Antipolo in June 1662 and saved the city of Manila.

As a reward, Laksamana was made commander of Fort Santiago for 24 hours. This
was the highest military honor given by Spain to a Filipino during the Spanish era.

In 1574 when the Chinese pirate Lim-Ah-Hong invaded Manila, the Spaniards saved the city with the help of the Filipinos. Later,
about 1,500 Filipino soldiers including Lakan Dula and his sons, helped Marshal Juan de Salcedo drive away Lim-Ah-Hong from
Pangasinan.

Filipinos and the Moro Wars. The word "Moro" in Spanish means a Muslim. The Filipino Moros in Mindanao and Sulu were not
conquered by Spain. Many times the Moros were defeated in battles, but they won the war in the end (see Chapter 11).

Out of loyalty to Spain and the Cross, the Christian Filipinos in Luzon and the Visayas fought against the Filipino Moros in these
wars. Thousands of Christian Filipinos died in battle. They served as soldiers or seamen in all the Spanish expeditions against the Moros.

The Christian Filipino heroes of these wars were as follows: Juan Aquino, Nicolas Martinez, Cirilo Maypit, and Gerenimo
Sundulin.

In retaliation for these Spanish attacks, the Filipino Moros raided the coastal towns of the other islands as far as north as Ilocos.
They burned the churches, killed the Christians, and took slaves whom they sold in the slave markets of Celebes, Malacca, and Djakarta.

Filipino Role in Spain's Dream of an Asian Empire. Spain had a grandiose dream of carving out a colonial empire in Asia, just
as she had done in Latin America. But for Spain in the East, this proved to be an impossible dream, a Don Quijote venture. This was
because Spain lost her "Invincible Armada" of warships at the sea battle with England in 1588 and was no longer really a sea power.
Furthermore, other colonial powers - the British, French, and Dutch - proved more enterprising in building economic empires in Asia.

The Filipinos, it should be recalled, suffered most in the futile efforts of Spain in early times to carve out a colonial empire in the
Asian world. Thousands of Filipinos were forced to join the Spanish military expeditions as soldiers and rowers and many of them died
in foreign shores. Thousands more of them shouldered the burden of fitting out these costly expeditions, and millions of Philippine
treasures were squandered to finance such imperialist ventures. Thus recounted Dr. Jose Rizal: "Accordingly, the Filipinos... were
plunged to maintain the honor of Spain and to extend the sway of her flag in Borneo, in the Moluccas, and in Indo-China; to repel the
Dutch foe; costly wars; fruitless expeditions in which each time thousands and thousands of native archers and rowers were recorded to
have em- barked, but with no formal announcement of their eventual return to their homes. Like the tribute that once upon a time Greece
sent to the Minotaur of Crete, the Filipino youths embarked on the expeditions, saying good-bye to their country forever: in the horizon
before them the tempest-tossed seas, the endless wars, the headlong expeditons."

Chapter 11 ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES

THE MORO WARS in the Philippines were a sequel in a minor scale of the Crusades which were fought by the Christian knights
and Muslim warriors in the Holy Land (Palestine) during the Middle Ages. For three centuries (1578-1898) the Spaniards (aided by
Christian Filipinos) as champions of the Cross, tried to conquer the Moroland (Mindanao and Sulu). The Muslim Filipinos (Moros), as
paladins of the Crescent valiantly resisted and succeeded in preserving their Islamic faith and ancestral heritage.

The Moros. The term Moro is a Spanish term for Moor or Muslim. When the early Spanish conquistadores arrived in the
Philippines, they were surprised to find many Muslim inhabitants in Mindanao and Sulu and in Mindoro, Manila, and Pampanga. Raha
Sulayman's kingdom of Maynilad, it should be recalled, was an Islamic kingdom. Because all Muslims were called Moros (Moors) in
Spain, Legazpi and other Spanish colonizers called the Filipino Muslims by that name.

The Moros are great warriors. They can fight well on land and at sea. An American writer, Vic Hurley, who had lived among
them said: "The Moros are a grand people... Every one of them is valiant. There never was a Moro who was afraid to die. Death on the
field of battle is a privilege, and they guard their privilege zealously."

The main groups of Filipino Muslims are the following: (1) Maranaos of Lanao, (2) Maguindanaons of Cotabato, (3) Samals of
Zamboanga, (4) Sangils of Davao, (5) Yakans of Basilan, and (6) Taosugs of Sulu.

Racially, Muslim Filipinos and Christian Filipinos are brothers. Both belong to the Malay race. They differ in religion and culture.
Notwithstanding their religious and cultural differences, they are one people - Asian in geography and traditions and Malayan in blood
and race.

Contrary to popular misconception, the Muslim Filipinos are not "savage pirates" and "brutal juramentados". They are friendly,
hospitable, kind, brave, and patriotic like their Christian brothers.

Islamic Faith and Muslim Customs. To understand and appre- ciate the Muslim Filipinos, it is necessary to know their religion
and customs. Their religion is Islam, which means "Submission to the Will of God". Their God is Allah, and Mohammad is His Prophet. It
is wrong to call the Islamic religion "Mohammedanism" because Muhammad never claimed to have founded a new religion. The Bible of
Islam is the Qu'ran.

The "Five Pillars of Islam" are the following:

1. The profession of faith, which is summed up in the formula: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His Prophet."
2. Praying five times a day facing Mecca. The times for prayer are at (a) daybreak, (b) noon, (c) mid-afternoon, (d) after sunset, and
(e) early part of the night.
3. Giving of alms to the poor. These alms are called zakah.
4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Arabic calendar. During the period of fasting, all Muslims (except the
sick) do not eat, drink, and smoke before sunrise and after sun-set.
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca, the Holy City of Islam. Only those Muslims who had performed this pilgrimage can assume the title of Hadji.
 The Muslim Filipinos have their own court called Agama. This court settles disputes amicably, thereby preventing violent feuds
between families.

Courtship among them comes after marriage. The Muslim suitors, unlike the Christian suitors, are not allowed to talk with their
girlfriends. Marriages are arranged by their parents. There are cases in which the groom has never seen his bride before the wedding
ceremony.

Polygamy is a recognized practice among the Muslims. According to the Qu'ran, a man may have as many as four wives,
provided he can support them. Divorce is also permitted.

Muslims do not eat pork and do not drink wine. Their religion considers a pig as unclean and therefore its meat (pork) must not
be eaten by all believers.

Islam Reaches the Philippines Ahead of Christianity. About 141 years before Magellan arrived in the Philippines and planted
the Christian cross at the summit of a hill in Masao on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521, Islam had already reached Philippine soil. It was
introduced about 1380 in Sulu by a Muslim missionary from Malacca, Sharif Makdum, a noted judge and scholar of Mecca. After
converting the sultan and people of Malacca, he went to Sulu where he propagated Islam. He built a Mosque at Tubig-Indagan on the
Island of Simunul. The ruins of his mosque can still be seen today. Makdum died in Sibutu (islet in the Sulu Archipelago), and the Muslims
today venerate his grave.

Later, about 1390, Raha Baginda from Sumatra arrived in Sulu and carried on Makdum's work in propagating Islam among the
Taosug people. He introduced the first firearms and elephants in the Philippines.

About 1450, Abu Bakr, Arab authority on Islamic religion and law, arrived in Sulu from Johore. He married Princess Paramisuli,
daughter of Raha Baginda, and founded the Sulu sultanate in the same year (1450). He thus became the first sultan of Sulu, with his
wife Paramisuli as first sultana. He died in 1480, after a reign of 30 years.

The first Muslim leader to reach Mindanao was Sharif Ka- bungsuwan. He landed at Cotabato (Maguindanao) in 1475, from
Johore. He converted the people to Islam and married a native princess named Putri Tuñina. He became the first sultan of Maguindanao,
with Putri Tuñina as first sultana.

From Sulu and Mindanao, Islam spread across the Visayas to the shores of Manila. At the time of Legazpi's arrival in 1571,
Manila and Tondo were Muslim kingdoms. There were also many Muslims in Batangas, Pampanga, Mindoro, and Catanduanes, as in
Mindanao and Sulu.

Spain Checks Islam's Advance. Islam would have spread all over the Philippines were it not for the arrival of Spain.' Sulayman,
the last Filipino king of Manila, was a Muslim. Lakan Dula, the last Filipino king of Tondo, was also a Muslim.

The arrival of the Christian Spanish conquistadores under Legazpi in Manila checked the spread of Islam. Had they not come
in 1571, Islam would have firmly taken root in Luzon and would have expanded farther north to Ilocandia and the Batanes. Had the
Spanish not come, Islam would have been the dominant religion in the country today instead of Christianity.

Causes of the Moro Wars. Many times Spain invaded Mindanao and Sulu in order to impose Spanish rule and the Christian
religion on the Muslim people. The Muslims, however, valiantly resisted and repulsed the invaders. The war between the Muslim Filipinos
and the Spaniards (aided by the Christian Filipinos) lasted from 1578 to 1898, or more than 300 years. These wars were known in history
textbooks as the "Moro Wars". They are more aptly called Muslim Wars.

There were three causes of the Muslim Wars. First, was the Spanish invasion of Mindanao and Sulu. The Muslim Filipinos,
being a brave and liberty-loving people, fought valiantly in defense of their free- dom. They preferred to die as freemen in battle than live
in bondage.

Second, the Muslim Filipinos defended their Islamic faith against the invaders who wanted to propagate Christianity. They were
Islam's champions just as the Spaniards and their Christian Filipino allies were champions of Christianity.

Third, was the love of the Muslim Filipinos for adventure. On their swift-sailing vintas, they prowled the seas. They attacked the
Christian towns not only to strike a blow against Spain and Christianity, but also to feel the thrill of battle and to gain rich spoils of wars.\

Spain Fires the First Shot. Spain began the Muslim Wars. In June 1578, Governor Francisco de Sande, while returning to Manila
from his Bornean campaign, sent a Spanish force against Jolo. This force was commanded by Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa.

The Taosug warriors, led by their ruler, Sultan Pangiran Budiman (Muhammad ul-Halim) resisted the attack. Despite their
ferocious defense, Captain Figueroa captured Jolo. For the first time the capital of Sulu fell into Spanish hands. After exacting tribute in
pearls and the defeated sultan's promise of friendship with Spain, Captain Figueroa and his victorious forces sailed away. Thus began
the three-century Moro Wars.

In 1596 Captain Figueroa obtained from the Spanish government the right to colonize Mindanao for two generations, with the
title of "Governor of Mindanao". Accordingly, he led an invasion force of 1500 Christian Filipinos and 214 Spaniards, reaching the Rio
Grande de Mindanao on April 20, and landed at Bwayan, whose ruler, Datu Ubal Sirungan (Silonga) resisted him. During the fighting
Datu Ubal, younger brother of Sirungan, killed him. His bodyguards avenged his death by slaying Ubal. The survivors of Figueroa's
expedition under the command of Master of Camp Juan de Xara, retreated in disarray. Thus was aborted Spain's first attempt to colonize
Mindanao.
 First Moro Counter-Attacks. In retaliation against the Spanish invasion of their land, Raha Sirunga and Salikala (Sali), who was
married to a Sulu princess, gathered a force of 50 caracoas (war vessels) and 3,000 krismen. July 1599 they raided the Visayas, burning
the Christian towns, plundering them, killing the people, taking captives of the survivors, and returned home with rich spoils of loot.

The following year (1600), Sirungan and Salikala, inspired by their piratical success, mustered a stronger force of 70 vessels
and 4,000 warriors and again raided the Visayas. This time they encoun- tered disaster. They were repulsed with heavy losses at Arevalo,
Iloilo Province, by 1,000 Visayan warriors and 70 Spanish arque- busiers under the command of Don Juan Garcia de Sierra, valiant
Spanish alcalde mayor who died in action.

In 1602 Sirungan and his brother Buisan (later sultan) of Maguindanao organized a powerful armada of 145 vessels (including
50 from the Moluccas and 35 from Basilan) and thousands of warriors. After leaving Maguindanao, the armada split into two flotillas, one
under the command of Sirungan and the other under Buisan. The flotilla under Sirungan sailed northward bypassing the Visayas and
raided Bicolandia, the Southern Tagalog region, and Mindoro. The flotilla under Buisan raided the Christian towns of the Calamianes and
Cuyo. Both flotilla succeeded in their raiding missions, returning to Maguindanao with 700 Christian captives and much booty.

Gallinato's Attack on Jolo (1602). Angered by the Muslim raids, the Spanish authorities sent a force of 200 Spaniards against
Jolo. This force was headed by Captain Juan Gallinato.

In February 1602, Gallinato attacked Jolo. For three months, he tried to capture the town, but in vain. Many of Gallinato's soldiers
were victorious veterans of the Indian campaigns in Mexico and Peru. But in the forests and swamps of Jolo, they met their masters in
hand-to-hand combat. Gallinato, tasting defeat and suffering heavy losses, sailed away.

The Founding of Zamboanga. After Gallinato's unsuccessful expeditions were commanded by Cristobal de Lugo (1627), Lorenzo
de Olaso (1628), and Pedro Tousiño (1630). They all failed to capture Jolo.

In the face of the successive defeats of Spanish arms, Governor Juan Cerezo de Salamanca decided to establish a military
base in Mindanao. On April 6, 1635, Captain Juan de Chaves, with 1,000 Visayans and 300 Spaniards, landed at Zamboanga. He was
accom- panied by Fr. Melchor de Vera, a Jesuit missionary engineer.

On June 23, Father Vera began the building of the stone fort of Zamboanga. This fort was named Fort Pilar, in honor of Nuestra
Señora del Pilar, the patroness of Zamboanga.

Tagal's Last Raid. The militarization of Zamboanga was a wise move on the part of the Spanish authorities. Fort Pilar played a
great role in the Muslim Wars. It helped the government forces in the campaign against the Muslims.

Shortly after the construction of Fort Pilar, a Moro leader named Tagal, the fiery brother of Kudarat (Corralat in Spanish records),
raided the Visayas and Calamianes. He boasted to his brother (Kudarat, the Sultan of Maguindanao): "I shall bring you the God of the
Christian as a prisoner."

Tagal, after eight months of raiding the Christian pueblos returned home happily. His vintas were loaded with many Christian
captives and rich treasures from the towns he burned. On the night of December 17, 1636, under cover of darkness, he boldly sailed by
Zamboanga's shore. A friendly Lutao named Iba informed the Spanish governor of Zamboanga that Tagal had passed during the night.

Immediately, the Spanish governor sent a flotilla of six vessels and 250 men to pursue Tagal. This flotilla was commanded by
Captain Nicolas Gonzales.

After a hard chase, Captain Gonzales overtook Tagal's fleet of vintas at Punta de Flechas. A terrific fight ensued on December
21. Tagal was killed, and his fleet destroyed. Gonzales liberated 120 Christian captives and recovered the treasures looted by Tagal.

Kudarat and Corcuera. Inspired by the Spanish victory of Punta de Flechas, Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera decided
to invade Maguindanao, the sultanate of the powerful Sultan Kudarat.

On February 2, 1637, he left Manila with a large expedition of Spaniards and Christian Filipinos. He stopped at Zamboanga,
where his forces were reinforced by three companies of Spanish infantry under the command of Captain Gonzales, victor of the Battle of
Punta de Flechas.

On March 13, Governor Corcuera landed his Spanish-Filipino troops at the mouth of Rio Grande de Mindanao." The next day,
he personally commanded the attack on Lamitan, Kudarat's capital in Cotabato. Kudarat furiously fought like a lion. But he was over-
whelmed by the superior arms of the Spanish invaders. Lamitan fell after a bloody battle on March 14.

Kudarat retreated to a fortified hill called Ilihan. Corcuera's troops assaulted this hill. A bloody hand-to-hand fight raged on the
parapet of the kuta (fort). Many defenders - men, women, and children - perished in battle. Ilihan was captured on March 18. Kudarat,
with a bullet wound in one arm, was able to escape. His brave wife, carrying their baby, jumped over a cliff and also escaped.

On May 24, Corcuera returned in triumph to Manila, where he was given a conqueror's welcome with music, religious - festivals,
and a moro-moro performance. The victories of Corcuera were exaggerated by Spanish, historians. Kudarat was only defeated, not
conquered.

Capture of Jolo by Corcuera (1638). After resting for a few months in Manila, Governor Corcuera returned to Zamboanga. He
prepared another expedition for an invasion of Jolo. This expedition consisted of 80 ships, 1,000 Christian Filipinos, and 500 Spaniards.

Finally, on April 17, Jolo fell after a bloody battle. Sultan Bungsu escaped with many of his warriors. His wife Sultana Tuan
Baloca, was taken prisoner. Corcuera occupied Jolo and established a Spanish garrison.
 First Spanish Expedition to Lanao. The first Spanish expedition to reach Lanao was jointly commanded by Dr. Agustin de San
Pedro and Captain Francisco de Atienza. Father San Pedro was a renowned Recollect missionary-warrior, who won lasting laurels as a
valiant Moro fighter. The expedition started from Caraga and reached Lake Lanao on April 4, 1639, after a hard march through the
jungles. The lake region was explored and alliances were formed with some Moro datus.

The following year another expedition, under the command of Pedro Bermudez de Castro, reached Lake Lanao. This time the
Maranaos, roused by Spanish aggression, attacked the expedition. A relief column under Father San Pedro was rushed to Lanao and
rescued the expedition from annihilation.

Futile Measures Against the Moros. The fighting Moros were not discouraged by Corcuera's victories. They intensified their
efforts to continue the war against Spain. Year in and year out, they raided the Christian towns in Luzon and the Visayas and assaulted
the Spanish outposts in Mindanao and Sulu. In 1645 the Taosugs liberated Jolo and destroyed the Spanish garrison which Corcuera
established there.

The Spanish authorities tried almost everything to protect Christian Philippines from Muslim attacks. First, treaties of peace were
made with the Muslims. Among them were the treaties of 1645, 1646, 1726 and 1737. These treaties did not last long, because the
Moros regarded treaties made with the Christian enemy as mere "scraps of paper".

Second, Spanish forts were built at certain strategic places in the archipelago, such as Zamboanga, Dapitan, Iligan, Sabanilla,
and Tandag in Mindanao; Cuyo in Calamianes; Romblon Island; and Labo and Taytay in Palawan (Paragua).

Third, watch towers were erected along the coast from Minda- nao up to Northern Luzon. Watchers, posted at these towers,
warned the people living in the coastal towns of the coming of the dreaded Muslim raiders.

Fourth, armed galleys and frigates patrolled the sea lanes. These Spanish vessels proved ineffectual because the swift Muslim
vintas outsailed them easily.

Lastly, military expeditions were sent against Jolo and Mindanao from time to time in order to destroy the Muslim power. These
expeditions failed for lack of able commanders. No great Spanish commander appeared on the Philippine scene for two centuries after
Corcuera's death..

Sultan Alimud Din I of Jolo. The story of this sultan is a romantic saga of the Moro Wars. Owing to his friendship with Spain, he
was deposed in 1749 by his brother, Bantilan, and he fled with his family and faithful retainers of Zamboanga. On January 2, 1750, he
arrived in Manila, where he was royally received by Bishop Juan de Arrechedera, then acting governor general.

At Paniqui, Tarlac, on April 28, 1750, the refugee sultan was baptized by the Dominican fathers. He was named Don Fernando
de Alimu Din I. He was the first Christian sultan of Jolo. His son, Israel, and his daughter, Fatima, were likewise converted to Christianity
and were given a Spanish education in Manila.

Governor Obando, Arrechedera's successor, decided to restore Alimud Din to his throne. On May 19, 1751, the Christian sultan,
conveyed by a Spanish squadron, left Manila for Jolo. At Zamboanga, where the party stopped, a strange incident happened. The
Spanish commander of Zamboanga claimed to have intercepted a letter from Alimud Din to a sultan in Mindanao which was allegedly
treasonable. Alimud Din was shipped back to Manila and this time he was imprisoned at Fort Santiago.

Later Governor Arandia succeeded Obando; he released the unhappy Alimud Din and granted him royal privileges. When the
British invaded Manila in 1762, Alimud Din fled to Pasig where he was rescued by the British troops, and later restored to his throne in
Jolo.

Height of the Moro Wars. The second half of the 18th century saw the height of the Moro raids. Everywhere the Moros struck
and left horrible trails of blood and death. In 1769 the Moros landed at Malate within sight of the Spanish cannons, plundered the place,
sailed away with 20 prisoners and rich spoils of war.

According to Spanish records, the Moros captured an average of 500 Christians annually and sold them as slaves in Betavia,
Sandakan, and in other slave markets in the East Indies. Between 1778 and 1793, the Spanish government spent more than one million
pesos for military operations against the marauding Moros.

Missionaries as Moro Fighters. In the course of the Moro Wars many missionaries won fame as gallant warriors. They fought
side by side with the soldiers in the defense of the Cross against the plunging hordes of the Crescent. Foremost among them was Fr.
Agustine San Pedro, Recollect missionary and military genius, who fought the Moros in Mindanao and defended Romblon in 1644 against
a Moro raid. Because of his military exploits, be became to be called the Padre Capitan (Priest Captain).

Other missionary-heroes of the Moro Wars were Fr. Antonio de Santa Ana (Recollect), who died on the parapet of Fort Taytay
in 1736 while fighting the Moros; Fr. Marcelino del Espiritu Santo (Recollect), who successfully repulsed the Moro attack on Cuyo in 1752;
Fr. Jose Ducos (Jesuit), who frustrated the Moro raid against Iligan in 1752; and Fr. Pascual Ibañez (Recollect), who perished in action
during Urbiztondo's assault on Jolo in 1851.

Decline of the Moro Raids. Toward the closing decades of the 19th century the Moro power declined and the raids lost their
sting. In 1848 the first steamships purchased by Spain in England - the Magallanes, the Elcano and the Reina de Castilla- arrived in
Manila Bay. Their arrival sounded the death-knell of Moro supremacy in the seas, for the steamships could outsail the fastest Moro vinta.

On February 16, 1848, Governor General Narciso Claveria, using the new steamships, attacked the Samals at Balanguigui. He
des- troyed the kutas and brought 350 Samal prisoners to Manila. In recog- nition of his brilliant victory, the Spanish Crown conferred on
him the title of "Count of Manila" and decorated him with the Grand Cross of San Fernando. The city of Manila gave him a sword of
exquisite workmanship.
 Following Claveria's footsteps, Governor General Antonio de Urbiztondo campaigned in the Sulu Archipelago. He defeated the
Moros in Tonquil on December 24, 1850. Later he attacked Jolo and captured it on February 28, 1851. The city council of Manila rewarded
him with a beautiful sword and an artistic cane, while the Spanish Crown decorated him with the Crosses of San Fernando and Carlos
III.

Jose Rizal, while a student at the Ateneo de Manila, wrote a poem praising Urbiztondo's victory. This poem, written in 1875,
was entitled "The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo".

Malcampo's Conquest of Jolo (1876). In 1874 Admiral Jose Malcampo became the Spanish governor general of the Philippines.
Roused to action by the resurgence of the devastating raids of Taosug Moros on the Christian pueblos, he prepared a mighty armada of
21 steam warships, 11 transports, and 10,000 combat troops (Spaniards and Christian Filipinos) for an invasion of Jolo. This Spanish
armada reached Jolo on February 21, 1876, and began the naval and military attack of the Moro city on February 29. The battle raged
fiercely for 24 hours. On March 1, 1876, Sultan Jamalil A'lam sued for peace and transferred his capital to Maimbung.

Malcampo's victory resulted in the permanent Spanish occupa- tion of Jolo. He was rewarded by the Spanish Crown with the
noble title of "Count of Jolo". Before returning to Manila, he established a Spanish garrison and appointed Don Pascual Cervera as first
Spanish politico-military governor of Jolo. Over this Moro city was raised the Spanish flag which waved aloft until the end of Spanish rule
in the Philippines.

Moro Sultan Leases Sabah to British North Borneo Company. Dismayed by the loss of his capital city and in sore need of funds
to carry on resistance to the Spanish invasion of his sultanate, Sultan Jamalil A'lam leased on January 22, 1878 his territory of Sabah
(North Borneo) to Mr. Alfred Dent and Baron Gustave Von Overbeck, owners of the trading company called the British North Borneo
Company. Mr. Dent was a British trader while Baron Von Overbeck was an Austrian consul in Hongkong-

According to the Deed of January 22, 1878, Sultan Jamalul A'lam leased permanently to the British North Borneo Company for
an annual rental of 5,000 Malayan dollars (increased in 1903 to 5,300 Malayan dollars). This territory of Sabah was ceded by the sultan
of Brunei on 1704 to the sultan of Jolo out of gratitude for the services rendered by the Taosug warriors in suppressing a rebellion in the
Brunci sultanate.

End of the Moro Wars. After Malcampo's conquest of Jolo, the Spanish authorities turned their efforts toward another goal - the
conquest of Mindanao. In 1886, ten years after the fall of Jolo, Governor General Emilio Torrero led the invasion forces of Spaniards and
Christian Filipino allies to Cotabato in order to subdue the defiant Moro Maguindanaoans. He was opposed by Datu Utto, who swore by
his kris that no Spaniard would conquer Cotabato. Torrero's forces destroyed some kutas (forts) of Datu Utto by artillery bom- bardments,
but failed to crush Utto's warriors. After suffering heavy casualties, Governor Torero returned to Manila.

In 1891 Governor General Valeriano Weyler, the "Butcher of Cuba", with stronger forces, invaded Lanao and Cotabato. On
August 21, 1891, he won the First Battle of Marawi in Lanao Lake, but the valiant Datu Amai Pakpak, defender of Marawi, was able to
escape and recruited more warriors who fought with greater fury against the invaders. Failing to conquer Lanao, Weyler attacked
Cotabato but again he failed to conquer it because of the fierce resistance of Datu Ali Jimbangan and his formidable krismen.

Four years later (1895) another governor general, Ramon Blanco, invaded the Lanao Lake region. This time the Spanish
invasion forces were reinforced by four steel steam gunboats which were carried overland in various parts from Mindanao's coast to Lake
Lanao, where they were assembled and launched at the lake. Under cover of the barrages of the gunboats' artillery, Blanco's troops
assaulted Marawi on March 10, 1895. In the ensuing Second Battle of Marawi, the Moro defenders under Amai Pakpak's command
fought like tigers, but they were routed by Spain's superior firepower, and the heroic Amai Pakpak perished in action. Like Torrero and
Weyler before him, Blanco won his battle, but failed to conquer Lanao. To avenge the fall of Marawi and the death of Amai Pakpak, the
enraged Moro warriors proclaimed a jihad (holy war), forcing Blanco to halt the campaign and return to Manila.

The last Spanish attempt to conquer Mindanao occurred in February 1898 when General Buille took the field in Cotabato and
withdrew after a few days of fighting. Then came the Peace Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898) which ended Spanish rule in the
Philippines. After more than three centuries of bitter warfare, Spain had failed to conquer the Moroland.

Arabic Influences in the Philippines. Arabia had left her enduring imprint on the life and culture of the Muslim Filipinos of
Mindanao and Sulu. Her greatest legacy is Islam. With it came the sultanate form of government, together with the titles of political
dignitaries, such as sultan (supreme ruler) raja muda (heir apparent), dayang (princess), kali (judge), and wazir (prime minister); the
Arabic alphabet; the system of jurisprudence based on Qu'ranic Law; the Arabic calendar and Islamic holidays; the Arabic arts, including
the Maranao sarimanok and Taosug okil designs in decorative art and the Arabesque architectural style of the mosques with their bulbous
minarets; a new method of warfare which made use of firearms, artillery (lantaka), kuta (fort), and war-boat (vinta); and certain Islamic
customs and practices, notably polygamy, divorce, slavery, prohibi- tion of eating pork, abstinence from drinking wines, giving of alms
(sakat) to the poor, and pilgrimage to Mecca (Islam's holiest city).

Of unique interest is the written legal code, called Luwaran (Selection), among the Muslim Filipinos of Mindanao. Compiled by
learned Muslim scholars during the early times, it was written in Arabic and has 85 sections. It embodies selected laws from Arabic
sources, such as the Minhaj, Taqreebu-l-Ubtifa, Fathu-l-Qareeb, and Miratul-Tullab, and the local customs and traditions.

A kali administers justice based on the Luwaran. All litigants and witnesses take their oaths upon the Qu'ran (Koran). Until the
present time the Muslim Filipinos bring their cases involving family quarrels, divorce, abduction, and rape to their local courts called
agama.

The calendar of the Muslim Filipinos is lunar; hence it is shorter by eleven days than the Gregorian calendar. The Muslim months
are Muharram (January), Safar (February), Rabia I (March), Rabia II (April), Jumada I (May), Jumada II (June), Rajab (July), Shaban
(August), Ramadan (September), Shawwal (October), Zu'lkadah (November), and Zu'lhijjan (December). The Muslim days are Isnin
(Monday), Salasa (Tuesday), Albaa (Wednesday), Hammis (Thursday), Diumaat (Friday), Sabtu (Saturday), and Ahad (Sunday). To all
Filipino Muslims, Diumaat (Friday) is a day of obligation, during which all Muslims are required to attend religious services in the mosque.
 The Muslim feast days or religious holidays are the following: (1) Asura, the 19th day of Muharram, commemorating the last day
of the Great Deluge when Noah's Ark landed on a mountain near Mecca; (2) Maulud, the 12 days of Rabia I celebrating the birthday of
Prophet Muhammad, Islamic version of the Christian Christmas Day; (3) Hijhara, the first day of Jumada II, Muslim New Year's Day,
commemorating Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina; (4) Mi- irad, the 27th day of Rajab, commemorating the day when the Prophet
Muhammad was called to heaven by Allah; (5) Nipso, the 15th day of Shaban, Muslim version of the Christian All Saint's Day, when all
believers decorate the graves and pray for the dead; (6) Hariraya Puasa, the 1st day of Shawwal, Muslim Thanksgiving Day, celebrating
the end of the 30-day Fast of the Ramadan; and (7) Hariraya Ad-ha, the 10th day of Zulhijjah, commemorating the time when Abraham
obeyed God's command to sacrifice his own son Ismael.

Arabia enriched the literature of the Muslim Filipinos. The Maranao epics, including the Maranao Darangan, the Maguindanaon
Indarapatra and Sulayman, and the Taosug Parang-Sabil were inspired by the stirring Arabian Nights of Caliph Haroun al-Raschid's court
in Baghdad. From Arabia came the Taosug drama, Mauleed en Nabi, which portrays the life of Prophet Muhammad as a child. Other
forms of literature, also Islam-inspired, are the tutul (folktales), the tubad-tubad (love poems), the sowai-sowai-i (comedies), the pananaro-
on (proverbs), the manga antoka (riddles), and the ida-ida (children's songs) of the Maranaos and the kata-kata (tales of adventure), the
kissa (ballads), and the pagsindil (musical comedies) of the Taosugs of Sulu.

Filipino, the national language of the Philippines, is sprinkled with Arabic words, among which are the following

More Arabic words are found in the native languages and dialects of the Maranaos, Maguindanaons, Taosugs, and other Muslim
Fili- pinos in Southern Philippines because they were the ones who bore the brunt of Islam's impact. They had also assumed Arabic
names, such as Abdullah (Servant of God), Abdul Malik (Servant of the King), Hakim (Wise), Hassan (Fine), Ahmad (Praiseworthy),
Ja'far (Big Stream), Jamil (Handsome), Layla (Night), Mustafa (Chosen by God), Nakib (Noble), Salim (Secure), Salima (female form of
Salim), and Zamrud (Emerald).

Arabia also enriched the music lore of both Muslim and Christian Filipinos. Some of the gorgeous folk dances performed by the
Bayanihan, Filipinescas, and other Philippine folk dance troupes in America, Mexico, Spain, England, France, Russia, and other foreign
countries, are of Arabic origin. Among them are Kapil sa Munsala, a Maranao handkerchief dance; Singkil, a Maranao royal bamboo
dance; and Kandingan, a Taosug wedding dance.

In early times Arab missionaries and traders married Filipino women, especially the daughters of noble families in Mindanao
and Sulu. Such Arab-Filipino inter-marriages invigorated the native racial stock. According to Professor Beyer, about 2% of the Filipino
people have Arabic blood.

Chapter 12 RELATIONS WITH THE CHINESE AND JAPANESE

PHILIPPINE RELATIONS WITH the Chinese and Japanese which began during pre-Magellanic times, continued throughout
the Spanish period. At the beginning of their rule, the Spanish authorities cultivated the goodwill and friendship of both Chinese and
Japanese in order to retain their valuable economic services and to preserve Manila's lucrative trade with China and Japan. However,
distrust and suspicion marred the Spanish policy. At various times the Philippines was rocked by Chinese and Japanese uprisings which
were suppressed at the heavy cost of many human lives and much property damage.

First Sino-Spanish Contact. As early as in 1521, Magellan found Chinese wares brought by Chinese traders who came to the
Philip- pines long before his arrival on Philippine shores. He actually saw Chinese porcelain wares and gongs in Masao and Cebu, but
he never met any Chinese traders.

The first recorded contact between Chinese and Spaniards was on May 8, 1570 off the coast of Mindoro.' On that day the Span-
ish expedition, led by Marshal Martin de Goiti, happened to stop in Mindoro on its way to Maynilad. At that time two Chinese trading junks
were at anchor off Mindoro. The Chinese traders, thinking that approaching Spanish vessels were going to attack them, resisted by firing
rockets and culverins. A sea fight ensued, in which Goiti captured both Chinese junks.

Upon finding out that the Chinese were peaceful traders, not hostile enemies, Goiti set them free and returned their cargoes of
trade goods. After the incident, he proceeded to Maynilad and captured it, after a furious battle against Raha Sulayman and his warriors.
In this captured city-kingdom, Goiti found 40 Chinese settlers who were married to native women.

The following year (1571); Legazpi occupied Maynilad without any resistance, rebuilt it into a Spanish city, and welcomed trade
with China. This time he found 150 Chinese in the city.

Trade with China. Because Legazpi (first Spanish governor general) and his immediate successors favored Sino-Philippine
trade, many trading junks from China came to the Philippines every year. It was recorded that about 30 to 40 Chinese junks anchored at
Manila Bay in March each year, bringing silk textiles, porcelain wares, live fowls, etc. These goods were transferred to the Parian, where
they were sold to Filipinos and Spaniards.