FINALS: CONTEMPORARY WORLD the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian

Nations) Free Trade Area (AFTA)

LESSON 6: THE WORLD OF REGIONS
Geography - Relationship between places
• Physical Geography
• Human Geography
• Regional Geography
REGIONALISM
• Pursuit for common identity, aims, and goals.
• Shared values and structures of existing within a
geographical location
• Regionalism is a key concept in human
geography denoting mobilization of cultural,
economic, and political sub-national divisions.
• Large territories (counties, provinces, countries
(which share a set of attributes)
• Dynamic
• Created by people
• Set of principles and beliefs leading to the
formation of regions
• Top-down approach
• The persistence of regionalism as a cultural and
political form reaffirms the importance of the
making (and unmaking) of territorial
boundaries.
• It is concerned with emphasizing the moral
particularity of a population bounded by
territory and with valorizing regional culture as
a means to create regional identity.
• Topophilia - existence of affective bonds
between a people and place or setting
• Geographic proximity but also on increasing
economic interdependence, relatively
homogenous political structures (e.g.,
democracy), and shared cultural and political
traditions.
• Classification
o Level of institutional integration
▪ “tight” regionalism -
▪ “loose” regionalism
o Treatment of non-members
▪ Open forms vs Closed forms
• Supporters of economic regionalism have tried
to promote the development of open and tight
regionalism and to minimize closed and loose
regionalism.
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
• European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
• European Union (EU)
• Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
• Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN)
THE GLOBAL DIVIDES
• Global disparities between developed and
developing countries
• The tension was caused by the issue of slavery
• Socio-economic and political division
The Brandt Line: 1980s

Economic Regionalism

• Institutional arrangements designed

to facilitate the free flow of goods and services
and to coordinate foreign economic policies
between countries in the same geographic
region.
• Manage the opportunities and constraints
created by the dramatic increase in The concept of a gap between the Global North and the Global
South in terms of development and wealth.
international economic ties since the end
of World War II. In the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as a way of
showing the how the world was geographically split into
• European Community (1957) and the European relatively richer and poorer nations.
Union (EU; 1993)—and the European Free Trade
Association (EFTA; 1960).
• EU, the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), and
North and South Divide
• Gap in terms of development and wealth.
• DEFINITION
o Cold war VS post cold war
Global North
• North America, Western Europe, Australia,
Japan
• Economy is based on major businesses,
commerce and finance
• Manufacturing factories that dealt with textiles,
lumber, clothing, machinery
• Biggest business was in railroad construction
Global South
• Africa, Latin America and developing Asia
including the Middle East
• Economy was based on cotton production which
depended on slave labor
• Weak and vulnerable because it depended
entirely on cotton
• Lacks appropriate technology, no political
stability, disarticulated economies, earnings are
highly dependent on export
North and South Divide
• Income distribution
o When liberalization or market occurs,
most south lost competition
o Transport/ migration of people from
South to North
• Economic Competitiveness
o Well functioning public and private
institutions
o Stable Economic Framework
o Infrastructure
• Standard of Living
o Lack of trade and aid
o Single crop farming
o Debt
• Differences between the North and South
o Political
o Economic
o Social
• As nations become economically developed,
they become part of the North regardless of
geographical location
• The North mostly covers the West and the 1st
World, mostly Second World
4 WORLDS MODEL
1st World
• refers to the co-called developed, capitalist,
industrial countries.
• A bloc of countries who aligns with the US after
WW II
• Common political and economic interests
• North America, Western Europe, Japan and
Australia
2nd World
• Refers to the former communist-socialist,
industrial states
• Eastern bloc – sphere of influence of the union
of soviet socialist republic
• Russia, Eastern Europe (Poland), Turk States
(Kazakhstan), China
3rd World
• refers to countries that suffer from low
economic development, high levels of poverty,
low utilization of natural resources and
dependence on industrialized nations
• Developing and technologically less advanced
nations of Asia, Africa, Oceania and Latin
America
• Large foreign debt
4th World
• Was concocted at a later time as an extension of
the developing Third World
• Describes places and populations characterized
by extremely low income per capita
• Consists of those excluded from the mainstream
society
o Aboriginal tribes in South America or
Australia are entirely self-sufficient but
 do not participate in the
global economy.
o The term became synonymous with
stateless, poor, and marginal nations
Reasons for Inequality
• Colonialism
• Trade
• Debt
Development Gap
• Countries tend to develop faster than the others
• Many Asian countries are quick to develop while
many African countries are slow
Asian Regionalism
• A product of economic interaction
• Outward oriented strategies, Asian economies
become richer and closer
• Helps sustain the region’s growth
• Financial Crisis
o Exposure of structural weakness, global
financial system weakness
o Opportunity for policy and institutional
reforms
o Shared interests and values. Asia has
become more integrated
o Shift of the center of gravity of global
economy, increased influence
Asian Development Model exported goods that
required intense labor
• Initially focused on labor intensive exports
• East Asian development relied on the region’s
abundant asset
• Low wage labor was used as a leverage for
savings and investments
• In many Asian countries, chain of poverty was
broken
a plan for economic growth whereby the
government invests in certain sectors of the
economy in order to stimulate the growth of
specific industries in the private sector.
LESSON 7: THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY AND THE
GLOBAL CITIES
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
• Demography is the statistical study of
populations (human beings)
• It encompass the size, structure and distribution
of these population and spatial or temporal
changes in them in response to birth, migration,
aging, and death.
• Demographic Transition – singular historical
period where mortality and fertility rates
decline in a region or country. Pace and timing
may vary across the region or country.
https://populationeducation.org/what-demographic-transition-model/
Four stages to the classical demographic model
1. Pre-Transition
2. Early Transition
3. Late Transition
4. Post Transition
Global Demography
• Industrialization and technological
advancements
• The Baby Boom in the Developing World
• Debate on the effect of population growth to
economy
• Ratio of working age to non-working age
individuals
• demographic change has created a ‘bulge’
generation, which today appears in many
countries as a large working-age population.
This cohort will eventually become a large
elderly population, in both developed and
developing countries.
Age structures across the globe
• Gap in the life expectancy between Japan and
the West
• Rapid changes in birth and death rates having a
large impact today on the age structure of the
population across the globe with much older
populations in the high income countries
Migration Global Cities Index

• Internal Migration and International Migration • The ranking is based on 27 metrics across five
• Globally, 191 million people live in countries dimensions:
other than the one in which they were born. o business activity,
• According to the UN Population Division, the o human capital,
United States will receive by far the highest o information exchange,
number of immigrants (1.1 million a year), and o cultural experience, and
China, Mexico, India, the Philippines and o political engagement.
Indonesia will be the main sources of emigrants
• Given the trend, what is do you think will the
developed countries lack that developing
countries are rich with that is needed to drive
the economy?

THE GLOBAL CITIES

• Are we living in the Global Cities?

• Does size matter?
• Do GCs only play a crucial role on the economic
growth?

The Global City

Global Cities Outlook
• "the world's biggest, most interconnected cities
help set global agendas, weather transnational • a projection of a city's potential based on rate of
dangers, and serve as the hubs of global change in 13 indicators across four dimensions:
integration. o personal well-being,
• They are the engines of growth for their o economics,
countries and the gateways to the resources of o innovation, and
their regions.” o governance.
• “World Cities” – coined by Patrick Geddes in
1915, places where world’s business was done
• That large, technologically advanced urban
areas defined the modern world. Ms. Sassen
identified Tokyo, London and New York as the
three cities that propelled the world economy
• Serve as primary nodes in the globalized
economic system
• Direct and tangible effect on global socio-
economic affairs.

Characteristics of Global Cities

• Open
• Knowledge generators
• They drive the global economy
• Cultural Hubs
• Connectivity
• Led by global thinking leaders
Globalization and World Cities Research Network The Global Cities – other indexes
(GaWC)
• Global Cities Initiative
• think tank that studies the relationships o Global Giants, Asian Anchors, Emerging
between world cities in the context Gateways, Factory China, Knowledge
of globalization (Peter J. Taylor in 1998). Capitals, American Middleweights, and
• Bi-annual categorization of world cities into International Middleweights
"Alpha", "Beta" and "Gamma" tiers, based upon • Global City Lab
their international connectedness. o Global Top 500 Cities was released in
• Alpha ++ cities are cities most integrated with New York on 27 December 2019.
the global economy: linked to MAJOR economic regions • Global Power City Index
• Alpha ++ (cities are cities most integrated with o Tokyo-based Institute for Urban
the global economy) Strategies at The Mori Memorial
o London and New York Foundation, They are ranked in six
• Alpha + (cities are highly integrated cities, filling categories: economy, research and
advanced service needs) development, cultural interaction,
o Beijing, Dubai, Hongkong, Paris, livability, environment, and accessibility
Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo • Schroders Global Cities Index
• Alpha o The British asset management
o 15 countries company Schroders ranked the
• Alpha – competitiveness of global cities.
o 26 countries (Manila City included) • The Wealth Report
• Beta (cities that link moderate economic regions o The report includes a "Global Cities
to the world economy) linked to MODERATE economic regions Survey", evaluating which cities are
• Beta + considered the most important to the
o 23 countries world's HNWIs (high-net-worth
• Beta (cities are highly integrated cities, filling individuals, having over $25 million of
advanced service needs) investable assets each
o 24 countries Some Challenges that Global Cities face
• Beta -
o 44 countries • Employment
• Gamma level cities are cities that link smaller • Environment
economic regions into the world economy • Health
• Gamma + • Food Security
o 30 countries • Social Inclusiveness
• Gamma • Elder Population
o 24 countries • Issues of OFW
• Gamma -
o 29 countries
• Sufficiency level cities are cities that have a
sufficient degree of services so as not to be
overly dependent on world cities.
• High Sufficiency
o 27 countries
• Sufficiency
o 191 countries (Cebu City included)
 LESSON 8: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD
Sustainable Development
• Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs
(Brundtland Report)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• In June 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, more than 178 countries
adopted Agenda 21.
• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
• "The Future We Want”
• 2015 was a landmark year for multilateralism
and international policy shaping, with the
adoption of several major agreements:
o Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction
o Addis Ababa Action Agenda on
Financing for Development
o Transforming our world: the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development
o Paris Agreement on Climate Change
• Comprise a global agenda to end poverty,
protect the planet, and ensure all people enjoy
peace and prosperity, a blueprint.
• Also known as the Global Goals.
• Adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a
universal call to action to end poverty, protect
the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people
enjoy peace and prosperity.
• Urgent call for action by all countries -
developed and developing - in a global
partnership.
• Recognize that ending poverty and other
deprivations must go hand-in-hand with
strategies that improve health and education,
reduce inequality, and spur economic growth –
all while tackling climate change and working to
preserve our oceans and forests.
• They recognize that action in one area will affect
outcomes in others, and that development must
balance social, economic and environmental
sustainability.
• Have committed to prioritize progress for those
who're furthest behind. The SDGs are designed
to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination
against women and girls.
• The creativity, knowhow, technology and
financial resources from all of society is
necessary to achieve the SDGs in every context.
• Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs (UNDESA)
• Division for Sustainable Development Goals
(DSDG)
• Targets and indicators
• Each goal typically has 8–12 targets, and each
target has between 1 and 4 indicators used to
measure progress toward reaching the targets.
The targets are either "outcome" targets
(circumstances to be attained) or "means of
implementation" targets.
• Review of indicators
LIST OF SDGs and indicators
• Goal 1 - End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• Goal 2 - End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
• Goal 3 - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-
being for all at all ages
• Goal 4 - Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
• Goal 5 - Achieve gender equality and empower
all women and girls
• Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all
• Goal 7 - Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all
• Goal 8 - Promote sustained, inclusive and
sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all
• Goal 9 - Build resilient infrastructure, promote
inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation
• Goal 10 - Reduce inequality within and among
countries
• Goal 11 - Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
• Goal 12- Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns
• Goal 13 - Take urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts
 • Goal 14 - Conserve and sustainably use the
oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
• Goal 15 - Protect, restore and promote
sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
• Goal 16 - Promote peaceful and inclusive
societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels
• Goal 17 - Strengthen the means of
implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development

Source: Sustainable Development Goals and Targets

(worldbank.org)