkak'
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02& A yd B ixjD; nÿka foll jdhq ujq, n1 yd n2 m%udK T1 iy T2 WIaK;aj hgf;a mj;S' fuu nÿka fofla
jdhq Yla;s ydkshlska f;drj ñY% ùug i,iajk ,§' ñY%Kfha fmdÿ WIaK;ajh fidhkak'
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jdhQ m%idrKh wNHdi

^01& ixjD; n÷kl mj;sk jdhqjl WIaK;ajh 10C m%udKhlska kexùfï§ tys mSvkh 0'4% m%udKhlska jeä úh'
moaO;sfha wdrïNl WIaK;ajh fidhkak'
^02& 2m Wi isria is,skavrdldr Ndckhl by, fl<jrg ieye,aÆ >¾IKh iys; ;=kS msiagkhla fh§fuka
1x105Pa mSvkhla hgf;a jdhqjla isrlr we;' oeka msiagkh u;g riÈh j;a lrñka msiagkh my<g .uka
lrùug i,iajkq ,efí' riÈh Ndckfhka bj;g bysÍug m%:ufhka msiagkh fldmuK ÿrla my<g .uka
lrhso@ jdhqfjys WIaK;ajh ksh;j mj;skafka hehs Wml,amkh lrkak' ^riÈfhys >k;ajh 13600kgm)3&
^03& 40m .eUqre jejl m;=f,ys WIaK;ajh 120C jk w;r tys mDIaGfha WIaK;ajh 350C ls' 1cm3 mßudjla
we;s jdhq nqnq,la jej m;=f,ka ksoyia ù by,g .uka lrhs' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh 10m Wi c, l|lg
;=,Hh fõ kï jdhq nqnq, jeõ mDIaGhg meñfKk úg tys mßudj fidhkak'
37
^04& lsñÿï l=áhl Wi 2m ls' th c,dYhla ;=, hï .eUqrla olajd .s,ajd we;s úfgl th ;=,g 50cm Wila
olajd c,h we;=,a ù we;' c, mDIaGfha isg lsñÿï l=áfha by< mDIaGhg mj;Sk .eUqr fidhkak'
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh" 10m È.e;s cd, l|l Wig iudk hehs Wml,amkh lrkak'
^05& 500cm3 yd 300cm3 l mßud iys; n,an folla mßudj fkd.eksh yels ;rï l=vd k<hlska iïnkaO lr
jdhqjlska mqrjd we;' úYd, n,anh A f,i;a " l=vd n,anh B f,i;a kï lr we;s w;r A n,anh yd B
n,anhka folu ldur WIaK;ajh 270C ys § mj;sk w;r th ;=, mSvkh 2x105Pa fõ' miqj A n,anfha
WIaK;ajh 1270C olajd o" B n,anh ;=, WIaK;ajh 570C olajd;a jeälrhs' túg n,anh ;=< kj mSvkh
fidhkak'
^06& iudk wNHka;r mßud j,ska hq;a ùÿre n,an folla flá isyska k<hlska iïnkaO lr we;' fuu n,an ;=<
270C WIaK;ajfha yd 160Hgmm mSvkfha mj;sk jd;h wvx.= fõ' wk;=rej tla n,anhl WIaK;ajh 730C
olajd jeä lrkq ,efí' n,an ;=<jQ jd;fha mSvkh;a tla n,anhlska wfkl fj; .,d hk Nd.sl jd;
ialkaOh fidhkak'
^07& fodaI iys; riÈh mSvkudkhl riÈh l|g by,ska mj;sk wjldYfha jd;h iaj,amhla /§ we;. tu
wjldYfha È. 25cm jk úg k,fha yd fødaKsldfõ riÈh uÜgï w;r Wi 75cm fõ' k,h hï
m%udKhlska riÈh fødaKsldj ;=, .s,ajQ úg k,fha riÈhg by,ska jQ wjldYfha È. 20cm jk úg k,fha
yd fødaKsldfõ riÈh uÜgï w;r Wi 74'6cm fõ' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh .Kkh lrkak'
^08& tlu WIaK;ajfha ;sfnk jdhQ j¾. foll wKqjl ialkaOh m1 yd m2 fõ' tajdfha j¾. uOHkh uQ,
m%fõ.h C1 yd C2 fõ' C1 / C2 wkqmd;h fidhkak'
^09& m%udKfhka iudk n,an folla isyska k<hlska hd lr we;s w;r tajd ;=, mßmQ¾K jdhqjla mj;S' n,an
foflau WIaK;aj 270C ys mj;S' tajd ;=, mSvkh riÈh wdOdrfhka 75cm fõ' oeka tla n,anhl WIaK;ajh
270C u ;ndf.k wfkfla WIaK;ajh 1270C g r;a lrhs' n,an m%idrKh fkdjk f,i i,ld my; i|yka
tajd fidhkak'
a) n,an ;=< kj mSvkh fidhkak'
b) WIaK;ajh jeä n,anfhka wfkla n,anfhka bj;a jQ ujq, ixLHdfõ m%;sY;h fidhkak'
^10& ixjD; n÷kla ;=< Tlaiscka yd khsg%cka jdhQ ñY%Khla mj;S' fïjdfha wdxYsl mSvk w;r wkqmd;h 3:5 fõ'
Tlaiscka yd khsg%cka j, idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaO ms<sfj,ska 32 yd 28 fõ' n÷k ;=< ;sfnk fuu
jdhqj, wKq w;r wkqmd;h yd tu jdhq j, ialkaO w;r wkqmd;h fidhkak'
jdhQ m%idrKh nyqjrK

jdhq kshu yd pd,l jdoh
(1) wp, mßmQ¾K jdhq ialkaOhla i|yd WIaK;ajh (T) iu. tys mßudfõ (V) úp,kh
m%ia:drfha oelafõ' 1 yd 2 wjia:d j,§ mSvk ms<sfj,ska 𝑃1 yd 𝑃2 kï"
1
(i) 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 (ii) 𝑃2 = 2𝑃1 (iii) 𝑃2 = 2 𝑃1
(iv) 𝑃2 < 𝑃1 (v) 𝑃2 > 𝑃1
(2) jdhq ms<sn| pd,l jdofha Wml,amkhla fkdjkafka"

(i) jdhq wKq ,laISh nj'
(ii) wKq w;r isÿjk .egqï j,§ pd,l Yla;s ydkshla isÿ fkdjk nj'
(iii) wKq w;r we;s wdl¾IK n, fkd.sKsh yels ;rï l=vd nj'
(iv) ix>Ügk w;r;=r ld,h yd iei£fï§ ixl,amkh ù mj;sk ld,h l=vd nj'
(v) jdhq wKq iïmQ¾Kfhkau keUqre p,Þ;hla isÿ lrk nj
(3) wp, jdhq ialkaOhl ksh; mSvkfha§ m%idrKh m%ia:drh oelafõ' a yd b

ms<sfj,ska ksrEmKh lrkafka"
(i) mßudj yd fi,aishia WIaK;ajh'
(ii) mßudj yd fl,aúka WIaK;ajh'
(iii) fi,aishia WIaK;ajh yd mßudj'
(iv) fl,aúka WIaK;ajh yd mßudj'
(v) fi,aishia WIaK;ajh yd 1 / mßudj'
38
(4) mßmQ¾K jdhqjl wKq 104 ixLHdjla .;a úg j¾. uOHk uQ, m%fõ.h 𝐶0 fõ' wKq 102 ixLHdjla f.k
fl,aúka WIaK;ajh 1⁄100 l< úg kj j¾. uOHk uQ, m%fõ.h"
𝐶 𝐶
(i) 𝐶0 (ii) 100𝐶0 (iii) 0⁄10 ( iv) 0⁄100 (v) 10𝐶0
(5) jid we;s ma,dial=jla ;=< 27℃ WIaK;ajh hgf;a mßmQ¾K jdhqjl 13 g wvx.= fõ' tys WIaK;ajh 52℃ olajd
kexjQ úg uq,a mSvkh fkdfjkiaj mej;Sug bj;a l< hq;= jdhq ialkaOh jkafka" (ma,dial=fõ m%idrKh fkdi,ld
yßkak&
(i) 2.5 g (ii) 2.0 g (iii) 1.5 g (iv) 1.0 g (v) 0.5 g
(6) mßmQ¾K jdhqjl wdrïNl WIaK;ajh T jk w;r tys mßudj V fõ' ksh; mSvkfha§ jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh ∆𝑇
∆𝑉
m%udKhlska jeä lrk úg mßudj ∆𝑉 m%udKhlska jeä fõ' 𝛿 = kï WIaK;ajh iu. 𝛿 ys úp,kh jvd;a
𝑉.∆𝑇
fyd¢ka ksrEmKh jkafka my; ljr m%ia:drfhka o@

(7) iïu; WIaK;ajh yd mSvkh hgf;a mj;sk mßmQ¾K jdhqjl wKqj, j¾. uOHk uQ, m%fõ.h fo.=K jk
WIaK;ajh jkafka"
(i) 546℃ (ii) 273℃ (iii) 1092℃ (iv) 819℃ (v) 0℃
(8) A yd B keue;s n÷ka foll tlalu jdhqjl iudk ialkaO wka;¾.; fõ' A yd B yS
ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajh ms<sfj,ska 𝑇1 yd 𝑇2 yÞ ksh;j ;nd .kq ,efí' tajdfha mSvkh
𝑇
(P) yd 1/ mßudj (1/V) w;r m%ia;drh rEmfha oelafõ' 1⁄𝑇 ys w.h iudk
2
jkafka"
(i) 1 (ii) 1⁄ (iii)√3 ( iv) 3 (v) 1⁄3

√3
(9) i¾jiu A yd B keue;s n÷ka follg iqug msiaig folla iúlr we;s w;r tla tla n÷k ;=< tlu
WIaK;ajh yd mßudj hgf;a mßmQ¾K jdhqjl fjkia ialkaO folla r|jd ;sfí' oeka n÷ka fol ;=< jdhQkag
ifudaIaK f,i ish mßudj fo.=K lr .ekSug i,iajkq ,efí' A yd B yS isÿjk mSvk fjkia ùï ms<sfj,ska
∆𝑃 yd 1.5 ∆𝑃 fõ' A yd B yS we;s jdhq ialkaO ms<sfj,ska 𝑚𝐴 yd 𝑚𝐵 kï"
(i) 4𝑚𝐴 = 9𝑚𝐵 (ii) 2𝑚𝐴 = 3𝑚𝐵 (iii) 3𝑚𝐴 = 2𝑚𝐵
(iv) 9𝑚𝐴 = 4𝑚𝐵 (v) 3𝑚𝐴 = 4𝑚𝐵
(10) iudk mßudjkaf.ka hq;= n÷ka folla ;=< tlu jdhqjla isrlr ;sfí' n÷kaj, mSvk yd ksrfmalaI WIaK;aj
ms<sfj,ska 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 yd 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 fõ' l=vd k<hlska n÷ka fol tlg wEª úg tajdfha fmdÿ mSvkh P yd WIaK;ajh T
fõ' 𝑃⁄𝑇 ys w.h iudk jkafka"
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃1 𝑇2 +𝑃2 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑇1 +𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑃1 𝑃 𝑃 +𝑃
(i) 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 (ii) (𝑇1 +𝑇2 )2
(iii) (𝑇1 +𝑇2 )2
(iv) 2𝑇1
+ 2𝑇2 (v) 𝑇1 +𝑇2
1 2 2 1 2
(11) 27℃ WIaK;ajhl we;s mßmQ¾K jdhqjl WIaK;ajh 127℃ olajd jeä l< úg jdhq wKqjl uOHkH pd,l
Yla;sh jeäjk idOlh jkafka"
(i) 3⁄4 (ii) 4⁄3 (iii) 5⁄2 (iv) 2⁄5 (v) 3⁄2
39
(12) ksh; mSvkfha we;s wp, jdhq ialkaOhl mßudj V fõ' fuys mßudj 4V olajd jeäjk f;la ksrfmalaI
WIaK;ajh kxjkq ,efí' túg wKqj, j¾. uOHkH uQ, w.h lS .=Khla olajd jeäjkq we;ao@
(i) ;=fkka tlla fõ' (ii) Nd.hla fõ' (iii) fo.=Khla fõ'
(iv) ;=ka .=Khla fõ' (v) isõ .=Khla fõ'
(13) mßudj 10 𝑙 jQ jdhq is,skavrhla ;=< mSvkh 2 atm fõ. jdhq wKqj, pd,l Yla;sh jkafka"
(i) 3 𝑘𝐽 (ii) 5 kJ (iii) 2 kJ (iv) 7 kJ (v) 4 kJ
(14) mßudj 30 𝑙 jQ n÷kla ;=< 0℃ WIaK;ajfha§ 1 atm mSvkfhka hq;= jdhqjla isrlr ;sfí' WIaK;ajh ksh;j
;sìh§ jdhqfjka fldgila bj;a l< úg mSvkh 0.78 atm m%udKhlska wvq úh' wdrïNl jdhqfõ >k;ajh
1.3 𝑔𝑙 −1 kï bj;a l< hq;= jdhq ialkaOh jkafka"
(i) 28.45 g (ii) 32.32 g (iii) 40.5 g (iv) 45.5 g (v) 30.42 g
(15) 300 K WIaK;ajhl§ yd 1 × 105 𝑁𝑚−2 mSvkhl§ yS,shï jdhqfõ mßudj 0.04 𝑚3 fõ' yS,shï yÞ ialkaOh yd
j¾. uOHkH uQ, m%fõ.h jkafka" ^yS,shï j, id'w'ia' } 4 &
(i) 6.43 g, 1366.6 𝑚𝑠 −1 (ii) 5.43 g, 1933 𝑚𝑠 −1 (iii) 6.43 g, 1393 𝑚𝑠 −1
(iv) 7.43 g, 2933 𝑚𝑠 −1 (v) 8.45 g, 3933 𝑚𝑠 −1
(16) Tlaisckays idfmalaI wKql ialkaOh 32 o yhsv%ckays th 2 o fõ' −100℃ WIaK;ajh we;s yhsv%cka ys j¾.
uOHkH uQ, fõ.hg iudk j¾. uOHkH uQ, fõ.hla Tlaiscka ,nd.kafka ljr WIaK;ajhl§o@
(i) 3000℃ (ii) 2500℃ (iii) 2495℃ (iv) 3325℃ (v)5000℃

(17) fnkaiSka jdIamfha wKqjl ialkaOh 1.29 × 10−25 𝑘𝑔 fõ' 100℃ WIaK;ajfha§ fnkaiSka jdIam wKqjl uOHkH
pd,l Yla;sh o tajdfha j¾. uOHk uQ, fõ.h o jkafka"
(fnkaiSka jdIam wKq mßmQ¾K jdhq wKq f,i yeisfrk nj Wml,amkh lrkak.)
(i) 6.72 × 10−21 𝐽, 346 𝑚𝑠 −1 (ii) 7.72 × 10−21 𝐽, 346 𝑚𝑠 −1 (iii) 5.72 × 10−21 𝐽, 355 𝑚𝑠 −1
(iv) 7.72 × 10−21 𝐽, 346 𝑚𝑠 −1 (v) 7.72 × 10−20 𝐽, 356 𝑚𝑠 −1
(18) iudk wNHka;r mßudj,ska hq;a ùÿre n,an folla flá isyska k,hlska iïnkaO lr we;' fï n,an ;=< 27℃
yd 60 cmHg l mSvkhlska hq;= jd;h wvx.= fõ' wk;=rej tla n,anhla −73℃ yS È wfkl 127℃ yS o ;nk
,§' n,an ;=< kj mSvkh;a tla n,anhlska wfklg bj;aj hk Nd.sl jd; m%udKhla jkafka"
(i) 53.33 cmHg, 1⁄6 (ii) 53.33 cmHg, 1⁄3 (iii) 52.33 cmHg, 1⁄7
(iv) 59.33 cmHg, 1⁄3 (v) 63.33 cmHg, 1⁄5
(19) tl iudk mßudjla we;s n,an folla isyska k<hlska iïnkaO lr we;' wdrïNfha§ tajd iïu; WIaK;aj
mSvkfhys we;s jdhqjlska mqrjd ;sfí' tla n,anhla ú,hkh jk whsia j,ska o wfkl c, ;dmlhlska o
wdjrKh lr we;s úg kj mSvkh 877.6 mmHg kï c, ;dmlfha WIaK;ajh jkafka"
(i) 99.8℃ (ii) 95.8℃ (iii) 109.8℃ (iv) 89.8℃ (v) 129.8℃
(20) mßudj 0.1 𝑚3 jk gexlshla ;=< 4 × 105 𝑃𝑎 mSvkhla iy 49℃ WIaK;ajhla hgf;a Tlaiscka jdhqj mqrjd
;sfí' gexlsfha mj;sk isÿrlska jdhqj ldkaÿ ùu ksid tys mSvkh 3 × 105 𝑃𝑎 olajd;a" WIaK;ajh 27℃ olajd;a
wvq úh' ldkaÿ jQ jdhq ialkaOh jkafka" (Tlaiscka j, idfmalaI wKql Ndrh 32)
(i) 95.45 g (ii) 93.39 g (iii) 100.5 (iv) 186.5 g (v) 81.42 g
40
ms<s;=re - Term Test Questions
WIaK;ajñ;sh
1–3 2–5 3–2 4–5 5–4 6–2
7–5 8–1 9–4 10 – 1 11 – 5 12 - 5
f¾Çh m%idrKh
1–2 2–1 3–2 4–2 5-3
mßud m%idrKh
1–1 2–2 3–1 4–1 5-4
j¾.M, m%idrKh
1–2 2–4 3-4
o%j m%idrKh
1–4 2–2 3–1 4–1 5-2
6–1 7–5 8–2 9–3 10 - 2
jdhq kshu
1-4 2–5 3–3 4–3 5-4
6–3 7–4 8–4 9–3 10 - 4
11 – 2 12 – 3 13 – 1 14 – 5 15 - 1
16 – 3 17 – 4 18 – 2 19 – 1 20 - 2
WIaK;ajñ;sh
(1) WIaK;ajudkhl Ndú;d lrk"

(i) WIaK;ajñ;sl o%jHla" uekSug we;s uq¿ WIaK;ajh mrdih mqrdu o%jhla f,iska mej;sh hq;=h'
(ii) WIaK;ajñ;sl o%jHlg" WIaK;ajh iu. f¾Çhj jeä jk .=Kdx.hla ;sìh hq;=hs'
(iii)WIaK;ajñ;sl o%jHlg" WIaK;ajh iu. fjkia jk .=Kdx.hla ;sìh hq;=hs'
(iv)WIaK;ajñ;sl o%jHla" fndhs,a kshuh ms<smeÈh hq;=hs'
(v) WIaK;ajñ;sl o%jHlg" ksh; m%idrK;djla ;sìh hq;=hs'
(1994)
(2) P iy Q kï riÈh ùÿre WIaK;ajudk foll mßudKfha ´kEu wkqrEm w.hl i<l=Kq folla w;r ÿr
ms<sfj,ska 1 mm iy 3 mm fõ' WIaK;ajudk ms<snoj lr we;s my; ioyka wfmdayk i,ld n,kak'
(A) Q WIaK;ajudkhg" P WIaK;ajudkhg jvd l=vd flaIsl wrhla we;'
(B) Q WIaK;ajudkhg" P WIaK;ajudkhg jvd úYd, riÈh n,anhla we;'
(C) Q WIaK;ajudkh u.ska ,nd .kakd mdGdxl P WIaK;ajudkh u.ska ,nd .kakd mdGdxl j,g jvd ksrjoH fõ'
by; ioyka m%ldY w;=ßka
(i) A muKla i;H fõ' (ii) B muKla i;H fõ' (iii) C muKla i;H fõ'
(iv) A yd C muKla i;H fõ' (v) A,B iy C hk ish,a,u i;H fõ'
(1996)
(3) WKqiqï o%jHhl WIaK;ajh uekSu ioyd ùÿre)riÈh WIaK;ajudkhla iy ;dm úoahq;a hq.auhla Ndú;d l< úg"
;dm úoahq;a hq.auh u.ska jeä WIaK;ajhla jd¾;d úh' fï ioyd Èh yels jvd;a WÑ; fya;=j jkafka"
(i) ;dm úoahq;a hq.auh riÈh WIaK;ajudkhg jvd ixfõ§ ùuh'
(ii) ;dm úoahq;a hq.auh riÈh WIaK;ajudkhg jvd blauka m%;spdr oelaùuh'
(iii) lshùula jd¾;d lsÍu ioyd riÈh WIaK;ajudkh Wrd .kakjdg jvd jeä ;dm m%udKhla ;dm úoahq;a hq.auh
Wrd .ekSuh'
(iv) o%j mßudj b;d l=vdùuh'
(v) riÈfhys úYsIaG ;dm Odß;djh" ;dm úoahq;a hq.auh idod we;s f,dayj, úYsIaG ;dm Odß;d w.hkag jvd l=vd
ùuh'
(1997)
41
(4) WIaK;ajh by< hk úg riÈh)ùÿre WIaK;ajudkhl riÈh lo by< k.shs' óg jvd;a WÑ; fya;=j jkafka"
(i) riÈh fydo ;dm ikakdhlhla ùuh'
(ii) ùÿre ÿ¾j, ;dm ikakdhlhla ùuh
(iii) r;a l< úg ùÿre m%idrKh ùuh'
(iv) ùÿre j, m%idrKh riÈfhys m%idrKhg jvd wvq ùuh'
(v) WIaK;ajh jeä ùu;a iu. riÈh m%idrKh taldldr ùuh'
(2001 - 6)
(5) my; ioyka m%ldY m%fõifuka i,ld n,kak'
(A) ksh; mßud jdhq WIaK;ajudkh laIaKslj fjkia jk WIaK;aj uekSu ioyd fhda.H fkdjkafka th
ksrjoH WIaK;ajudkhla fkdjk ksidh'
(B) ;dm úoahq;a hq.auh laIaKslj fjkia jk WIaK;aj uekSu ioyd fhda.H jkafka tys ;dm Odß;dj
úYd, jk ksidh'
(C) ùÿre)riÈh WIaK;ajudkh laIaKslj fjkia jk WIaK;aj uekSu ioyd fhda.H fkdjkafka tys ;dm
Odß;dj b;d l=vd jk ksidh'
by; m%ldY j,ska"
(i) A muKla i;H fõ' (ii) B muKla i;H fõ' (iii) B yd C muKla i;H fõ'
(iv) A yd B muKla i;H fõ' (v) A,B iy C hk ish,a,u i;H fkdfõ'
(2003 - 38)
(6) tla;rd riÈh)ùÿre WIaK;ajudkhl (P) iy uOHidr)ùÿre WIaK;ajudhl (Q) o%j lokays È. (𝑙) WIaK;ajh (𝜃)
iu. fjkia jk wdldrh m%ia;drfhka olajd we;' fuu m%ia;drh muKla mokï lr .ksñka
YsIHfhla my; ioyka fmdÿ ks.uk j,g t<fUÞ'
(A) riÈh WIaK;ajudk uOHidr WIaK;ajudk j,g jvd ixfõ§ fõ'
(B) riÈh WIaK;ajudk uOHidr WIaK;ajudk j,g jvd È.ska jeä fõ'
(C) riÈfhys mßud m%idrK;dj uOHidrfhys mßud m%idrK;djg jvd jeä fõ'
Tyqg i;H jYfhkau ks.ukh l< yelafla"

(i) ks.ukh l< yelafla" C muKla fõ'
(ii) ks.ukh l< yelafla" A iy B muKla fõ'
(iii) ks.ukh l< yelafla" A yd C muKla fõ'
(iv) A,B iy C hk ish,a,u ks.ukh l< yelsh
(v) A,B iy C hk ish,a,u ks.ukh fkd yelsh'
(2006 - 49)
(7) WIaK;ajudk j,g fydo ixfõ§;djla fukau fydo ksrjoH;djlao ;sìh hq;=h' fï iïnkaOfhka
riÈh WIaK;ajudk ioyd my; l=ula i;H fõo@
(2007 - 57)
(8) wl%uj;a is¥re wrhla iys; flaYsl k,hlska idod we;s riÈh WIaK;ajudkhla
ksjerÈ WIaK;ajudkhlg tfrysj l%udxlkh l< úg rEmfha fmkajd we;s jl%h
,eìKs' fuys 𝜃𝑃 hkq ksjerÈ WIaK;ajudkfha mdGdxlh jk w;r 𝜃𝐹 hkq thg
wod< wl%uj;a WIaK;ajudkfha mdGdxlh fõ' YsIHhska lsysm fofkla by; jl%h
ie,ls,a,g f.k flaIsl k<fhys isÿfrys yevh my; fmfkk wdldrhg
wfmdaykh l<y' my; i|yka rEm w;=frka lskï rEmh yevh i|yd fydou
wdlD;sh olajhs o@
42
(2011 - 24)
(9) WIaK;aj ñkqula i|yd ksjerÈ w.hla ,nd §ug" § we;s WIaK;ajudkhlg we;s yelshdj ms<sn|j lr we;s
my; i|yka m%ldY i,ld n,kak'
(A) ld,hla iu. YS>% f,i fjkia jk WIaK;ajhka ñksh hq;= wjia:dj,§ ta i|yd § we;s WIaK;ajudkh"
WIaK;ajh iu. WIaK;ajó;sl .=Kh úYd, f,i fjkia jk wdldrfha tlla úh hq;=h'
(B) WIaK;ajh ñksh hq;= mßirfha ;dm Odß;dj yd iei§fï§ WIaK;ajudkfha ;dm Odß;dj fkd.sKsh yels
;rfï úh hq;= h'
(C) WIaK;ajñ;sl .=Khg WIaK;ajh iu. f¾Çh úp,khla ;sìh hq;=h'
by; m%ldY w;=ßka
(i) B muKla i;H fõ' (ii) A yd B muKla i;H fõ' (iii) B yd C muKla i;H fõ'
(2012 -34)
(10) 30℃ ldur WIaK;ajfha ;nd we;s 0 − 110℃ WIaK;aj mrdihla iys; P,Q iy R kï fjkia j¾. j,
WIaK;ajudk ;=kla 100℃ ys mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk úYd, f;,a n÷klg ld,h t = 0 § tljru we;=,a
we;=,alr tajdfha mdGdxl (𝜃) ld,h (t) iu. igyka lr.kakd ,§' rEmfha jl%j, fmkajd we;af;a WIaK;ajudk
;=k i|yd t iu. 𝜃 ys úp,khhs' jl% ;=k úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka miq WIaK;ajudk ms<sn|j lr we;s myl
i|yka ks.uk i,ld n,kak'
(A) P jvd;au ixfõ§ WIaK;ajudkh fõ'
(B) P iy R WIaK;ajudk ksrjoH jk kuq;a Q tfia fkdfõ'
(C) R WIaK;ajudkfha mßudKh f¾Çh fkdfõ'
by; ks.uk w;=frka"
(i) A muKla i;H fõ' (ii) B muKla i;H fõ'
(iii) A yd B muKla i;H fõ' (iv) B yd C muKla i;H fõ'
(v) A,B iy C hk ish,a,u i;H fõ'
(2014 -31)
(11) tl tflys n,anh ;=< iudk riÈh mßudjla we;s A iy B riÈh ùÿre WIaK;ajudk foll flaYsl k,j,
wrhka ms<sfj<ska r iy 𝑟⁄3 fõ' n,anj, WIaK;aj 1℃ lska jeä l< úg
A ys riosh lfoys os. fjkiaùu
B ys riosh lfoys os. fjkiaùu
A yS riÈh l|ys È. fjkiaùu hk wkqmd;h wdikak jYfhka ^ùÿrej, m%idrKh fkdi,ld yßkak&'
1 1
(i) 9 (ii) 3 (iii) 1 (iv) 3 (v) 9
(2015 -3)
(12) isÿf¾ wrh taldldr jQ tla;rd o%jH úÿre WIaK;ajudkhla l%udxlkh lr we;af;a c,h ;dmdxl iy whsiays
o%jdxl Ndú; lsÍfukah' fuu WIaK;ajudkfha Ndú; lrkq ,nk WIaK;ajudk o%jhlg my; § we;s .=K
w;=frka w;HjYHfhkau ;sìh hq;= .=Kh l=ulao@
(i)by, mßud m%idrK;dj (ii) taldldr mßud m%idrKh (iii) by< ;dm ikakdhl;dj
(iv) wvq úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj (v) wvq jdIam mSvkh'
(2016 -3)
(13) 𝑃 iy 𝑄 hk riÈh - ùÿre WIaK;ajudk folla 𝑃 ys riÈh n,anh 𝑄 ys riÈh n,anhg jvd úYd, jk mßÈ
ks¾udKh lr ta folu 0℃ − 100℃ mrdifha§ l%udxlkh l< hq;=j we;' n,an foflysu ì;a;sj,g tlu
>klu we;s nj Wml,amkh lrkak'
my; m%ldY i,ld n,kak'
iqÿiq taldldr isÿre wrhka iys; flaYsl k, Ndú; lrñka WIaK;ajudk fol"
(A) 0℃ iy 100℃ i,l=Kq w;r tlu flaYsl È. ,efnk mßÈ ks¾udKh l< yelsh'
(𝐵) uksk WIaK;ajfha iS>% fjkiaùï i|yd tlu m%;spdr ld,h ,efnk mßÈ ks¾udKh l<
yelsh'
(𝐶) 𝑃 WIaK;ajudkfha ixfõ§;dj Q WIaK;ajudkfha ixfõ§;djg jvd jeäjk mßÈ ks¾udKh l< yelsh'
43
by; m%ldY j,ska"
(i) A muKla i;H fõ' (ii) B muKla i;H fõ' (iii) B yd C muKla i;H fõ'
(2018 -19)
(14) WIaK;ajñ;sh iïnkaOfhka my; m%ldYj,ska ksjerÈ fkdjkafka l=ula o@

(i) WIaK;ajh iu. úp,kh jk ueksh yels fN!;sl rdYshla mej;sh hq;= h'
(ii) riÈh ) ùÿre WIaK;ajudk ;=kS ì;a;s iys; ùÿre n,anj,ska iukaú; h'
(iii) úYd, riÈh n,anhla iys; ùÿre)riÈh WIaK;ajudkhla Ndú;d lsÍfuka ñkqï mrdih jeä lr.; yelsh'
(iv) tlsfklg fjkia j¾. foll WIaK;ajudk tlu WIaK;ajhl§ iq¿ jYfhka fjkia mdGdxlhka
,nd Èh yelafla ishÆu WIaK;ajus;sl .=K tl iudk f,i ixfõ§ fkdùu ksid h'
(v) riÈh yd ùÿre w;r úYd, iam¾Y fldaKhla ;sîu riÈh)ùÿre WIaK;ajudkhlska ksjerÈ mdGdxl .ekSu
i|yd jdishla fõ'
(15) ksrfmalaI YqkH WIaK;ajh ms<sn|j lr we;s my; m%ldY i,ld n,kak'
(A) th jdhqf.da, mSvkfha§ c,h ñfok WIaK;ajh fõ'
(B) th ishÆu jdhq o%j njg m;ajk WIaK;ajh fõ'
(C) th mßmQ¾K jdhqjl uOHhk pd,l Yla;sh YqkH jk WIaK;ajh fõ'
by; m%ldY w;=frka"
(i) A muKla i;H fõ' (ii) C muKla i;H fõ' (iii) A yd C muKla i;H fõ'
(iv) B yd C muKla i;H fõ' (v) A,B iy C hk ish,a,u i;H fõ
(2022(2023) -15)
>k o%jH j, m%idrKh

f¾Çh m%idrKh
(1) ldur WIaK;ajfha we;s A yd B f,day ovq folla tlg r;a lr tajdfha m%idrK ∆𝑙, jeäjk
WIaK;ajh ∆𝜃 iu. m%ia;dr .; l< úg tu jl% fol rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ t; u;
tl msysgk nj fmksK'
fuh isÿúh yelafla"
(i) oඬq folu tlu o%jHfhka idod we;skï muKs'
(ii) A ys È. B ys È.g iudk kï muKs'
(iii) A ys f¾LSh m%idrK;dj B ys tu w.hg iudk kï muKs'
(iv) oඬq folu i|yd ‘f¾Çh m%idrk;dj × uq,a È.’ .=Ks;h tl iudk kï muKs'
(v) oඬq fol tlg r;al<fyd;a muKs'
(2014 -13)
(2) 𝑙𝐴𝑙 iy 𝑙𝑐𝑢 ms<sfj,ska" ldur WIaK;ajfha isg 𝜃℃ m%udKhlska WIaK;ajh jeä l< úg weÆñkshï (Al) iy ;U
(Cu) oඬq foll uq,a Èf.ys isÿjQ Nd.sl jeäùu ksrEmKh lrhs' 𝜃℃ iu. 𝑙𝐴𝑙 iy 𝑙𝑐𝑢 ys úp,kh jvd fyd¢ka
olajkq ,nkafka my; l=uk m%ia:drfhkao@
^weÆñkshï iy ;Uj, f¾Çh m%idrK;d ms<sfj,ska 2.3 × 10−5 ℃−1 iy 1.7 × 10−5 ℃−1 fõ&
(3) f,day oKavl WIaK;ajh 100℃ lska jeä lrk úg tys Èf.ys Nd.sl fjkiaùu 2.4 × 10−5 fõ'
oKav idod we;s o%jHfhys f¾Çh m%idrK;dj jkqfha"
(i) 2.4 × 10−3 ℃−1 (ii) 2.4 × 10−4 ℃−1 (iii) 2.4 × 10−5 ℃−1
−6 −1 −7 −1
(iv) 2.4 × 10 ℃ (v) 2.4 × 10 ℃
(2018 -7)
44
j¾.M, m%idrKh
(1) hlfvys f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 1.2 × 10−5 ℃−1 fõ' tys mDIaÀl m%idrK;dj (𝛽) iy mßud m%idrK;dj (𝛾) i|yd
ksjerÈ w.hka fokafka my; i|yka l=uk m%;spdrfhkao @
(i) 𝛽= 2.4 × 10−5 ℃−1 𝛾 = 4.8 × 10−5 ℃−1
(ii) 𝛽= 1.2 × 10−5 ℃−1 𝛾 = 2.4 × 10−5 ℃−1
(iii) 𝛽= 1.2 × 10−5 ℃−1 𝛾 = 3.6 × 10−5 ℃−1
(iv) 𝛽= 1.2 × 10−5 ℃−1 𝛾 = 1.2 × 10−5 ℃−1
(v) 𝛽= 2.4 × 10−5 ℃−1 𝛾 = 3.6 × 10−5 ℃−1
(1986 -)
2
(2) úYd, weÆñkshï ;yvqjl j¾.M,h 1 𝑐𝑚 jQ iup;=ri%dldr isÿrla we;' weÆñkshï j, f¾Çh
m%idrK;dj 25 × 10−6 ℃−1 kï, WIaK;ajhlska 20℃ jeä l< úg isÿfrys j¾.M,h"
(𝑖) 1.001 𝑐𝑚2 (𝑖𝑖) 1.0005 𝑐𝑚2 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 0.999 𝑐𝑚2 (𝑖𝑣) 0.9995 𝑐𝑚2 (𝑣) 1.0 𝑐𝑚2
(𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟕 )
−5 −1
(3) f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 1.2 × 10 ℃ jQ jdfka ;yvqjl jD;a;dldr isÿrla idod we;' ;yvqfõ WIaK;ajh 100℃
lska by< kexjqjfyd;a isÿfrys j¾.M,h
(𝑖) 2.4 × 10−3 Nd.hlska jeä fõ (𝑖𝑖) 2.4 × 10−3 Nd.hlska wvqfõ'
−3
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 1.2 × 10 Nd.hlska jeä fõ (iv) 1.2 × 10−3 Nd.hlska wvq fõ
(𝑣) fkdfjkiaj mj;S'
(2003)
mßud m%idrKh
(1) hlfvys f¾Çh m%idrK;dj 1.2 × 10−5 ℃−1 fõ' tys mDIaÀl m%idrK;dj (𝛽) iy mßud m%idrK;dj (𝛾) i|yd
ksjerÈ w.hka fokafka my; i|yka l=uk m%;spdrfhkao @
(i) 𝛽= 2.4 × 10−5 ℃−1 𝛾 = 4.8 × 10−5 ℃−1
(ii) 𝛽= 1.2 × 10−5 ℃−1 𝛾 = 2.4 × 10−5 ℃−1
(iii) 𝛽= 1.2 × 10−5 ℃−1 𝛾 = 3.6 × 10−5 ℃−1
(iv) 𝛽= 1.2 × 10−5 ℃−1 𝛾 = 1.2 × 10−5 ℃−1
(v) 𝛽= 2.4 × 10−5 ℃−1 𝛾 = 3.6 × 10−5 ℃−1
(1986 -)
(2) f,dayhl mßud m%idrK;dj iudk jkqfha tys"

(i)f¾Çh m%idrK;djgh' (ii)f¾Çh m%idrK;djfha fo.=Khgh
(iii)f¾Çh m%idrK;djfha ;=ka .=Khgh (iv)f¾Çh m%idrK;djfha yß wvlgh
(v) f¾Çh m%idrK;djfha ;=fkka tllgh
(2002&
o%j m%idrKh
(1) rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ mßud m%idrK;dj 𝛾 jQ o%jhla f¾Çh m%idrK;dj
𝛼 jQ o%jhlska idod we;s k,hla ;=< 𝑙0 È.e;s o%j flkaola idohs' WIaK;ajh
𝜃 m%udKhlska by< kexjQfha kï flkafoa È. jkqfha"
(1+𝛾𝜃) 𝑙0 (1+𝛾𝜃) (1+𝛾𝜃)
(i) 𝑙0 (ii) 𝑙0 (1+𝛼𝜃) (iii) 𝑙0 (1 + 𝛾𝜃)(1 + 2𝛼𝜃) (iv) (1+2𝛼𝜃) (v) 𝑙0 (1+3𝛼𝜃)
(2006 -)
(2) rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ mgq yrialv j¾.M,hla iys; ùÿre Ndckhl h Wilg o%jhla mqrjd
we;' Ndckfha m%idrKh fkdi,ld yeßh yels kï" WIaK;ajh (𝜃) iu. h fjkiajk YS>%;djh
(R) jvd;au fyd¢ka ksrEmKh lrkq ,nkafka"
(2009 )
45
(3) mßud m%idrK;dj 𝛾1 jQ 0℃ ys mj;sk >K f.da,hla 𝜃℃ ys mj;sk o%jhl rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ
iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfjñka mj;S' o%jfha mßud m%idrK;dj 𝛾𝑓 (> 𝛾𝑠 )fjs' iuia; f.da,h iu. o%jh lsishï
WIaK;ajhlg isis,a lrkq ,efí'
my; m%ldY i,ld n,kak'
(A) isis,a lsÍfuka miq f.da,fhka fldgila o%j mDIaGhg by<ska msysghs'
(B) f.da,h u; we;sjk Wvql=re f;rmqfuys úYd,;ajh fjkia fkdfõ'
(C) isis,a lsÍfuka miq f.da,fha >k;ajh o%jfha >k;ajhg jvd jeäfõ'
by; m%ldY w;=frka"

(i) A muKla i;H fõ' (ii) B muKla i;H fõ'
(iii) A yd B muKla i;H fõ' (iv) B yd C muKla i;H fõ'
(v) A,B iy C hk ish,a,u i;H fõ'
(2017 -)
(4) rEmfha fmkajd we;s isria yria lvlska hq;a úfYaI yevhla iys; ùÿre fnda;,hla
úYd, l=yrhlskao wrh r jQ l=vd f.da,dldr l=yrhlska o l%ufhka wrh l=vd jk È.
𝑙 jQ mgq k,hlska o iukaú; fõ' fmkajd we;s mßÈ úYd, l=yrfha iïmQ¾K mßudj o
l=vd l=yrfha mßudfjka w¾Ohla o wdrïNfha § 0℃ we;s c,fhka mqrjd we;'
fnda;,fha m%idrKh fkd.sKsh yels kï, XY uÜgfï isg c, mDIaGhg uksk ,o Wi
(h) c,fha WIaK;ajh (𝜃) iu. fjkiaùu jvd;au fyd¢ka ksrEmKh lrkq ,nkafka"
(2018 -41)
(5) isria ùÿre k, foll (𝑇1 iy 𝑇2 ) my; fl<jrj,a l=vd ;sria flaYsl k,hlska iïnkaO lr o%jhlska mqrjd
we;' tla k<hla (𝑇1 ) 0℃ we;s whsia iy c, ñY%Khl .s,ajd
we;s w;r wfkla k<h (𝑇2 ) 40℃ ksh; WIaK;ajhl we;s c,fha
.s,ajd we;' rEmfha wdldrhg o%j l|ka fol w;r Wfiys fjki
1.6 cm jk w;r 0℃ we;s o%j lf|a Wi 80 cm fõ' ^rEmh
mßudKhg weo fkdue;& o%jfha i;H mßudm%idrK;djh jkafka
(i) 2.5 × 10−4 ℃−1 (ii) 5.0 × 10−4 ℃−1

(iii) 6.0 × 10−4 ℃−1
(iv) 1.0 × 10−3 ℃−1 (v) 1.2 × 10−3 ℃−1
(2020 -46)
jdhq kshu yd pd,l jdoh
(1) ú,la ;=< isák ud¿fjla mßudj 2.5 × 10−7 𝑚3 jk jdhq nqnq,la uqod yß' bkslaì;sj fuu jdhq nqnq, 10−6 𝑚3
jk jdhq mßudjla jdhqf.da,hg uqod yß' jdhq f.da,Sh mSvkh 105 𝑃𝑎 iy c,fha >k;ajh 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 kï
ud¿jd isák ia:dkhg .eUqr ^mDIaál wd;;s wdjrK fkdi,ld yßkak&
(i) 30 m (ii) 40 m (iii) 50 m (iv) 60 m (v) 80 m
46
(2010 )
(2) r: jdyk tkaðul we;s is,skavr ;=< mj;sk jdhqj (jd;h iy fmg%,a ñY%Kh) tys uq,a mßudfjka 1⁄9 lg
iïmSvkh fõ' wdrïNl mSvkh jdhqf.da, 1.0 jk w;r wdrïNl WIaK;ajh 27℃ la fõ' iïmSvkfhka miq
mSvkh jdhqf.da, 21 kï iïmSvkh jQ jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh jkqfha"
(jdhqj mßmQ¾K f,i yeisfrkafka hehs Wml,amkh lrkak')
(i) 700℃ (ii) 523℃ (iii) 427℃ (iv) 327℃ (v) 227℃
(2011 )
(3) iQ¾h fldfrdakdfõ WIaK;ajh 105 𝐾 kï fldfrdakdfõ mj;sk yhsv%cka whkj, j¾. uOHk uQ, fõ.h jkqfha'
25
(yhsv%cka ujq,hl ialkaOh = 10−3 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 , R = 3 J𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 f,i .kak)
(i) 5.0 × 109 𝑚𝑠 −1 (ii) 5.0 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1 (iii) 5.0 × 106 𝑚𝑠 −1
5 −1 4.5 −1
(iv) 5.0 × 10 𝑚𝑠 (v) 5.0 × 10 𝑚𝑠
(2011 )
(4) 27℃ ys mj;sk mßmQ¾K jdhqjla Ndckhla ;=< wvx.= ù we;' jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh 127℃ olajd jeä l<fyd;a,
127℃ ys oS jdhq mrudKqj, uOHkH pd,l Yla;sh
27℃ ys oS jdhq mrudKqj, uOHkH pd,l Yla;sh
wkqmd;h jkqfha"
127 16 4 3 27
(i) 27
(ii) 9
(iii) 3 (iv) 4 (v) 127
(2012 -5)
(5) 10℃ oS mrsmQraK jdhqjl mrudKq j,g tla;rd uOHkH pd,l Yla;shla we;' tajdfha uOHkH pd,l Yla;sh
fo.=Khla jkafka"
(i) 20℃ (ii) 100℃ (iii) 293℃ (iv) 566℃ (v) 600℃
(2013 -13)
(6) isiqfjla ldur WIaK;ajfha mj;sk ksh; ialkaOhla iys; mßmQ¾K jdhqjla Ndú; lr
fndhs,a kshuh i;Hdmkh lsÍu i|yd mÍlaIKhla isÿlr" rEmfha § we;s wdldrfha
m%ia:drhla ,nd .;af;a h' fuys P hkq jdhqfõ mSvkh o V hkq jdhqfõ mßudj o fõ'
Tyq bkamiq mßudfjka lsishï jdhq m%udKhla bj;a lr ldur WIaK;ajhg jvd 100℃
lska jeä WIaK;ajhl§ mÍlaIKh kej;;a isÿ lf<ah' Tyq ,nd.;a kj m%ia:drhg
rEmh fmkajd we;s m%ia:drfha wkql%uKh iudk wkql%uKhla ;snqfKa kï" Tyq úiska
bj;a lrk ,o jdhq m%udKfha ialkaOh jkafka"
27 73 1 1 3
(i) 100 𝑚0 (ii) 100 𝑚0 (iii) 4 𝑚0 (iv) 2 𝑚0 (v) 4 𝑚0
(2016 -42)
(7) ksh; WIaK;ajhl § V mßudjla ;=< we;s mßmQ¾K jdhq ñY%Khl A jdhqfõ ujq, 𝑛𝐴 iy B jdhqfõ ujq,
1
𝑛𝐵 (< 𝑛𝐴 ) wvx.= fõ' by; ksh; WIaK;ajfha § 𝑉 iu., A iy B jdhqj, wdxYsl mSvk ms<sfj,ska 𝑃𝐴 iy 𝑃𝐵
o ñY%Kfha iuia; mSvkh 𝑃𝑀 o fjkia jk wdldrh jvd;a fyd¢ka ksrEmKh lrkq ,nkafka"
(2017 -42)
47
(8) Ndckhla ;=< we;s yhsv%cka jdhqj ksh; WIaK;ajfha (300 K) iy mSvkfha (1 × 105 𝑁𝑚−2 ) mj;ajd .kS'
yhsv%cka wkqj, j¾. uOHkH uQ, fõ.h 2 km 𝑠 −1 fõ kï Ndckh ;=< we;s yhsv%cka j, >k;ajh l=ulao@
(i) 0.038 kg𝑚−3 (ii) 0.075 kg𝑚−3 (iii) 0.150 kg𝑚−3 (iv) 1.225 kg𝑚−3 (v) 2.420 kg𝑚−3
(2019-15 )
ms<s;=re - Past Papers MCQ
WIaK;ajñ;sh
1–3 2–3 3–4 4–4 5–5
6–5 7–3 8–3 9-1 10 - 2
11 – 1 12 – 2 13 – 4 14 – 3 15 - 2
f¾Çh m%idrKh mßud m%idrKh
1–4 2–1 3–5 1–5 2-3

j¾.M, m%idrKh
1–5 2–1 3-1
o%j m%idrKh
1-2 2–4 3–3 4–2 5-4
jdhq kshu
1–1 2–3 3–5 4–3 5–3 6–3 7–3 8-2
48

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;dmh

WIaK;ajudkhla ilia lsÍfï§ WIaK;ajñ;sl o%jHhk f;dard.ekSfï§ ie,ls,su;a úhhq;= lreKq

^02& WIaK;ajus;sl .=Kh WIaK;ajfha tAlM, Y%s;hla jsh hq;=h

04& ixfõoS;dh by< ùu

03& ksh; mSvk WIaK;ajudkh

𝜃 oS m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅𝜃 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝜃) WIaK;aj fjki

02& ;dm jsoaHq;a hq.auh

by< wp, ,laIHh my< wp, ,laIHh

^,l=Kq lrk& ^i;H& 30 − 0 𝜃−1

80 − 0 𝜃 − (−5) wu;r oekqug

WIaK;ajhla uekSu ioyd Ndú; lrk úúO WIaK;aj mßudKhka

100℃ 373𝐾 212℉

132℉ fi,aishia lrkak

100℃ 212℉ 𝜃−1 132 − 32

01& my; oelafjk WIaK;ajhka fi,aishia wxYlj,g yrjkak

(i) 88 °𝑆 (ii) 98 °𝑆 (iii) 108 °𝑆 (iv) 78 °𝑆 (v) 100 °𝑆

(Time Target- 2 minutes)

(i) 80 ℃ (ii) 100 ℃ (iii) 70 ℃ (iv) 110 ℃ (v) 90 ℃

(Time Target- 2 minutes)

(Time Target- 2 minutes)

(Time Target- 2 minutes)

= ℃−1 / 𝐾 −1 wu;r oekqug

∆𝑙 = 𝑙0 𝛼(∆𝜃) ∆𝑙1 = ∆𝑙2

∆𝑙 = 1 × 𝛼1 × (∆𝜃) ̶̶̶ ① 1 × 𝛼1 × ∆𝜃 = 1.25 × 𝛼2 × ∆𝜃

f¾Åh m%idrKfha fh§ï

(0℃) (100℃) ^fkdokakd 𝜃&

02& oaúf,day máfha l%shdldß;ajh

03& wj,ïN nÜgdf.a l%shdldß;ajhg WIaK;ajh ksid jk n,mEu

0 20℃ oS China 1cm

rEmhg wkqj ma,diaála lene,af,a

u.ska .Kkh lsÍï isÿ l< yel

osf.ys Nd.sl yd m%;sY; jsp,k yÿkd .ekSu

Nd.sl fjkiaùu = osf.ys fjki

osf.ys fjkia ùu = 𝛼(∆𝜃)

osf.ys m%;sY; fjkiaùu = Nd.sl fjkiaùu × 100%

lafIa;%M, m%idrK;d ix.=Klfha w¾: oelaùu

𝑙𝜃2 = 𝑙02 (1 + 𝛽∆𝜃)

2𝛼∆𝜃 + 𝛼 2 (∆𝜃)2 = 𝛽∆𝜃

mßud m%idrKh ^>k mod¾:hl&

① yd ② ka ∆𝑉 ∝ 𝑉0 (∆𝜃) mrsud m%idrK;d ix.=Klh w¾: oelaùu

∆𝑉 ∝ 𝑘(∆𝜃) 𝛾 = mrsud m%idrK;djh mrsud m%idrK;djh

mßud m%idrK;d ix.=Klh yd f¾Åh m%idrK;d ix.=Klh w;r iïnkaOh

>k m%idrKh wNHdi

(4) uyd ud¾.hla yryd weo we;s È. 10 m jk AB lïìhl C uOH ,laIfhka

(Time Target- 2 minutes)

(Time Target- 2 minutes)

(i) 1.2 × 10−4 𝑚3 (ii) 3.2 × 10−4 𝑚3 (iii) 0.2 × 10−4 𝑚3

Øjhl i;H m%idrK;dh yd oDYH m%idrKh

WIaK;ajh iu. o%jhl >k;aj úp,kh

c,fha wkshï m%idrKh

0℃ → 100℃ olajd r;a lrk õg msgdr mrsudj

msgdr mrsudj 𝑉1 g iudk jsh hq;=h

80 × 10−8 = 5 × 10−4 × 𝑉0 × 100

o%j m%idrKh wNHdi

o%j m%idrKh nyqjrK

(𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑻𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒕 − 𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔)

(i) 30 g (ii) 33.105 g (iii) 25.55 𝑔 (iv) 40 g (v) 90 g

pd,aiaf.a m<uq kshuh ^jdhqjl WIaK;ajh iy mßudj w;r iïnkaOh&

(i) 27℃ 127℃