LECTURE NOTES

ON

Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

(ESC-S101)

B. Tech. Ist Semester

OMPAL
Assistant Professor

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UIET, CSJM UNIVERSITY
KANPUR-208024
Unit-1
Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
1.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

1.2 Phasors

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

1.4 Impedance

1.5 Parallel and Series Resonance

1.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
• Any steady state voltage or current in a linear circuit with a sinusoidal
source is a sinusoid
– All steady state voltages and currents have the same frequency as the
source
• In order to find a steady state voltage or current, all we need to know is its
magnitude and its phase relative to the source (we already know its
frequency)
• We do not have to find this differential equation from the circuit, nor do we
have to solve it
• Instead, we use the concepts of phasors and complex impedances
• Phasors and complex impedances convert problems involving differential
equations into circuit analysis problems

❖ Focus on steady state; Focus on sinusoids.

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
1.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Key Words:
Period: T ,
Frequency: f , Radian frequency 
Phase angle
Amplitude: Vm Im
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

v(t ) = Vm sin  t
I1 I1 I1 I1 I1
R1 5
i
R1 5
I1
+
+

U1 v、i _ R
- IS 
U
E

I I1

0 t1 t2 t
R1 5
I1 I1 I1 I1 i
R1 5
-
+

U1 + R
- IS 
U
E

I  I1
Both the polarity and magnitude of voltage are changing.
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

Period: T — Time necessary to go through one cycle. (s)

Frequency: f — Cycles per second. (Hz)
f = 1/T
Radian frequency(Angular frequency):  = 2f = 2/T (rad/s）

Amplitude: Vm Im
i = Imsint， v =Vmsint

v、i
Vm、Im

0  2 t
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

Effective Roof Mean Square (RMS) Value of a Periodic

Waveform — is equal to the value of the direct current which is
flowing through an R-ohm resistor. It delivers the same
average power to the resistor as the periodic current does.
1 T

T 
0
i 2 Rdt = I 2 R
1 T
I eff =
Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform
T 
0
i 2dt

1 T I m2 T 1 − cos 2 t 1 2 T I
I eff =  I sin  tdt =  dt = Im  = m
2 2
m
T 0 T 0 2 T 2 2

1 T Vm
Veff =
T 0
v 2dt =
2
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

Phase (angle)
i = I m sin (t +  )
Phase
angle

0 8
6
4
2
i(0 ) = I m sin 
0
-2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
<0
-4
-6
-8
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

Phase difference
v = Vm sin( t + 1 ) i = I m sin( t + 2 )
 = v − i = t + 1 − (t + 2 ) = 1 − 2
 = 1 −  2  0 — v(t) leads i(t) by (1 - 2), or i(t) lags v(t) by (1 -
2)
 = 1 − 2  0 — v(t) lags i(t) by (2 - 1), or i(t) leads v(t) by (2 -
1 )
 = 1 −  2 = 0   = 1 −  2 = 
 = 1 −  2 = 
In 2 Out of phase。
v、i v、i v、i
phase.
v v v
i
i i
t t t
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

Review

The sinusoidal waves whose phases are compared must:

① Be written as sine waves or cosine waves.
② With positive amplitudes.
③ Have the same frequency.

360°—— does not change anything.

90° —— change between sin & cos.
180°—— change between + & -

 2   
 sin  = cos   +   = cos   − 
 3   2
 
 cos  = sin   + 
 2
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

Phase difference

P1.1, v1 = 220 2 sin (314t − 30 )

 v2 = 220 2 cos(314t + 30 )

Find  = ?
v2 = 220 2 cos(314t + 30 ) = 220 2 sin (314t + 30 + 90 )
(
= 220 2 sin 314t + 120  )
 = 1 − 2 = −30 −120 = −150
If v2 = −220 2 cos(314t + 30 )


v2 = −220 2 cos(314t + 30 ) = 220 2 cos(314t + 30 + 180 )

 

 (
= 220 2 cos 360  − 314t + 210  )
(
= 220 2 sin 314t − 150  + 90  )
= 220 2 sin (314t − 60 )

 = 1 − 2 = −30 + 60 = 30

 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

Phase difference
 
P1.2, Vm sin  t + 
v、i  3

 
v I m sin  t − 
i  3
• • •
-/3 /3  t