History of Volleyball

In 2016, the sport of Volleyball is over 120 years old!

The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it
has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.

Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players
worldwide who play volleyball at least once a week.

In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke,
Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes
of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of
Volleyball (at that time called, Mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6
inches above the floor, just above the average man’s head.
During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball
back and forth over the net, and perhaps “volleyball” would be a more descriptive name for the sport. On July
7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of “volleyball” was played.

- 1895: William G. Morgan (1870-1942) created the game of volleyball but called the
game Mintonette.
- 1896: The first exhibition match of volleyball is played at Springfield College (called International
YMCA Training school in 1896).
- 1900: A special ball was designed for the sport.
- 1916: In the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by
another player (the set and spike) were introduced.
- 1917: The game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
- 1920s: There are unconfirmed whispers of men’s teams playing on the beach in Hawaii, but most
accounts place the sport’s origin in Santa Monica, California where the first Volleyball courts are
put up on the beach at the Playground. Families play 6 vs. 6.
- 1920: Three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
- 1922: The first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states
were represented.
- 1928: It became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball
Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the
field was open to non-YMCA squads.
- 1930s: The first two-man beach volleyball game is played in Santa Monica, California.
- 1934: The approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.
- 1937: At the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball
Association as the official National Governing Body (NGB) in the U.S.
- 1947: The Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.
- 1948: The first two-man beach tournament was held.
- 1949: The initial World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
- 1964: Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
- 1965: The California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.
- 1974: The World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.
- 1976: First professional beach volleyball tournament was called the Olympia World Championship
of Beach Volleyball. It took place at Will Rogers State Beach during late summer in 1976.
- 1983: The Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.
- 1986: The Women’s Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.
- 1989: The FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.
- 1990: The World League was created.
- 1995: The sport of Volleyball was 100 years old! This Web site – Volleyball.Com goes live!
- 1996: 2-person Beach Volleyball debuted as an Olympic sport.
- 2002: Beach volleyball court dimensions reduced to 8m x 8m per side.
- 2003: Karch Kiraly becomes the first player to earn US$3M in prize money and oldest player to
win an AVP tournament at age 42 years, 9 months and 14 days. (You’re never too old for
volleyball!)

- 2005: Olympic gold medalists Kerri Walsh and Misty May-Treanor win their second Association of
Volleyball Professionals (AVP) Open women’s title and the 2005 overall women’s championship.

Basic Volleyball Rules for Playing the Game

● 6 players on a team, 3 on the front row and 3 on the back row
● Maximum of three hits per side
● Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (A block is not considered a hit)
 ● Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve
● A ball hitting a boundary line is "in"
● A ball is "out" if it hits...
an antennae,
the floor completely outside the court,
any of the net or cables outside the antennae,
the referee stand or pole,
the ceiling above a non-playable area
● It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a player’s body
● It is illegal to catch, hold, or throw the ball
● If two or more players contact the ball at the same time, it is considered one play and either player
involved may make the next contact (provided the next contact isn't the teams 4th hit)
● A player cannot block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10-foot line
● After the serve, front line players may switch positions at the net
● At higher competition, the officiating crew may be made up of two refs, line judges, scorer, and an
assistant scorer

Basic Volleyball Rules Violations

The following are some basic volleyball rules for violations.

The result of a violation is a point for the opponent.
When serving, stepping on or across the service line as you make contact with the serve
Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully
Contacting the ball illegally (lifting, carrying, throwing, etc.)
Touching the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play. Exception: If the ball is driven into
the net with such force that it causes the net to contact an opposing player, no foul will be called, and the ball
shall continue to be in play.
When blocking a ball coming from the opponent’s court, contacting the ball when reaching over the net is a
violation if both:
1) your opponent hasn't used 3 contacts AND
2) they have a player there to make a play on the ball
Crossing the court centerline with any part of your body. Exception: if it's the hand or foot, the entire hand
or entire foot must cross for it to be a violation.
Serving out of order.
Back row player blocking (deflecting a ball coming from their opponent), when at the moment of
contact the back row player is near the net and has part of his/her body above the top of the net (an illegal
block).
Back row player attacking a ball inside the front zone (the area inside the 10 foot line), when at the
moment of contact the ball is completely above the net (an illegal attack).
Basic Violations in Volleyball
1. Consecutive Contacts. A player may not hit the ball 2 times consecutively except when blocking,
provided the contacts take place simultaneously. However, a player may make consecutive contacts on
the teams first team contact, provided the contacts occur during one action.
2. Four Hits. It's a violation for a team to hit the ball 4 times before returning it.
3. Assisted Hit. It's illegal for a player or any object to assist a teammate in playing the ball.
4. Catch. It's illegal to catch or throw the ball. The ball must rebound from the hit.
5. Ball Crossing the Net Outside the Crossing Space. The ball must cross the net within the crossing
space. The ball must cross over the net, between the antennaes and their imaginary extension, and
without contacting the ceiling.
6. Reaching Over the Net. There are official rules for playing the ball at the net.
7. Penetration Under the Net. It's permitted for a player to step under the net into the opponents court
provided that some part of the penetrating hand or foot is in contact with or is directly above the center
line.
8. Contact with the Net. Contact with the net is only a fault if contact is made during the action of
playing the ball or if it interferes with play.
9. Foot Fault. At the moment of service contact or take off for a jump serve, the server must not touch the
court or the ground outside the service zone. After contact, he/she may step or land outside the service
zone or inside the court.
10. Attacking Faults. The following are volleyball violations for attacking...
A back row player completes an attack hit from the front zone, if at the moment of contact, the ball is
entirely above the top of the net.
An opponent completes an attack hit on a served ball, when the ball is in the front zone and the ball is
entirely above the top of the net.
The libero completes an attack hit, if at the moment of contact, the ball is entirely above the top of the
net.
11. Attacking Faults. The following are volleyball violations for attacking...
A back row player completes an attack hit from the front zone, if at the moment of contact, the ball is
entirely above the top of the net.
 12. Attacking Faults. The following are volleyball violations for attacking...
A back row player completes an attack hit from the front zone, if at the moment of contact, the ball is
entirely above the top of the net.
An opponent completes an attack hit on a served ball, when the ball is in the front zone and the ball is
entirely above the top of the net.
The libero completes an attack hit, if at the moment of contact, the ball is entirely above the top of the
net. A player completes an attack hit from higher than the top of the net when the ball is coming from
an overhand finger pass by a libero in the front zone.
13. The libero completes an attack hit, if at the moment of contact, the ball is entirely above the top of the
net.
A player completes an attack hit from higher than the top of the net when the ball is coming from an
overhand finger pass by a libero in the front zone.
14. Blocking within the Opponents Space. A blocker may place his/her hands beyond the net provided
this action doesn't interfere with the opponents play. It's legal to block beyond the net, provided...
The ball would have crossed the net if not touched by a player and no member of the attacking team
was in position to make a play.
The ball is falling near the net and no member of the attacking team is in position to make a play.
Contact with the ball is made after 3 team contacts.

Proper Procedural Rules for Volleyball Referees

Only the first and second referees are allowed to blow whistles during a match.

The first referee may give the scorer the option to use an audible device to notify the volleyball referees of "out
of rotation" faults.

● The first referee gives the signal for service to begin the rally.
● The first and second referees signal the end of rally, provided a fault has been committed and they have
identified its nature.
● The referees may blow the whistle when the ball is out of play to indicate they authorize or reject a
team request.
● Immediately after a referees whistle to signal the end of rally, they have to indicate with the
official volleyball hand signals...

If the fault is whistle by the first referee, he/she indicates...

the team to serve
the nature of the fault
the player at fault
The second referee will follow the first referee hand signals by mimicking them.

If the fault is whistle by the second referee, he/she indicates...

the nature of the fault
the player at fault
the team to serve following the hand signal of first referee
The first referee doesn't show the fault and nature of the fault, but only the team to serve.

In the case of a double fault, both referees indicate...

the nature of the fault
the player at fault
the team to serve, with the signal lead by the first referee

First Referee Authority - Rules for Volleyball

The first referee directs the match from beginning to end. The first referee has authority over all
members of the officiating crew and team members.

During the match, the first referee’s decisions are final. The first referee has the authority to overrule
decisions of the officiating crew when it is noticed that they are mistaken.

The first referee may replace a member of the officiating crew who isn't performing their duties
appropriately.

The first referee has the power to make decisions on any matters that involve the game including those
not provided in the rules.

The first referee shall not allow any discussion about his/her decisions.
 However, the first referee may give an explanation on the application or interpretation of the rules
based upon which the decision was made. This request must be made by the team’s game captain.

If the game captain doesn't agree with the explanation, the captain may protest the decision.

The first referee is responsible for determining whether the playing area equipment and playing
conditions meet playing requirements.

First Referee Responsibility - Rules for Volleyball Prior to the match, the first referee…

● inspects the ball, other equipment, and playing area

● performs the toss with the team captains
● monitors the teams warming up
● During the match, only the first referee is authorized to...
● issue warnings to the teams
● sanction misconduct and delays
faults of the server and positioning of the serving team, including screening
faults in playing the ball
faults above the net
attack hit faults of libero and back row players
a completed attack made on a player with the ball coming from a libero in the front zone that used finger action
to make an overhead pass
the ball crossing the space under the net

THE SCOREKEEPER

Pre-match,

● Before the match starts, the scorekeeper should fill in the pre-match info – team names, starting line
ups, etc.

During the match,

Records points when they are scored

● Watches the servers and indicates immediately to the referees when a server has served out of
order. It's also good preventive officiating to watch teams rotation in case assistance is needed for the
second referee to determine the correct team alignment.
● Records player substitutions and team timeouts
● Records any sanctions
● Records all other events as instructed by the referees
● Records the final result of the set
● In the case of a protest, after the first referee gives authorization, the scorekeeper lets the game captain
write a statement for protest on the scoresheet.
● After the match,
● Records the final result of the match
● Signs the scoresheet
Assistant Scorer - Volleyball officials
● The assistant scorer (or libero tracker) sits at the scorer's table next to the scorekeeper.
● The assistant scorer's main function is to record libero replacements on to a libero tracking sheet.
THE ASSISTANT SCORER
● Notifies any fault with libero replacements
● Operates the manual scoreboard on the scorer's table
● Checks the score on the scoreboard with the score on the scoresheet
Line Judges - Volleyball officials
● If only two-line judges are used, they stand at the corner of the end line that is closest to the right
hand of each referee, diagonally from the corner.
● The line judges watch the end line and sideline of their respective corners.
● For FIVB and Official Competitions, four-line judges are used. Each line judge stands in the free zone 1
to 3 meters, lined up with the imaginary extension of their respective line.
● Line judge's main responsibility is to make signals to help out the referees in making judgment calls.
● Line judges may be instructed to use flags to make the signals.
THE LINE JUDGES SIGNAL
● Ball "in" and "out" whenever the ball lands near the lines
● Touches of "out" balls by players receiving the ball
● Ball touching the antennae
● A served ball crossing the net outside the crossing space (the space between the antennae's)
● Any player standing off the court at the moment of service
● Server foot faults
Terminologies
The terms in volleyball have been defined to make it easy for you to understand. Here they are.
ATTACK - any method used to return the ball across the net in an attempt to put the
opponents at a disadvantage.

BLOCK - the process of intercepting the ball just before or as it crosses the net. A block is executed by any
front row player.
DIG - an emergency pass, usually used to defend a hard driven attack.
DINK - a soft shot off the fingertips, used to lob the ball over the block.
DRIVE- an attack contacted in the center that attempts to hit the ball off th blocker’s hands.
FAULT- an infraction of the rules.
FOREARM PASS - a pass made off the forearms.
FRONT COURT - the playing area in which it is legal to block or attack.
KILL- an attack that cannot be returned directly as a result of that attack.
LOB - a soft attack that is contacted in the back bottom quarter of the ball, causing it to take an upward
trajectory.
OVERHEAD PASS - a pass made by contacting the ball above the head with the finger pads.
POINT - a point is scored when the receiving team fails to return the ball legally to the opponent’s court.
ROTATION- the shifting of the players clockwise upon gaining the ball from the opponents.

SERVE- the method of putting the ball in play over the net by striking it with the hand.

SET - the placement of the ball near the net to facilitate attacking.
SETTER - the player assigned to set the ball.

SPIKE - a ball hit its topspin and a strong downward force into the opponent’s’ court.
SPIKER - the player assigned to attack the ball.
TOPSPIN - imparting of a forward spin to the ball during the serve, spike or spike roll
Fundamental Skills and Techniques
Volleyball comprises five basic skills: forearm pass, overhand pass, serve attack and block. Each skill
uses a variety of techniques that players need as they progress from beginning to advanced levels of
competition.
The ball handling skills: the forearm pass and the overhand pass constitute at least two-thirds of the
ball contact during play. The serve often dominates play and is considered as a crucial skill because there are
times when a team dominates through good service only. The attack adds offense and power to the game but
can only be utilized when the ball handling skills become accurate and consistent. The block is used only
when the opposing team consistently attacks the ball from a point near or above the net, forcefully driving it
downward into one’s court.
The Forearm Pass

The forearm pass also called “pass”. “bump” or “dig”

is the most frequently used ball handling skill. It is utilized to
pass the serve, play balls below the waist, play hard-driven
balls and contact balls located far from the player.
Learning Hints
Assume a stride position, feet are shoulder width apart with the body weight forward on the inside front
half of each foot with the heels slightly off the ground.
Keep the knees flexed approximately 90 degrees inside the feet and in front of the toes.
Keep the upper body in a front-leaning position with waist flexed approximately 90 degrees and the
shoulders in front of the knees
Connect the hands by pressing the pads of both thumbs together with the base of the thumbs even and
level. Keep the grip relaxed with the hands extended downward.
The different ways of clasping the hands together are shown in the illustrations below.
 Reach out your arm in front of your body and rotate elbows inward together thus exposing the fleshy
part of the forearm. The arms are parallel with the thigh of the leading leg.
Contact the ball on the fleshy part of the forearm approximately 2 to 6 inches above the wrist. The
trajectory angle of the rebound is dependent upon the angle of the forearms. Focus the eyes on the ball until the
contact and the rebound.
Provide force.

Overhand Pass
The overhand pass is used for accurately passing any
ball above the head to a teammate and for the setting technique
of passing the ball to an attacker with specific height, trajectory
and placement
Assume a stride position with the feet al- most
shoulder width apart, the body weight is forward on the inside
front half of each foot with the heels slightly raised.
Flex the knees in front of the toes with the upper body
in a front leaning position with the waist flexed approximately
90 degrees and the shoulders in front of the knees.
Raise both arms with the elbows flexed at approximately chin height and the hand are equally
positioned six (6) inches above the forehead with the wrist flexed back.
Spread fingers and hands into the shape of the approaching ball, thumbs pointing toward the nose and
wrist flexed back.
Contact the ball on the inside edge of the first digital areas of the thumbs, index, middle and ring
fingers and allow the ball to almost slide through, with the hands on the side.

Serve
The serve has an expected success rate that is 80 to 90 percent higher than the other skills because the
server tosses the ball to himself rather than receiving the ball from another player. Equally important is the fact
that the serve is the first opportunity a team has to put the opponent at a disadvantage.
The most commonly used service are the underhand serve, the overhand serve and the side arm
serve.
To make an underhand serve
Stand facing the net with the left foot slightly forward and the weight on
the right foot.
Hold the ball with the left hand with the left arm across and a little in
front of the body and the ball resting on the pads of the left fingers
Step left foot forward, transferring the weight to the front foot and at the same time,
bring the right arm back in a preparatory motion.
Swing the right hand forward and contact the ball, just below the center. The ball can be hit with an
open hand or with the fist either facing forward or sideward.
Follow through with the arm to ensure a smooth serve.
Note: These directions are for a right-handed serve.
For the left-handed serve, reverse the position and movements.
Overhand Serve
Stand with the left foot in front and the left side of the body turned
somewhat toward the net with the weight on both feet.
Hold the ball in the left hand directly in front of the face.
Toss the ball straight up shifting the weight to the back foot. The height
of the toss is a matter of choice, but from 3 to 5 ft. is suggested.
Contact the ball with the open palm or with the fist above the shoulder as
the ball drops thus shifting the weight to the forward foot which can take a short step forward.
Note: An effective serve is one that has no spin-a floater. The directions are for a right – handed serve.
For the left-handed serve, reverse the position and movements.
Sidearm Serve
Like the overhead serve, the sidearm serve is powerful and difficult
to receive. This serve goes over the net into a downward trajectory.
Take a forward stride position behind the end line with the
left side toward the net.
 Hold the ball with the left hand in front of the body and
over or slightly ahead of the left foot.
Bring the right arm which should be fully ex- tended to
approximately shoulder level and shift weight to the rear foot.
Move the right arm forward to make contact with the ball
with either the heel of the hand or a closed fist.
Follow through in the direction in which the ball is to
travel.
Attack
The attack is used in aggressive play against the
opponents to keep them from returning the ball or making a
transition to return it aggressively.
Move quickly to the desired place when the setter
takes an action for the set.
Swing both arms backward and bended knees to gain
height in jumping.
Jump as high as you can and hit the ball forcibly
downward with a snap of the wrist.
Swing the arms downward for follow through after
the contact.
To be able to block, do these steps:
Stand in stride position with the shoulders parallel
with the net, about 6 to 12 inches far with the knees slightly
flexed for quick movement.
Position the hands between the net and the body at
shoulder height with fingers spread and palms facing the net.
Flex the knees to a near 100-degree angle and jump
off from the floor and thrust the arms straight upward parallel
with the net.
As the hands clear net height, gently push them across
as far as possible, being careful not to touch the net. Position
the outside hand slightly toward the court to deflect the ball
inward.
Pike slightly at the waist for balance and power.
Withdraw hand gently upon descending and return
them in front of the body.
Bend the knees upon floor contact to ab- sorb shock
and for balance. Pivot away from the net, following the
direction of the ball.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____
MARY JOY A. MARFIL
TEACHER
·