Hooke’s law states that the strain of the material is proportional to the applied stress

within the elastic limit of that material.

When the elastic materials are stretched, the atoms and molecules deform until stress is
applied, and when the stress is removed, they return to their initial state.

Mathematically, Hooke’s law is expressed as:

F = –kx

Modulus of elasticity : It is the ratio stress applied on a

body to the strain produced in the body. k = stress/ strain;
S.I unit → N/m2 or PascalStress

When a body is subjected to an external force the force

per unit area is called stress. Stress = force/ area = F/A; S.I
unit → N/m2 or Pascal Strain

When deforming forces act on a body the fractional

deformation produced in the body. It has no
units Poissons ratio σ : The ratio between lateral strain to
longitudinal strain of a body is called poissons ratio. σ =
lateral strain/ longitudinal strain

The I shape girders provide large load bearing surface and

enough depth to prevent bending. This shape also reduces
the weight of the beam without effecting its strength.
A hollow shaft is found to be stronger than a solid shaft made of equal
material because the torque required to produce a given twist in
hollow cylinder is greater than that required to produce in solid
cylinder of same length and material through same angle.
Pascal's law states that the pressure exerted anywhere in a confined liquid is
transmitted equally and undiminished in all directions throughout the liquid. Proof:- F1 =
P1 × Area of PQRS = P1 × ps
F2 = P2 × Area of PSUT = P2 × qs
F3 = P3 × Area of QRUT = P3 × rs
Now, in triangle PQT,
sin θ = p/r and cos θ = q/r
The net force on the prism will be zero since the prism is in equilibrium.
F3 sin θ = F1 and F3 cos θ = F2 (putting values of F1, F2, and F3 from the above
values)
⇒ P3 × rs × p/r = P1 × ps and P3 × rs × q/r = P2 × qs
⇒ P3 = P1 and P3 = P2
Thus, P1 = P2 = P3
 This device
is used to measure velocities and mass rate of flow of liquid at the different cross-
sections of a pipe. It consists of a constriction inserted in a pipe line and have tapers
at the inlet and outlet, so that turbulence is avoided