TOPIC THE COLD WAR

How did the Cold War period shape

international relations
after World War II?
These slides give all the illustrations from
Topic 1 of the Grade 12 History book, in
colour where possible. However, the
illustrations are not given in exactly the
same order as the illustrations in the book.
These illustrations are ordered so that a
teacher can follow a logical lecture format.
The illustrations in the book
are ordered for effective
page layouts, and often to
accompany the first mention
of a particular person.

www.theanswer.co.za
 left-wing
country right-wing

redistribution of accumulation
assets of assets

Each country usually contains both

left-wing and right-wing ideas
(which conflict)

www.theanswer.co.za See page 3

 Canada Iceland Norway East Germany
Denmark Poland
Poland
UK

West Germany France Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia

Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Hungary

Hungary
Romania
Romania
Italy Portugal
Bulgaria Albania
Greece Turkey Spain Bulgaria
Albania

THE WESTERN BLOC THE EASTERN BLOC

THE TWO SIDES OF THE COLD WAR

www.theanswer.co.za See page 3

 THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

www.theanswer.co.za See page 4

 G&T
left-wing
Left-wing economic policy includes
high government spending (G)
on upliftment projects,
therefore high taxes (T)
or the nationalisation of businesses
is required to finance this.
www.theanswer.co.za
G&T
right-wing
Right-wing economic policy uses
low government spending (G)
so that only low taxes (T)
are needed to fund this.
Nationalisation of private
businesses is discouraged.
See page 4
 left-wing right-wing

social classic autocracy

communism socialism
liberalism liberalism

www.theanswer.co.za See page 4

 The main combatant countries in World War II, grouped according to
whether they belonged to the Axis group or the Allies.
www.theanswer.co.za See page 4
 left-wing right-wing

USSR France USA Germany

China UK
Japan
Italy

On the political spectrum, the Axis powers were on the far right,
but the Allies spanned a range from the left to the right.

www.theanswer.co.za See page 5

 WEST EAST

During the mid-1900s there was a tendency

for right-wing ideas to be dominant in the West,
and for left-wing ideas to be dominant in the East.

www.theanswer.co.za See page 5

 THE WAY THAT
WORLD WAR II ENDED

www.theanswer.co.za See page 5

www.theanswer.co.za
of Germany
Chancellor Adolf Hitler

Source: "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S33882, Adolf Hitler retouched" by Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-S33882 / CC-
BY-SA. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de via Wikimedia Commons.
See page
5
 (USSR)

www.theanswer.co.za
Premier
Joseph Stalin

Socialist Republics

(in office 1941–1953)

of the United Soviet
Source: Library of Congress. Reproduction
Number: LC-USW33-019081-C United States.
Wikimedia Commons.

& 1951–1955)
of the United
Kingdom (UK)
Prime Minister
Winston Churchill

(in office 1940–1945

Source: Photograph HU 90973 from the

Imperial War Museums. Wikimedia Commons.

of America
President Truman

(in office 1945–1953)

of the United States Source: Frank Gatteri, United States Army Signal
Corps Wikimedia Commons.
President

of America (USA)
(in office 1933–1945)
of the United States
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Source: Elias Goldensky.

USA Library of Congress's Prints and hotographs
Division: ID cph.3c17121. Wikimedia Commons.
and later
World War II,
the leader of
Charles de Gaulle,

Free France during

President of France

Source: United States Library of Congress's Prints

and Photographs Division: ID cph.3b42159.
See page

Wikimdeia Commons.
5 -7
 USSR

UK
Germany

France

Italy

In 1945 the Allies were invading Germany from two sides:

the Americans, British and French from the west and south (shown by the
white arrows), and the Russians from the east (shown by the black arrows).

www.theanswer.co.za See page 6

www.theanswer.co.za
Soviet soldiers after taking control of Berlin
See page

Source: German Federal Archives. Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst - Zentralbild (Bild 183). Bild 183-R77767.
Wikimedia Commons.
7
 DENMARK

French
sector Soviet
sector
Berlin British
British
sector
zone
POLAND USA
NETHER-
LANDS Soviet sector
zone

BELGIUM

French
zone CZECHOSLOVAKIA
USA USSR
zone

FRANCE

AUSTRIA
HUNGARY
SWITZERLAND ROMANIA

ITALY YUGOSLAVIA

The four parts of occupied Germany, and the four parts of the occupied capital city of Berlin

www.theanswer.co.za See page 7

 Berlin
Poland

www.theanswer.co.za See page 8

 THE USSR AND USA
AND THE CREATION OF
SPHERES OF INTEREST

www.theanswer.co.za See page 9

www.theanswer.co.za

Source: Matthew from Odiham, United Kingdom, altered

See page
9
 German
Democratic
Poland
Republic
(East Germany)
(PL)
(GDR) Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics
(USSR)
Hungary
(HU)

Czechoslovakia Bulgaria
(CZ) (BG)

Albania Romania
(AL) (RO)

Source: ANEFO
Vyacheslav Molotov,
Soviet Foreign Minister
(1939–1949
1953–1956)
The USSR and its satellite states in the late 1940s
www.theanswer.co.za See page 9 &11
www.theanswer.co.za

Source: Matthew from Odiham, United Kingdom, altered

See page
9
www.theanswer.co.za
The town of Wesel in West Germany after World War II
See page

Source: Sergeant Wilkes. No 5 Army Film & Photographic Unit. Photograph BU 7670 from the collections of the Imperial War
Museums. Wikimedia Commons.
9
 POLAND
Capital city: Warsaw 22 July 1944

Source: DocentX. Wikimedia Commons.

Source: Denelson83.Wikipedia.
www.theanswer.co.za See page 10
www.theanswer.co.za
Capital city: Sofia

Source: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Greece. Wikimedia Commons.

BULGARIA
9 September 1944

See page

Source: Scroch. Wikimedia Commons.

10
www.theanswer.co.za
Capital city: Belgrade

Source: Dungodung (Filip Maljkovic). Wikimedia Commons.

YUGOSLAVIA
11 November 1945

See page

Source: Srpskicrv. Wikimedia Commons.

10
www.theanswer.co.za
Capital city: Tirana

Source: Albinfo. Wikimedia Commons.

ALBANIA
2 December 1945

Source: Ryan Wilson. Wikimedia Commons.

See page
10
 ROMANIA
Capital city: Bucharest 30 December 1947

Source: Korinna. Wikimedia Commons.

Source: Alex:D. Wikimedia Commons.

www.theanswer.co.za See page 10
 CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Capital city: Prague 25 February 1948

Source: PavelD. Wikimedia Commons.

Source: Carmelo Bayarcal

www.theanswer.co.za See page 10

 HUNGARY
Capital city: Budapest 15 May 1949

Source: Maurice. Wikimedia Commons.

Source: Thommy
www.theanswer.co.za See page 10
www.theanswer.co.za
Capital city: East Berlin

Source: Sergio Calleja

EAST GERMANY
7 October 1949

Source: Wappenentwurf: Heinz Behling. Diese Datei:

Jwnabd. Wikimedia Commons.
See page
10
 AUSTRIA
FRANCE USSR

ITALY
Black Sea

TURKEY
GREECE

Mediterranean Sea IRAN

Turkish Straits

Six countries in Europe and the Middle East that were

not communist but had strong communist movements

www.theanswer.co.za See page 11

 Source: US Army. Photograph 9781568496047.
Wikimedia Commons.

Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. ARC Identifier 541691.
General George Marshall,
US Army Chief of Staff
(1939–1945),
USA Secretary of State
(1947–1949),
and
US Secretary of Defence
(1950–1951)

Wikimedia Commons.
West Berlin (circa 1948) recovering with American aid
made available through the Marshall Plan

www.theanswer.co.za See page 11 &13

 The spread of
communism
1944

COMINFORM
Truman Doctrine + Molotov Plan
1947 1947

Marshall Plan COMECON

+ OEEC 1948 1949

Events leading to the establishment of COMECON

www.theanswer.co.za See page 11

 Source: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/

Wikimedia Commons.
view.php?id=256.

Source: USSR
Lucius B Clay, an Vasily Sokolovsky,
American general and the commander
the military governor of in chief of Soviet
the American zone of forces in the
occupied Germany Soviet zone of
occupied
Germany, and
the head of the
Soviet Military
Administration
in this zone

www.theanswer.co.za See page 13

 Source: States Air Force Historical Research Agency via Cees
Source: US Air Force (http://www.af.mil/s hared/media/

"A History of USAFE", Voyageur, ISBN: 1853100757

photodb/ photos/040315-F-9999G-027.jpg).
Wikimedia Commons.

Steijger (1991),
General William Tunner
of the USA organised Berlin civilians watching an airlift plane
the massive airlift land at Templehof Airport

(http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/ item/object/ 205189201

MH30687). Wikimedia Commons.
Source: Imperial War Museums
While most of the planes in the Berlin Airlift had to land on one of the three
landing strips that were controlled by the Western Allies, the Sunderland
flying boats could land on the Havel River.
www.theanswer.co.za See page 14
 Source: Catawiki. http://www.catawiki.com/catalog/coins/
Source: German Federal Archives.

countries/gdr/850865-gdr-1-pfennig-948.
Wikimedia Commons.
West Germany’s leader,
Konrad Adenauer (on the left),
supported the right-wing The back of a coin issued
economic policies of in the Soviet zone
Germany’s main of Germany in 1948
economic advisor,

Source: Godot13. National Numismatic Collection, National

Ludwig Erhard (on the right),

Museum of American History. Wikimedia Commons.

but Adenauer called
the suggested
economic structure
‘a social market economy’
to win popular support.

A one Deutsche Mark note issued

by the American army in 1948
www.theanswer.co.za See page 14
 Source: German Federal Archives. Bild 183-1900-1967. Wikimedia Commons.
Source: Lothar Spurzem. Wikimedia Commons.
A VW Beetle produced for export in 1951

West Berlin offered an

attractive lifestyle

www.theanswer.co.za See page 15 &16

 Source: Holgar Ellgaard. Wikimedia Commons.
In 1952 the border between East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (GFR)
(the inner German border) had been officially closed.
By 1961 this meant that a barbed wire fence divided
these two countries, patrolled by border guards.
Until 1961, the border that encircled West Berlin was easier to
cross than this border that stretched across the countryside.

www.theanswer.co.za See page 16

 Source: The Central Intelligence Agency. Wikimedia Commons.
Berliners throw rocks at Soviet tanks during
the East Berlin Uprising in June 1953.

www.theanswer.co.za See page 15

www.theanswer.co.za
President

of the USA
(in office 1953–1961)
Source: White House. Eisenhower Library File No. 62-

Dwight D. Eisenhower
53-2. Wikimedia Commons.
Premier

President

of the USA
of the USSR

John F. Kennedy
Nikita Khrushchev

(in office 1958–1964)

(in office 1961–1963)

Source: National Archives and Records

Administration, ARC Identifier 194255. Source: Heinz Junge. German Federal Archives.
Zentralbild (Bild 183). Wikimedia Commons.
See page
15
 http://web.archive.org/web/20050206035542/http://nsarchive.chad
wyck.com/bcphotox.htm. Wikimedia Commons.
Source: National Archives.
East German construction workers
building the Berlin Wall in 1961

Source: Steffen Rehm. Wikimedia Commons.

Border guards at the Brandenburg Gate
on 13 August 1961, when the erection of
the Berlin Wall began
www.theanswer.co.za See page 16
 (in office
(in office

www.theanswer.co.za
1969–1974)
1957–1966),

Chancellor
Willy Brandt,

of West Berlin

and also later

of West Germany
Governing Mayor Source: Marion S. Trikosko. United States Library
of Congress's Prints and Photographs division,
ID cph.3c34151. Wikimedia Commons.

President of
East Germany
Walter Ulbricht,
Source: Blumenthal. German Federal Archives.

(in office 1960–1973)

Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst -
Zentralbild (Bild 183).
Soviet tanks face American tanks at
Checkpoint Charlie in October 1961.

See page

Source: National Archives

(http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/bcphotox.htm. Wikimedia Commons.
16 &17
 USA & UK help their zones of USSR leaves the
Germany to recover economically Allied Control Council
1947 1948

USA, UK and France introduce a new

Berlin Blockade
currency into their zones of Germany
1948–1949
1948

Berlin Airlift Lifting of the Berlin Blockade

1948–1949 1949

West Germany East Germany

1949 1949

'Brain drain' East Germany closes border

More opportunities in
To West between East and West Germany
West Germany Germany 1952

East Berlin USSR troops crush the

Uprising East Berlin Uprising
1953 1953

Increased East Germany builds

West Germany undergoes its
exodus to the Berlin Wall
Economic Miracle
West Berlin 1961

www.theanswer.co.za Events leading to the building of the Berlin Wall See page 17
www.theanswer.co.za
The NATO flag

Source: www.nato.int. Mysid. Artem Karimov.

Wikimedia Commons.
in front of foreign dignitaries
President Truman signing the North Atlantic Treaty

Source: Abbie Rowe. National Archives and Records Administration:

8451352. Wikimedia Commons.
See page
18
 USA
(Alaska)

Iceland
Canada

Norway
USA

Denmark USSR

Source: from: Blank map of Europe 1956-1990.svg + Alphathon. Wikimedia Commons.

The
Netherlands

East Poland
Germany
Belgium West
North American Germany
Czecho-
Slovakia
members of Luxembourg (1955 )
France
NATO ( 1962)
Hungary
Romania
Italy
Bulgaria
Spain Turkey
( 1982) (1952 )

Greece
Portugal Albania
(1952 )
( 1968)

European members of NATO (in dark grey) and

members of the Warsaw Pact (in light grey)

www.theanswer.co.za See page 18

 Source: Ferran Cornellà . Wikimedia Commons.
Part of Bulgaria’s 1954 monument
to its Soviet ‘liberators’
www.theanswer.co.za See page 19
 Source: The American Hungarian Federation (http://www.hungary1956.com/index.htm). Wikimedia Commons.
The flag of Hungary with the communist
coat of arms cut out was the symbol
of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising.
www.theanswer.co.za See page 19
 Source: National Archives (archive.org). Wikimedia commons.
Source: Gerald R. Ford Library. Wikimedia Commons.
Leonard Brezhnev, Alexander Dubček,
the USSR's General Secretary First Secretary of the
of the Communist Party Communist Party of
(in office 1964–1982), Czechoslovakia
and Chairman of the USSR (in office 1968–1969)
(in office 1960–1964,
1977–1982)

www.theanswer.co.za See page 19

 NATO
1949

Warsaw Pact
West Germany
1955
joins NATO
1955

Brezhnev Doctrine
Hungarian uprising 1968
1956

Prague Spring
1968

Events leading up to the Brezhnev Doctrine

www.theanswer.co.za See page 19
 CONTAINMENT AND
BRINKMANSHIP IN
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

www.theanswer.co.za See page 21

 USA

Cuba
Mexico Haiti

Jamaica

Source: Vardion. Wikimedia Commons.

Venezuela

Cuba and its main neighbours

www.theanswer.co.za See page 21

 Source: Luis Korda. Wikimedia Commons.
Fidel Castro was the leader of
the Cuban Revolution,
and then
Prime Minister of Cuba
(in office 1959–1976)
and President of Cuba
(in office 1976–2008)

www.theanswer.co.za See page 21

 left-wing country right-wing

Cuba and USSR USA

www.theanswer.co.za See page 21

www.theanswer.co.za
A Soviet nuclear missile in Moscow
Source: Central Intelligence Agency
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/photos.htm). Wikimedia Commons.
Nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962

See page

Source: .S. Department of Defense and John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. National
Archives.gov. Wikimedia Commons.
21
www.theanswer.co.za
in Moscow in 1964
Che Guevara (on the left)

Source: U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Navy All Hands magazine April 1964, p. 40.
Wikimedia Commons.
See page
22
 Events leading to the removal
USA
installs of Soviet missiles from Cuba
nuclear missiles
in Turkey
(near USSR border) Cuba
1959 nationalises
American companies
in Cuba
1960
USSR installs
USA nuclear missiles
imposes Cuba in Cuba
establishes an (near USA border)
a trade embargo
economic relationship
on Cuba 1962
with the USSR

USA prevents
Soviet ships Cuba
bringing more encourages
nuclear missiles USSR
to Cuba to attack USA
1962

USA and USSR both fear the outbreak of war during this Cuban Missile Crisis

USA and USSR agree to remove nuclear missiles from Turkey and Cuba,
See page 22
and the USA pledges never to invade Cuba
www.theanswer.co.za See page 22
www.theanswer.co.za
OK, that’s enough!
Jetzt ist’s aber genug!

Source: Lang. http://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2003/2/17/f1bfbeca-8aa7-4d5d-a9b4-360926f3a0f2/publishable.jpg.

Retrieved 14 November 2016.
See page
23
www.theanswer.co.za

Source: https://jsimmon.wordpress.com/2014/03/23/arm-wrestling-for-world-dominance/. Retrieved 14 November 2014.

See page
23
www.theanswer.co.za
by Peçruz
NEW PRESIDENT. Different dog, with same collar

Source: Peçruz.
https://www.google.co.za/search?q=cuban+missile+crisis+cartoon&rlz=1C2EJFA_enZA680ZA680&biw=683&bih=3
31&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjI6rW0vqDQAhUMDMAKHTxKC7QQ_AUIBigB&dpr=2#imgrc=D
wdOSq-zsElftM%3A. Retrieved 11 November 2014.]
See page
23
 WHO WAS TO BLAME
FOR THE COLD WAR?

www.theanswer.co.za See page 24

 Source: National Archives and Records Administration, ARC Identifier 5730080. Wikimedia Commons.
A 1948 Soviet poster saying A poster used in Asia
‘No funny business’ in the early 1950s

www.theanswer.co.za See page 24

 THE EXTENSION OF THE
COLD WAR IN CHINA

www.theanswer.co.za See page 25

 Source: German Federal Archives. Bild 137-004023. Wikimedia Commons.
Traditional rice paddies before the Chinese Civil War

www.theanswer.co.za See page 25

 left-wing Chinese right-wing
Civil War

People’s Liberation Army & Kuomintang & the nationalist

Chinese Communist Party Chinese government

Source: Zhang Zhenshi. Wikimedia Commons.

Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Mao Zedong, Chairman Chiang Kai-shek,
of the People’s Republic the leader of China
of China (1928–1946)
(1949–1976) and President of the
Republic of China
(1948–1949)
www.theanswer.co.za See page 25
 left-wing Two
right-wing
Chinas

People’s Republic Republic of China

of China (PRC) (ROC)/Taiwan
Source: SKopp,Denelson83 & scout370

Source: Marc Mongenet

Flag of China (PRC) Flag of Taiwan (ROC)

www.theanswer.co.za See page 25

 Source: Jibbajabba. Image:China_Taiwan_Locator.png. Wikimedia Commons.
China

Taiwan

China (People’s Republic of China) and Taiwan (Republic of China)

www.theanswer.co.za See page 25

 Source: http://caiquansheng1958.blog.163.com/blog/static/ 294985242010111291436168/. Wikimedia Commons.
During the ‘Great Leap Forward’, peasants gave
up personal items (such as cooking utensils)
for smelting in backyard furnaces, but often
produced metal that was unusable.
www.theanswer.co.za See page 26
 Source: Villa Giulia. Wikimedia Commons.
A picture of Red Guards in a Chinese schoolbook, 1971

www.theanswer.co.za See page 26

 Source: 孙传哲. 中国人民邮政. Brocken Inaglory. Wikimedia Commons.
A Chinese stamp from 1950 showing Stalin and Mao shaking hands

www.theanswer.co.za See page 27

 Communism I’ll get you your permanent
seat in the UN security
STALIN’S ERA council, my dear, and we’ll
live happily ever after.
Military allies in a worldwide communist revolution

Clear power hierarchy with the USSR as the accepted leader

1953 Early
1960s
USSR
KHRUSHCHEV’S ERA

1956 Khrushchev’s ‘peaceful coexistence’ Sino- 1956 Mao’s ‘anti-revisionism’ China

Soviet
Split (PRC)

1957 Soviet advice unwelcome 1958 ‘Great Leap Forward’

1962
Cuban deteriorating
Missile relationship
1960 Nuclear-weapon plans not supplied 1958 Aggression in Taiwan Strait as ‘bickering’
Crisis
begins behind
1964 closed doors
1968 Soviet intervensionism 1969 Chinese denunciation
Late 1960s
BREZHNEV’S ERA

Sino-Soviet Zhenbao is my island

1965 Opposing alliances Conflict 1969 Border conflict and you should never
have tried to take it
away from me!

Focus on Focus on trade China

South Africa 1972 with USA USSR (PRC)
Nixon
Wedge

Ideological issues causing co-operation and then conflict

www.theanswer.co.za between China (PRC) and the USSR (1949–1973) See page 28
 Source: Hezhenjie. Wikimedia Commons.
A map of North and South
Korea during the Korean War
www.theanswer.co.za See page 29
www.theanswer.co.za
President

of the USA
Lyndon B. Johnson

(in office 22 November

1963 – 20 January 1969)
Source: Yoichi Okamoto. National Archives and Records
Administration, Identifier 192614. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library.
Wikimedia Commons.
of the PRC
Premier Zhou Enlai

(in office 1949–1976)

Source: http://www.dhlc.gov.cn/ image20010518/64093.jpg.

Wikimedia Commons.
of the USA
President Nixon

(in office 1969–1974)

See page

Source: White House Photo Office. Nixon Presidential Materials,

U.S. National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
Wikimedia Commons.
29 &30
 I R
M E
P L
R A
O T
V I
I O
N N
G S
Taiwan is my island,
H you should never
have helped them
I take it away
Now that you have from me.
that permanent seat P
you always wanted,
we should do a bit of 1958
mutually beneficial
buying and selling … China
USA under Eisenhower
(PRC)

1972
China
USA under Nixon (PRC)

Foreign relations between China (PRC) and the USA (1949–1973)

www.theanswer.co.za See page 30
 India Taiwan

Vietnam Tibet

China (PRC)

CHINA
(People's Republic of China)
Tibet
Autonomous
Region

INDIA
TAIWAN
(Republic
of China)
VIETNAM

China (PRC), the Tibet Autonomous Region,

India, Vietnam and Taiwan (ROC)
www.theanswer.co.za See page 31
 Source: PhiloVivero
The Chiang Kai-Shek Memorial in Taipei

Source: peellden
Taipei today, on the island of Taiwan
www.theanswer.co.za See page 31
 Source: Photo by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas / CC-BY-SA-3.0. Wikimedia Commons.
A Vietnamese streetseller carrying
her equipment in Hanoi

Source: Milei.vencel. Wikimedia Commons.

A Buddhist temple in Vietnam

www.theanswer.co.za See page 32

www.theanswer.co.za
A Tibetan city

Source: Luca Galuzzi - www.galuzzi.it

Tibetan monks
See page

Source: Luca Galuzzi - www.galuzzi.it

33
 Source: Ekabhishek. www.viajar24h.com. Wikimedia Commons.
India’s Taj Mahal

Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Diwali, the Hindu Festival of Lights, being celebrated in India
www.theanswer.co.za See page 33
 Economics

x USA USSR
Military

x
Technology

x
Diplomacy China
(PRC)

A three-way Cold War?

www.theanswer.co.za See page 34

www.theanswer.co.za
of China (PRC)
(in office 1981–1987)

between 1978 and 1992

and the de facto leader
Chairman Deng Xiaoping
Source: Courtesy of Gerald R. Ford Library.
http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/images/avproj/pop-ups/A7598-20A.html.
Wikimedia Commons.
President Jimmy
Carter of the USA
(in office 1977–1981)

See page

Source: Official White House Photographer. United States Library of Congress's Prints
and Photographs Division: ID cph.3b52090. Wikimedia Commons.
34 &35
 Source: Sa8. http://img.ly/Zr1. Wikimedia Commons.
A Chinese man asks for freedom of speech
in the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989
www.theanswer.co.za See page 35
 Source: Yo Hibino from Lafayette IN, United States. Wikimedia Commons.
Tiananmen Square today, with the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
(which contains Mao's tomb) in the background
www.theanswer.co.za See page 35
www.theanswer.co.za
of China (PRC)
(in office 1993–2003)
President Jiang Zemin

Source: DoD photo by Petty Officer 2nd Class Tina M. Ackerman, U.S. Navy.
Wikimedia Commons.

See page
36
 Left turns and
The economic and foreign right turns
represent
policies of China (PRC) Turn left towards communism
under Mao in 1949
changes in
economic policy
between 1949 and the 1990s Step towards
the USSR
in 1950
Steps towards or away
from other powers
represent changes in
foreign policy

Step together with the USSR in the early 1950s during the
Korean War, following the USSR's lead on many issues

Step back from the

USSR in the 1960s Move nearer to the USA in the 1970s despite
during the Vietnam War its very different economic policies

Turn slightly right towards market socialism under Deng

in the 1980s, while improving relations with the USA

Turn slightly right again towards a socialist market economy under

Jiang in the 1990s, while further improving relations with the USA

www.theanswer.co.za See page 36

 THE EXTENSION OF THE
COLD WAR IN VIETNAM

www.theanswer.co.za See page 38

 Source: VoodooIsland.. Wikimedia Commons.
French Indochina
(late 1800s – mid-1900s)

www.theanswer.co.za See page 38

 China

Source: Souvenir de Hanoi. Wikimedia Commons.

Vietnam
Hanoi

Laos
Gulf of Hainan
Tonkin Island

Thailand
A local rickshaw puller outside
the French-style Hanoi Station
in the early 1900s
Cambodia

Saigon

Source: Japanese Army. Wikimedia Commons.

Vietnam and two of its main cities:
Hanoi in the north and
Saigon in the south
Japanese troops entering Saigon in 1941
www.theanswer.co.za See page 38
www.theanswer.co.za
The Domino Theory

Source: Domino_ theory.png: User:Nyenyec.

Wikimedia Commons.
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39
 Source: Báo Cà Mau. Wikimedia Commons.

Administration, Identifier 542189. Wikimedia

Source: Dongsonvh. Wikimedia Commons.

Source: National Archives and Records

Commons.
Emperor Bao Dai headed Ho Chi Minh, Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem, Prime Minister of
up part of Vietnam within (in office 1945–1955), the State of Vietnam
French Indochina (1926–1945). and President (1945–1969) (1954–1955),
He headed the Japanese- of North Vietnam and then President
controlled Empire of Vietnam (Democratic Republic of the Republic of Vietnam
(1940–1945). He was also the first of Vietnam) (1955–1963)
head of state of South Vietnam
(1949–1955)

Source: Albert Grandolini. http://lautrecotedelacolline.

blogspot.com/2013/08/retour-sur-la-bataille-de-xuan-
tu-lieu-hiem-hinh-anh-thoi-tre-cua-dai-tuong-vo-

Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum,

nguyen-giap-20131005011027492.chn.

http://photolab.lbjlib.utexas.edu/ detail.
Source: http://kenh14.vn/kham-pha/

Source: Yoichi R. Okamoto.

Wikimedia Commons.
Wikimedia Commons.

asp?id=1585.
loc.html.
General Vo Nguyen Giap, President
General Tran Van Tra of the
Commander in Chief of the Nguyen Van Thieu
National Liberation Front
People’s Army of Vietnam of the Republic
(Viet Cong)
(in office 1945–1975), and of Vietnam
Defence Minister of the Democratic (in office 14 June 1965
Republic of Vietnam – 21 April 1975)
(in office 1954–1980)

www.theanswer.co.za See page 38 -42

www.theanswer.co.za
officially called a UH-1.
The Huey helicopter was
the Americans in the Vietnam War
A Huey helicopter, like those used by

Source: Eddie Maloney from North Las Vegas, USA.

Wikimedia Commons.

Source: Greg Goebel. Wikimedia Commons.

(in office
President

20 January 1969)
Lyndon B. Johnson

22 November 1963 –

Source: Yoichi Okamoto. National Archives

and Records Administration, Identifier
192614. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library.
Wikimedia Commons.
the Battle of Ap Bac
General

Chief of Staff

A downed Huey in a rice paddy after

of the USA Army
(in office 1968–1972)

See page
William C. Westmoreland,

Source: National Archives and Records

Administration, Identifier 530616. Wikimedia
Source: United States Army. Wikimedia Commons. Commons.
40 &41
www.theanswer.co.za
Soviet surface-to-air missiles, like those used in the Vietnam War

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Soviet Premier
Aleksei Kosygin

Source: Yoichi Okamoto. Serial Number: A4347-12A.

See page

Wikimedia Commons.
41
 Source: USAF. National Museum of the U.S. Air Force photo 110323-F-DW547-008.
Thunderchief aircraft dropping bombs during Operation Rolling Thunder,
which applied saturation bombing to North Vietnam

www.theanswer.co.za See page 42

www.theanswer.co.za
US marines moving through rice paddies
looking for members of the NLF (Viet Cong)

Source: National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. Still Pictures Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division
(NWCS-S). Wikimedia Commons.
See page
42
www.theanswer.co.za
guarded by a US marine
A captured NLF (Viet Cong) soldier,

Source: National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives
Services Division (NWCS-S). Wikimedia Commons.
See page
42
www.theanswer.co.za
helicopter during the Battle of Ia Drang
American soldiers disembarking from a Huey

Source: United States Army. http://www.army.mil/cmh/books/Vietnam/7-ff/p010.jpg.

Wikimedia Commons.
October 1966
South Vietnam in
President Johnson and
General Westmoreland in

See page

Source: National Archives and Records Administration, Identifier 192509. Lyndon

Baines Johnson Library. Wikimedia Commons.
42
www.theanswer.co.za
Tet Offensive
Saigon during the
Source: http://nfo.dodmedia.osd.mil..

NLF (Viet Cong) troops plan an attack

Source: U.S. Dept. of Defense. Archives of Joint U.S. Public Affairs

See page

Office (JUSPAO), Republic of South Vietnam: 1968.

43
 Source: USMC Archives from Quantico, USA.

Source: http://arcweb.archives.gov/ arc/basic_search.jsp, ARC

A US marine involved in street
fighting in the city of Hue

Identifier: 531451. Wikimedia Commons.

Villagers evacuating during the
Tet Offensive, past American armoured
personnel carriers

www.theanswer.co.za See page 43

www.theanswer.co.za
the University of Hue during the Battle of Hue
Walter Cronkite interviewing Professor Mai of

Source: National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives
Services Division (NWCS-S). Wikimedia Commons.
See page
43
 1964 – 1968

1968 – 1975

North Vietnam's changing relationship with China (PRC)

and the USSR during the Vietnam War

www.theanswer.co.za See page 43

 Source: Yoichi Okamoto. National Archives and Records Administration. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library.
General Creighton W. Abrams,
the American commander
in Vietnam from 1968 to 1972

www.theanswer.co.za See page 43

www.theanswer.co.za
to South Vietnam in July 1969
American soldiers during his visit
President Nixon shaking hands with
Source: Oliver F. Atkins. NARA record: 8451334. Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Wikimedia Commons.

(in office
Vietnam
Le Duan,

– 10 July 1986)
10 September 1960
General Secretary of
the Communist Part of

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comunismului românesc, photo #BA397, 167/1978. Crop from
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Wikimedia Commons.
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44
www.theanswer.co.za
the Vietnam War in 1969
An American night march against

Source: United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division, ID ds.06480. Wikimedia Commons.
See page
45
www.theanswer.co.za
Le Duc Tho and
Kissinger in Paris, 1973
Source: Nhandan newspaper. Wikimedia Commons.
A Boeing B52 Stratofortress during Operation Linebacker II

Frequent Wind.
evacuated during Operation
more than 5 500 Vietnamese were
As well as over 1 000 Americans and

Source: http://www.okinawa.usmc.mil/ Public%20Affairs%20Info/I

mages%20Complete/ HighResImages/050520-vietnam2.jpg U.S. Marines in
Japan Homepage. Wikimedia Commons.
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 Source: Karl H. Schumacher (NARA record: 8451339). Gerald R.

Source: http://www.quynguoicaotuoi chinhanhquangbinh.vn/

2014/09/10091955-thanh-lap-mat-tran-to-quoc.html.
Ford Presidential Library

Wikimedia Commons.
Gerald R. Ford, President Ton Duc Thang,
of the USA (1974 – 1977) President of North Vietnam
(in office
3 Sep 1969 – 2 July 1976),
and President of Vietnam
(in office
2 July 1976 – 30 March 1980)

www.theanswer.co.za See page 45

 Guerilla war Chinese engineers Bases in Cambodia

Saigon bombings Border battles Paris Peace Accords

Truong Son Strategic

Supply Route North Korean Jets Strategic raids
(Ho Chi Minh Trail)

Declaration of war Tet Offensive Spring Offensive

Negotiating while
Soviet weapons Fall of Saigon
fighting
1965

1969
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3

How North Vietnam and the NLF (Viet Cong)

took control of South Vietnam and
reunified Vietnam as an independent communist country

www.theanswer.co.za See page 46

 Operation
Rolling
Thunder

Border
Battles

Guerilla Vietnam-
warfare isation

Battle of Tet Fall of

Ap Bac Offensive Saigon

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3

1957

1965

1969

1975
A brief visual summary of the three stages of the Vietnam War

www.theanswer.co.za See page 46

 USA tactics and strategies
during the Vietnam War

Hearts and minds programs

Napalm bombings
Operation Rolling Thunder
My Lai Massacre
Vietnamisation
Operation Frequent Wind
Fall of Saigon
www.theanswer.co.za See page 46
 Source: David Hume Kennerly (NARA
Source: Nancy Wong. record: 1312484). Gerald R. Ford
Wikimedia Commons. Presidential Library. Wikimedia Commons.

Nixon
Ford

President
President

www.theanswer.co.za
3
STAGE

involvement

Source: White House. Eisenhower

Library File No. 62-53-2.
Wikimedia Commons.
1969
1975

2
STAGE
1968
Very involved
President
Eisenhower

1957

1965

Increasing
1
STAGE

How the USA's policy towards the Vietnam War came full circle
Kennedy
President

Johnson
President

Source: National Archives and ecords

Administration, ARC Identifier 194255.
See page

Source: Yoichi Okamoto. National

Archives and Records Administration,
Identifier 192614.
47
 Source: Official White House Photographer. United States Library of Congress's Prints and
Photographs Division: ID cph.3b52090. Wikimedia Commons.

Source: Dragfyre. Wikimedia Commons.

President Jimmy Carter
of the USA
(in office 1977–1981)

A sign in Hanoi depicting the first North

Vietnamese tank crashing through the
gates of the Vietnamese Presidential
Palace in Saigon on 30 April 1975
www.theanswer.co.za See page 48
www.theanswer.co.za See page 48
 TOPIC 1 QUESTIONS

www.theanswer.co.za See page 49

www.theanswer.co.za See page 50