PAPER

SPATIAL

Supporting lecturer:

Faiz Urfan S.pd., M.pd

Compiled By:

M. Mahfud : 200405031
Sri Rahayu : 200405015
Blue sky : 200405060
Silvia Azzahra : 200405063
Algae Princess Siti Raihani : 200405016
T. Anggereny Puspitasari : 200405043

GEOGRAPHY STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

OCEAN UNIVERSITY

FACING. 2023-2024

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 FOREWORD

We give praise and gratitude to ALLAH STW for His blessings, guidance and
bounty which have provided ease, smoothness and blessings so that we can complete the
paper entitled "SPATIAL Salawat and salaam to the Prophet Muhammad SAW, his
family and companions.

We really hope that this paper can increase the knowledge and experience of
readers. In fact, we hope even further that readers can put this paper into practice in their
daily lives.

We as authors feel that there are still many shortcomings in preparing this paper
due to our limited knowledge and experience. For this reason, we really hope for
constructive criticism and suggestions from readers for the perfection of this paper.

Langsa, September
2023

Group 01

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD i

LIST OF CONTENTS ii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION iii

A. Background 1
B. Problem Formulation 2
C. Objective 2
D. Benefit 2

CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION 3

A. Spatial understanding 4
B. Spatial thinking 5

CHAPTER 3 CLOSING

A. Conclusion 8

B. Saran 8

BIBLIOGRAPHY 9

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND

According to general geographic terms, spatial is the entire surface of the

earth which is the biosphere layer where plants, animals and humans live.
Meanwhile, according to the term regional geography, spatial is an area that has
geographic boundaries, namely boundaries based on physical, social or
governmental conditions that occur on part of the earth's surface and the soil
layer below, as well as the air layer above it. Spatial implementation in everyday
life is used to determine the distribution of existing space usage, and provide
space that will be used or utilized for various designed uses. This space is used in
such a way for human benefit. The positive and negative impacts of the existence
of such spaces are always linked to current and future human interests
Spatial thinking or spatial thinking is one type of multiple intelligence.
Multiple intelligences are types of intelligence possessed by each individual
(Gardner, 2003). Spatial thinking is a way of thinking to find meaning from the
shape, size, orientation, location and direction of an object, process or
phenomenon. Spatial thinking uses space as a means to find answers and find
solutions. (National Research Council, 2006). There are three main elements in
spatial thinking, namely: spatial concepts, representation tools, and reasoning
processes (National Research Council, 2006). The concept of space can be
interpreted as a location, for example an area prone to landslides. Spatial
representation tools are tools that describe spatial phenomena, for example maps
of landslide-prone areas. Meanwhile, the reasoning process is the meaning and
analysis of interactions between spaces obtained from representation tools.
Spatial thinking skills are really needed in certain fields or professions,
but there is not much discussion about it and the terms are not yet familiar.
Although advanced spatial thinking abilities are only for certain fields or

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professions, spatial thinking also helps solve and find solutions in everyday life.
For example, when assembling something and reading an instruction book, there
is a process of changing information from the images in the instruction book and
then projecting it into three dimensions. This also has different levels, the
instructions for installing the cupboard are certainly much easier than the
instructions for installing the flyover. Therefore, although spatial thinking skills
are more often used by experts in certain professions, lay people also need to
master them.
Spatial thinking can be applied to everyday life and science, therefore
spatial thinking skills need to be developed (National Research Council, 2006).
People who have spatial intelligence have special characteristics. The special
characteristics of spatial intelligence are understanding direction, carrying out
thought processes, and using three dimensions to design things (Geospatial
Information Agency, 2015). For several fields of work, such as scientists,
architects, engineers or mathematicians, the ability to think spatially is an
important asset. experts rely on scientific sources, and sometimes analytical
methods to solve problems. But experts are more likely to need spatial thinking
skills to solve new types of problems. Each person's level of thinking ability is
different, but just like other abilities, spatial thinking abilities can be trained and
developed. There are lots of lessons that contain spatial thinking skills training in
them.
Therefore, spatial thinking skills are important to learn. One of the
subjects that contains material on spatial thinking skills is geography. One of the
materials that is identical to spatial thinking in geography lessons is map reading
skills (Kastens, 2001). Some of the skills contained in spatial thinking include
direction, distance, geographical characteristics and patterns (Gilmartin, 1984).
The ability to read maps is useful in asking geographical questions consisting of;
organize, collect, and analyze geographic information; as well as interpreting and
communicating geographic processes and patterns that are crucial for the
development of 21st century science (Bednarz, 2013). Map reading material can
be found in many high school geography materials, one of which is natural

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 disaster mitigation. In mitigation material in relation to spatial thinking skills, it
is hoped that students will be able to compare similarities or differences in an
area, be able to show the uniqueness or relationship of an area to the area around
it, be able to identify places that have similarities and classify them as one unit.
In order to achieve the goal of improving spatial thinking skills, it is necessary to
use appropriate and effective learning methods.

B. Formulation of the problem

What is meant by spatial action?
C. Objective
a. Knowing what Spatial Thinking really is
b. Know how to use spatial technology
D. Benefit
1. Practical Benefits

This research can be used as a source of information and reference in activities

Learning to Teach (KBM) about improving effortsspatial thinking learnersby
using learning methodsexample non example dan picture and picture.

2. Theoretical Benefits

a. Can provide input for the development of geography learning methods as a

comparison to improvespatial thinking learners.
b. Can be used as a reference source for research in similar fields in the future

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 BAB II
DISCUSSION
1) Spatial Understanding

Spatial thinking can be applied to everyday life and science, therefore

spatial thinking skills need to be developed (National Research Council, 2006).
People who have spatial intelligence have special characteristics. The special
characteristics of spatial intelligence are understanding direction, carrying out
thought processes, and using three dimensions to design things (Geospatial
Information Agency, 2015). For several fields of work, such as scientists,
architects, engineers or mathematicians, the ability to think spatially is an
important asset. experts rely on scientific sources, and sometimes analytical
methods to solve problems. But experts are more likely to need spatial thinking
skills to solve new types of problems. Each person's level of thinking ability is
different, but just like other abilities, spatial thinking abilities can be trained and
developed. There are lots of lessons that contain spatial thinking skills training in
them.
Spatial thinking is a way of thinking that includes knowledge, skills, and
habits of thinking that use spatial concepts, tools that present space, and the
process of providing spatial reasons (NRC (National Research Council), 2006).
Spatial thinking is a way of thinking that has many benefits and is widely used in
various scientific disciplines to solve everyday problems (National Research
Council, 2006). Spatial thinking is at the core of theory and practice related to
geography (Huynh & Sharpe, 2013). The spatial thinking referred to in
geography is in several ways different from spatial thinking in other fields.

2) Spatial Thinking
The concept of spatial thinking (spatial thinking) is broader than spatial
ability even though the two are interrelated. According to (National, 2006)
spatial thinking is one form of thinking among other forms of thinking, such as
verbal, logical, statistical, hypothetical and so on. Spatial thinking itself is a set

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of cognitive abilities, consisting of three elements, namely space, tools (tools),
and the process of thought or consideration (resonance process). Spatial thinking
can be studied and taught in various areas of education. The importance of
spatial thinking conveyed in education was conveyed by (National, 2006),
namely:
1. Spatial thinking is a collection of cognitive skills. Iwan Setiawan, The
Role of Geographic Information Systems.
2. Spatial thinking is integrated in everyday life. People, natural objects,
man-made objects make up space and interactions between people and objects
must be understood in the context of location, distance, direction, shape and
pattern.
3. Spatial thinking is very strong in solving problems by managing,
transforming and analyzing data, especially complex and large volume data and
communicating the results of this process to oneself and others.
4. Spatial thinking has become a daily activity for experts and
developers, and has supported many scientific and technical breakthroughs. 5.
Spatial thinking is a skill that everyone can and should learn.6. Spatial thinking
develops uniquely for each person depending on one's experience, education and
inclinations.
(Wong, 2001) Or Spatial PatternsSpatial Pattern is something that shows
the placement or arrangement of objects on the surface of the earth. Any changes
in spatial patterns will illustrate spatial processes indicated by environmental or
cultural factors. The spatial pattern of a geographic object is the result of
physical or social processes at a location on the earth's surface. Then spatial
patterns become a statistical concept, when these patterns show how
geographical objects are distributed at a certain time. Spatial patterns explain
how geographical phenomena are distributed and how they compare with other
phenomena. In this case, spatial statistics is a tool that is widely used to describe
and analyze spatial patterns, namely how geographic objects occur and change in
a location. Apart from that, you can also compare object patterns in one location
with object patterns found in other locations.

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 According to (Pujadi, 2007) the learning model is one of the factors that
significantly influences learning motivation. (Dewi et al., 2014) stated that a
learning model that involves the participation of all students is an example non
example learning model. Learning modelexample non example is a group
learning model with the help of interesting pictures and in accordance with the
scope of the learning material. The use of appropriate and interesting images will
reduce the teacher's dominance in learning activities and indirectly students can
construct their own knowledge. This model also involves student activity and
cooperation in learning, namely students holding group discussions and
presenting the results of their discussions. This is supported by research
conducted (Rusman, 2014)
conclude thatModel Example Non Example using images as a medium
used in learning, to increase students' understanding of concepts by displaying
images to make students interested in learning. In line with research conducted
by (Sihombing, 2015) it is stated that the Example Non Example learning model
can improve students' ability to learn effectively and effectively.
The example non example model is a group investigation approach in
cooperative learning which is designed to influence student interaction patterns
and improve academic results. This type of learning is an alternative to the
traditional classroom learning model and requires the rest to help each other.
The Picture and Picture Learning Model is a learning model using image
media in the learning process, namely by installing/arranging pictures into a
logical sequence. Through this method, it is hoped that students will be able to
think logically so that learning becomes meaningful (Arini, 2009).
Spatial patterns explain how geographical phenomena are distributed and
how they compare with other phenomena. In this case, spatial statistics is a tool
that is widely used to describe and analyze spatial patterns, namely how
geographic objects occur and change in a location. Apart from that, you can also
compare object patterns in one location with object patterns found in other
locations.

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 Spatial analysis can be carried out using various techniques with the help
of statistics and graphical information systems, the interaction of attributes with
geographic data to increase the accuracy of interpretation and prediction of
spatial analysis chapter 2015. Spatial analysis carried out in sheets can build
geographical data and the resulting information will be more informative than
existing data. collected unorganized according to the final needs of the intelligent
geospatial technique chosen to implement with the selection. This geospatial
technique will determine the classification and analysis methods that will be
used. The word analysis itself refers to data mining and data manipulation, while
spatial analysis refers to the start of statistical analysis based on underlying
patterns and processes. This is a kind of geographic analysis that explains
patterns. Human characteristics and spatial appearance in terms of geostics and
geometrics, known as location, this analysis involves statistical and marpolation
techniques that can be linked to certain geographic data bases.

⮚ Types of spatial analysis

In spatial analysis, there are several types of social analysis, but in all types of
spatial analysis, location is very important. In general, spatial analysis is a group
of methods whose results change when the location of the object being analyzed
changes, for example calculating the number of locations in a certain domain is
spatial analysis because the output is directly based on location.
Nutrient databases calculate species locations distributions and
relationships are essentially spatial analysis a series of methods that produce
enhanced results with special species locations special relationships observed
between geometric and thematic data and attributes in the data components
identified currently all Sig software has methods designed to handles spatial and
position data linked to features and other details of both special and non-special
characters 2001.
The range of methods used for spatial analysis varies depending on the
type of data method used. Measurement of the length, perimeter and area of a

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feature is a very common requirement in social analysis, but different methods
are used to make measurements based on the type of data used. IC vector or
raster measurements are not will always be appropriate because digital features
on a map may not be completely similar to features on the ground and moreover
in the case of raster features they are thought of using a grid cell representation
(elwebster, 2007)

Many methods can be linked to GIS software and the most applicable
methods will be discussed in this chapter such as the distance weighting
method.inverse distance making methodinverse about natural neighbors,spline,
kringing, and TPU to raster. Forms of data distribution in spatial patterns,
including:
a) Random: several areas are located randomly in several locations. The
position of an area is not affected by the position of other areas.
b) Dispersed : each area is evenly located and far from other areas.
c) Clustered : several areas form a group and are close to each other.

Table 1. Core concepts of spatial thinking suggested by Gersmehl and

Gersmehl (2007), Golledge, Marsh, and Battersby (2008), and Janelle and
Goodchild (2009).

Gersmehl and Golledge et al Janelle and

Gersmehl (2007) (2008) Goodchild (2009)

Condition Identity Objects and Fields

Location Location Location
Connection Connection Network
Distance Distance
Scale Scale

Comparison Matching Pattern Environment and Region

Aura Buffer
Region Proximity
Classification

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 Hierarchy Gradient, Profile
Transition Coordinate
Analogues

by By the way,
Setup, Distribution,
Order,
Order

Spatial Planning Spatial Planning Association, Spatial Dependency,

Association Overlay / Overlap, Spatial heterogeneity
Interpolation
Projection, Transformation

Based on the components of spatial thinking proposed by the AAG (Association

of American Geographers) as quoted by Gersmehl and Gersmehl, Golledge et al,
and Janelle and Goodchild explain that these three concepts are very relevant to
the concept of spatial thinking. Spatial thinking is a thinking process to obtain
meaning from a shape, orientation, size, direction of location or trajectory,
phenomenon and position.

5 Characteristics of Spatial Intelligence

1. Understand visuals

A person with spatial abilities can remember just one look and remember the
shape and complete details of an object.

2. Understanding

For example, when someone finds it easier to judge the distance between where
they are standing and a certain object.

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3. Likes design activities

Through design activities, a person learns various things related to judgment and
creativity. Someone with spatial intelligence will usually enter the world of art,
architecture, design.

4. Understand the situation

Someone with spatial intelligence knows the surrounding conditions. He will

easily remember the information around him quickly.

5. Ability to read graphic information

Someone with spatial intelligence can detect certain shapes that have visual
information.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

CONCLUSION

One measure of the impact of new ideas in geography education is how well they
are incorporated into everyday practice. Spatial thinking skills are not actually a new
idea in geography education; Spatial analysis has long been one of its core traditions but
the use of the term is new and only just starting to come into widespread use. Spatial
thinking ability is the use of spatial concepts such as distance, direction and area;
representational tools such as maps and graphs; along with appropriate thought
processes, to conceptualize and solve problems. The goal of this article is to help
teachers incorporate spatial thinking into their instruction through a concrete tool, a
taxonomy of spatial thinking, applied to tried and true pedagogical inquiry strategies,
both in texts and in classroom contexts. Our central premise is that students' spatial
thinking can, and should, be facilitated by the careful design, selection, and use
of questions. Conclusion spatial thinking is a new Yet fundamental geographical skill
that can and should be implemented in schools students can learn how to think spatially
through questions that align with the key components of Spatial thinking. One way
geography teachers can facilitate students' special thinking practices is by using
questions that stimulate students' thinking.

SUGGESTION

It is necessary to develop spatial thinking evaluation tool designers so that

students are able to solve the most essential problems of geography lessons with a
conceptual approach

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Scholz, MA, Huynh, NT, Brysch, CP, & Scholz, RW 2014. Evaluation of University
World Geography Textbook Questions for the Spatial Thinking Component.
Journal of Geography, 113(5), 208–219

Jo, I., Bednarz, S., & Metoyer, S. 2010. Selecting and Designing Questions to
Facilitate Spatial Thinking. The Geography Teacher, 7(2), 49–55.

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