CE 323

NOTES APRIL 03 , 2024

Design of Slabs
Slab – reinforced concrete floor.
Types of Slab:

1. One-way slab – is a slab supported on two sides only, the loads carried is in the

direction perpendicular to the supporting beams. The ratio of the length of the

short span to the long span is less than 0.5.

B

A = short side
B = long side

A/B < 0.5 (one-way slab)

If A = 2m; B = 6m

A/B = 2/6 = 0.33 < 0.5 (one-way slab) – main reinforcement is along (parallel to) the short span only. Along
long span is reinforced only with temperature bars.
B temperature bars ( 10mm )

A
MAIN BARS (12mm)

2. Two-way slab – is a slab with beams on all four sides. The ratio of the length of the short
span to the long span is equal to or greater than 0.5.

MAIN IN BOTH DIRECTIONS

A/B ≥ 0.5 (TWO-WAY SLAB) -main reinforcements are in both directions.
A = 3m;B = 4m A/B = ¾ = 0.75  0.5 (TWS)

SEATWORK
Required: Tell if the slab is OWS or TWS.
3m 3m 3m 3m 2m 2m

5m S- 1 S-2 S -2 S-2 S-3 S-4

1.5m S-10 S–5 S -5 S-6 OPEN

8m
S- 7 S-8 S-8 S-8 S-9 S - 11
Design of a One-Way Slab

A
A B
---- < 0.5 or ---- > 2.0
B A B
B

ACI/NSCP Specifications for Design of One-way Slab

1. Minimum thickness of one-way slab for

for fy other than 415 MPa:

L fy
tmin = ------- [ 0.40 + ------- ] for simply supported beams
20 700

L fy
tmin = ------- [ 0.40 + -------- ] for one end continuous
24 700

L fy
tmin = ------- [ 0.40 + -------- ] for both ends continuous
28 700

L fy
tmin = ------- [ 0.40 + ------ ] for cantivered slab
10 700
Where :L = is the short span

for fy = 415 MPa

L
tmin = ------ for simply supported slab
20

L
tmin = ------- for one end continuous
24

L
tmin = ------- for both ends continuous
28

L
tmin = ------- for cantilevered slab
10

2. Minimum Covering = 20 mm
3. Minimum size of steel bars = 12 mm diameter
3. Spacing of main bars should be greater than 3t or 500m and not less than 100 mm.
4. Minimum size of temperature bars = 10 mm diameter.
5. Minimum spacing of temperature bars should not be greater than 5t or 500mm.
6. Area of temperature bars needed should not exceed the following steel ratio:

a. For garde 276 or 350 deformed bars,  = 0.020

b. For grade 400 deformed bars or welded wire fabric,  = 0.0018

c. Slabs were reinforcement with yield strength exceeds 400 MPa measured at yield strain of 35%,
 = 0.0018 x 400/fy

d. No. of bars needed in one meter width of slab = 1000/s

e. Thickness of slab should not be less than 75 mm.

f. When the slab is permanently exposed to the ground, minimu covering is 70 mm

 (clear)
Design of a one-way slab using USD:

1. Check whether the slab is one-way.

2. Solve for the minimum thickness of the slab using ACI specs.

3. Consider one meter width of the slab, calculate the loads, and the designing moments

using the ACI moment coefficients or moment distribution for continuous slabs.

SHEAR @:
wL
A = D = F = G = I = L = ------------
2
1.15 w L
C = J = ----------------
2

MOMENT @

w L2 w L2
A = L = - ----------- D =F = G =I = - ----------
24 11

w L2 w L2
B = K = ----------- E = H = ------------
14 16

w L2
C = J = - ---------
10

A B C D E F G H I J

4. Solve for the steel ratios, min, max, assume value of , and RU.

5. Designt he thickness of the slab from flexure formula.

6. Design the main bars needed and the spacing of the main and temperarture bars.

7. Check for shear.

8. Draw the details of the slab.

 EXAMPLE

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. The figure shown below is a floor framing plan of a three storey reinforced concrete

commercial building (occupancy). Live load is 2874 Pa = 2.874 kPa = 2.874 kN/m2(NSCP

2015), the floor has a 26 mm thick floor finished weighing 20 kN/m3 and the slabs are

supported by beams. Using fc’ = 17 MPa and fy = 345 MPa, design the slab.

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

5m 5m
Solution:

Consider one-meter width of the slab and assume the slab to be a continuous beam whose width b = 1m,
and calculate designing moment using ACI moment coefficients:
1m width
discontinuous end
S-1 S-1
2m
Continuous end
2m S -2 S-2
Continuous end
2m S-2 S-2
continuous end
2m S-2 S-2
continuous end
2m S-1 S-1
discontinuous end

5m 5m

1-METER LOAD DIAGRAM OF THE SLAB ( b = 1m = 1000mm).

b = 1m
wu = total ultimate uniform load (kN/m)
S–1 S-2 S-2 S-2 S-1

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
1. Calculate minimum thickness (for fy other than 415MPa), L =A = 2m =2000 mm (short span)

S – 1: A/B = 2/5 = 0.4 < 0.5 (OWS)

L
tmin = ------- [ 0.4 + fy/700] for one end continuous
24

2000
tmin = --------[ 0.4 + 345/700]
24
tmin = 75 mm

S – 2: A/B = 2/5 = 0.4 (OWS)

L
tmin = ------- [ 0.4 + fy/700] both ends continuous
28
2000
tmin = --------[ 0.40 + 345/700]
28
tmin = 65 mm

Therefore use tmin = 75 (biggest value among the two computed above)

Note: minimum thickness of slab should be 75mm.

If tmin < 75mm, use t = 75mm

Final: t = 75mm = 0.075m

2. Compute total ultimate uniform loads carried by the slab.

Note: slab is assumed to carry distributed uniform load only all throughout the span.

WDL = wt of slab + wt of floor finished

WDL = (t)(b)(unit wt of conc) + (thickness of floor finished)(b)(unit wt of floor finished)
WDL = (0.075m)(1m)(24kN/m3) + (0.026m)(1m)(20kN/m3)
WDL = 1.8 + 0.52
WDL = 2.32 kN/m

WLL = LL(b) = (2.874 kN/m2) (1m)

WLL = 2.874 kN/m

WU = 1.4 WDL + 1.7WLL = 1.4(2.32) +1.7(2.874)

Wu = 8.1338 kN/m

3. Solve for the steel ratios,

min =1.4/fy =1.4/345 = 0.00406
max = 0.75 [0.85(0.85)(17) /345] [600/(600+345)] = 0.016953
assume value of =max/2 = 0.0084765 and
Ru = fy ( 1 – 0.59  fy / fc’ )
Ru = 0.0084765(345)[ 1 – 0.59(0.0084765)345/17)]
Ru = coefficient of resistance =2.63 MPa

4. Designing moment using ACI moment coefficient on page 4.

S–1
Left: Mu = - Wu L2 /24 = - 8.1338(2)2/24
Mu = - 1.36 kN.m (negative sign indicates top bars)

Midspan: Mu = Wu L2 / 14 = 8.1338(2)2/14
Mu = 2.32 kN.m

Right: Mu = -Wu L2/10 = - 8.1338(2)2/10

Mu =-3.25 kN.m

S-2
Left/Right: Mu = - Wu L2 /11
Mu = -2.96 kN.m
 Midspan: Mu = WuL2 / 16
Mu = 2.03 kN.m

Therefore use Mu = 3.25 kN.m(biggest value among the computed Mu above)

5. Design depth of slab:

d =  Mu/Ru b (where: Mu = biggest value above ; b = 1000mm;  = 0.9)

d = 3.25 (106)/0.9( 2.63)(1000)
d = 37.05mm

Actual t = d + ½ b + 20 (where: b = main bar 12mm; minimum covering = 20mm slab)

t = 37.05 + ½(12) + 20
t = 63.05mm

If t < tmin computed in number 1, then use tmin or use always the bigger value.

Final t = 75mm
Final d = t – ½(b) + 20 = 75 – ½(12) – 20
d =49mm

6. Design main bars.

Mu =  Ru b d2
3.25(106) = 0.90 Ru (1000)(49)2
Ru = 1.50 MPa

 = 0.85(fc’) / fy [ 1 -  1 – 2Ru/0.85fc’]
 = 0.004600480992  min = 1.4/fy = 0.00405
Therefore use the computed value of .

Where: Mu = designing ultimate moment from step 4, maximum Mu fom S-1 or S-2.
d = final depth as determined from step 5.
b = 1000mm
Ru = Mu/bd2
Ru = ?
0.85fc’
 = --------- [ 1 -  1 – (2Ru/0.85fc’)
Fy
=?
As =  b d = 0.00460048099(1000mm)(49)
As = 225.42 mm2

S = spacing of main bars in every 1-m width

S = [(A12 /As)]1000 where: A12 = (/4)(12)2 = 113.10mm2

S = [113.10/225.42]1000 = 501.73 mm

NSCP Specs:

1. S = 3t = 3(75) = 225mm
2. S = 500mm (maximum)
:
Therefore use:

S = 225mm (smallest value among the s computed above)

Design of temperature bars:

Ast = 0.002 b t where: b = 1000mm; t = ? (governs from step 5)
Ast = 0.002(1000)(75) = 150mm

S = spacing of temperature bars

S = (A10/Ast)/1000 where: A10 = (/4)(10)2 =78.54 mm2
S = [78.54.150]1000 = 523.6mm
 NSCP SPECS:
1.s = 5t = 5(75) = 375mm
2. s = 500mm

Therefore use:
S = 375mm (smallest value)
7. Details: Label the drawing below.

A/4(top bars)
A = 2m
bottom bars

A/4 (top bars)

temp bars main bars

2. Design a one-way slab to carry a service live load of 10 kPa. Use fc’ = 21 mPa and fy =

w (L1 + L2)2
2
350 MPa. Use MA = MD = - wL2/11 and MB = MC = - ------------------- and midspan
11
moments is wL2/16.

3.6m 4.0 m

From ACI Codes:

1. If the span of the slab are not equal, then L2 – L1 ≤ 20%L1.

LL
2. --------  3.0
LL
Design of a Two-Way Slab

Condition: If A / B ≥ 0.50 or B / A ≤ 2.0.

B

Steps in designing two-way slab:

1. Check for A/B.

Perimeter
2. Calculate the minimum thickness of the slab using the formula, tmin = ---------------
2A+2B 180
tmin = --------
180
A+B
tmin = ------------
 90

3. Consider one meter width of the slab and solve the ultiomate loads.

4. Calculate the designing moment using the formula:

Along short span :

Mu = cac wu A2 (continuous edge)

Mu = caDL wuDL A2 + caLL wuLL A2 (midspan)

Mu = 1/3 positive momnent at the midspan

Along the long span :

Mu = cbc wu B2 (continuous edge)

Mu = cbDL wuDL B2 + cbLL wuLL B2 (midspan)

Mu = 1/3 positive moment at the midspan

Use the biggest value of Mu as the designing moment.

5. Design the depth of the section from flexure.

6. Compute the spacing of the main bars. Spacing of the main bars within the

column strip is 1.5 times the spacing at the center strip.

7. Check for shear.

8. Draw the deatails.

Exercises

1. Design a two-way slab of the given floor framing plan. The slab carries a total live load

of 4792 Pa and ha s40 mm thick floor finish weighing 479 N/m3. Use fc’ = 21 MPa and fy

= 345 MPa.

5m S1

6m S2 OPEN

3m

2m 4m 2m