Research Report

Introduction, Definition and Report

Format
 Unit 4
Meaning, types and layout of research report,
steps in report writing, citations, bibliography
and annexure in report, JEL classification,
computerized data analysis- an overview,
features and role of computerized data analysis
 Meaning
• “Research report is a research document that
contains basic aspects of the research project”.

• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/res
earch-report-introduction-definition-and-report-
format/48713
 Types of research report
• Book referred: Syed Muhammad Sajjad
Kabir(2016) Basic Guidelines for Research: An
Introductory Approach for All Disciplines,
Edition: First, Chapter: 13, Publisher: Book
Zone Publication, Chittagong-4203,
Bangladesh, pp.500-518
 General types of reports are
• 1. Informational Inform or instruct – present
information. Reader sees the details of
events, activities or conditions. No analysis
of the situation, no conclusion, no
recommendations.
• 2. Analytical Written to solve problems.
Information is analyzed. Conclusions are drawn
and recommendations are made.
• 3. Persuasive An extension of analytical reports
- main focus is to sell an idea, a service, or
product. Proposals are the most common type.
Reports usually have a more diverse audience,
more than one purpose and more detailed
information.
 Some other types of reports are –
• Incident Report: A report describing how close you
are to completing something you planned. Accident
Report: A report describing how many goods or
services were sold, and the reasons for any differences
from the plan. Sales Report: A report on what has
happened in a place, and how close your organization
is to finishing construction. Progress Report: An
academic report on how and why something has
changed over time. Feasibility Study/Report: A report
describing something that has happened.
Recommendation Report: A report on how practical a
proposal is
• Site: A report on what your organization should
do. Case Study: A report describing how
someone was hurt or something was damaged.
Periodic Operating Reports: To monitor and
control production, sales, shipping, service, etc.
Situational Report: To describe one-time events,
such as trips, conferences, and seminars.
Investigative/Informational: To examine problems
and supply facts – with little analysis.
 Compliance: To respond to government agencies
and laws. Justification/Recommendation: To make
recommendations to management and become
tools to solve problems and make decisions.
Yardstick: To establish criteria and evaluate
alternatives by measuring against the ‘yardstick’
criteria. Research Studies: To study problems
scientifically by analyzing a problem, developing
hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing data, and
drawing conclusions.
 Layout
• Research report is divided into three parts as:
• I. First Part (Formality Part):
• (i) Cover page
• (ii) Title page
• (iii) Certificate or statement
• (iv) Index (brief contents)
• (v) Table of contents (detailed index)
• (vi) Acknowledgement
• (vii) List of tables and figures used
• (viii) Preface/forwarding/introduction
• (ix) Summary report
• II. Main Report (Central Part of Report):
• (i) Statement of objectives
• (ii) Methodology and research design
• (iii) Types of data and its sources
• (iv) Sampling decisions
• (v) Data collection methods
• (vi) Data collection tools
• (vii) Fieldwork
• (viii) Analysis and interpretation (including
tables, charts, figures, etc.)
• (ix) Findings
• (x) Limitations
• (xi) Conclusions and recommendations
• (xii) Any other relevant detail
• III. Appendix (Additional Details):
• (i) Copies of forms used
• (ii) Tables not included in findings
• (iii) A copy of questionnaire
• (iv) Detail of sampling and rate of response
• (v) Statement of expenses
• (vi) Bibliography – list of books, magazines, journals, and other reports
• (vii) Any other relevant information
Key Considerations/Factors:
While preparing research report, following issues must be considered:
• (i) Objectives
• (ii) Type of problem/subject
• (iii) Nature and type of research
• (iv) Audience or users of research work
• (v) Size of report
• (vi) Form of writing – handwritten, typed, or computerized.
• (vii) Time and cost
• (viii) Language
• (ix) Contents of report
• (x) Order of contents
• (xi) Number of copies
• (xii) Format – type and size of paper; lengths
width, and depth of report; and pattern of
writing including paragraph, indent,
numbering, font size and type, colouring, etc.
• (xiii) Binding (for soft, and, particularly, for
hard copy) – type, quality of material, colour,
etc., related issues.
 Steps in Report Writing in Research
Methodology
Research reports are the product of slow,
painstaking, accurate inductive work.
The usual steps involved in writing report are:
• logical analysis of the subject-matter;
• preparation of the final outline;
• preparation of the rough draft;
• rewriting and polishing;
• preparation of the final bibliography; and
• writing the final draft.
https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/research-methodology-tutorial-355/different-steps-in-writing-report-
11587.html
 Steps…
Logical analysis of the subject matter: It is the first step which
is primarily concerned with the development of a subject.
There are two ways in which to develop a subject
• logically and
• chronologically.
• The logical development is made on the basis of mental
connections and associations between the one thing and
another by means of analysis. Logical treatment often
consists in developing the material from the simple
possible to the most complex structures.
• Chronological development is based on a connection or
sequence in time or occurrence. The directions for doing or
making something usually follow the chronological order.
 Steps…
• Preparation of the final outline: It is the next
step in writing the research report “Outlines
are the framework upon which long written
works are constructed. They are an aid to the
logical organization of the material and a
reminder of the points to be stressed in the
report.”
 Steps…
• Preparation of the rough draft: This follows the
logical analysis of the subject and the preparation
of the final outline. Such a step is of utmost
importance for the researcher now sits to write
down what he has done in the context of his
research study. He will write down the procedure
adopted by him in collecting the material for his
study along with various limitations faced by him,
the technique of analysis adopted by him, the
broad findings and generalizations and the
various suggestions he wants to offer regarding
the problem concerned.
 Steps…
• Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft: This step happens to
be most difficult part of all formal writing. Usually this step requires
more time than the writing of the rough draft. The careful revision
makes the difference between a mediocre and a good piece of
writing. While rewriting and polishing, one should check the report
for weaknesses in logical development or presentation. The
researcher should also “see whether or not the material, as it is
presented, has unity and cohesion; does the report stand upright
and firm and exhibit a definite pattern, like a marble arch? Or does
it resemble an old wall of moldering cement and loose brick.” In
addition the researcher should give due attention to the fact that in
his rough draft he has been consistent or not. He should check the
mechanics of writing—grammar, spelling and usage.
 Steps…
• Preparation of the final bibliography: Next in order comes
the task of the preparation of the final bibliography. The
bibliography, which is generally appended to the research
report, is a list of books in some way pertinent to the
research which has been done. It should contain all those
works which the researcher has consulted. The
bibliography should be arranged alphabetically and may be
divided into two parts; the first part may contain the names
of books and pamphlets, and the second part may contain
the names of magazine and newspaper articles. Generally,
this pattern of bibliography is considered convenient and
satisfactory from the point of view of reader, though it is
not the only way of presenting bibliography. The entries in
bibliography should be made adopting the following order:
 Steps…
For books and pamphlets the order may be as
under:
• Name of author, last name first.
• Title, underlined to indicate italics.
• Place, publisher, and date of publication.
• Number of volumes.
• Example
Kothari, C.R., Quantitative Techniques, New Delhi,
Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1978.
• For magazines and newspapers the order may be as under:
• Name of the author, last name first.
• Title of article, in quotation marks.
• Name of periodical, underlined to indicate italics.
• The volume or volume and number.
• The date of the issue.
• The pagination.
• Example
Robert V. Roosa, “Coping with Short-term International Money
Flows”, The Banker, London, September, 1971, p. 995.
The above examples are just the samples for bibliography entries
and may be used, but one should also remember that they are not
the only acceptable forms. The only thing important is that,
whatever method one selects, it must remain consistent.
 Steps…
• Writing the final draft: This constitutes the last step. The final draft
should be written in a concise and objective style and in simple
language, avoiding vague expressions such as “it seems”, “there
may be”, and the like ones. While writing the final draft, the
researcher must avoid abstract terminology and technical jargon.
Illustrations and examples based on common experiences must be
incorporated in the final draft as they happen to be most effective
in communicating the research findings to others. A research report
should not be dull, but must enthuse people and maintain interest
and must show originality. It must be remembered that every
report should be an attempt to solve some intellectual problem and
must contribute to the solution of a problem and must add to the
knowledge of both the researcher and the reader.
citations, bibliography and annexure in
report
• Authors support their arguments by citing
previously published material. Readers may want
to refer to those publications, to get information
for their own purposes or to check the author's
use of the cited material. To serve the reader,
citations and references must be clear and
accurate. They are easier to use if they are
consistent in style as well. Most publications and
most editors have definite preferences in the way
they cite references in the text and list references
at the end of articles.
 Citations
• Three main systems of citation are used in
scientific publication today. Within these
systems there may be many variations. The
main systems are- name and year (also
called author-date) number number, with
references in alphabetical order
 Citations… Name and Year
• Name and Year: In the first system, the name(s) of the author(s) and the
year of publication are fitted into the text. Both may be in parentheses, or
only the date may be in parentheses, depending on the sentence
structure. Examples - A recent study suggests that the refereeing system
works effectively (Lock and Smith 1986). Lock and Smith (1986) support
the view that the refereeing system works effectively. Papers published in
the BMJ had significantly more citations in the years up to 1984 than
either of the groups of rejected papers (Lock and Smith 1986, p. 312). If
there is more than one reference with the same author(s) and year of
publication, a lowercase letter is added to the date. (Lock and Smith
1986a), (Lock and Smith 1986b). etc. At the end of the paper, all
references that have been cited are given in full. They are listed in
alphabetical order according to the last name of the author. If there is
more than one author, alphabetical order is decided by the name of the
first author in the reference. If there are two or more items by the same
author(s), they are arranged chronologically.
 Citations…
• Number: In the second system, references are
numbered in the order they are mentioned in the text.
In some journals, the names(s) of the author(s) may be
given as well. ExamplesScientific papers are not
designed to be read; they are designed to transmit
information. Any real deviation from the standard mold
will be likely to inhibit easy grasp of the information by
the reader (2). The work referred to keeps that number
every time it is cited throughout the text, even if it is
cited several times at widely separated points. At the
end of the paper, all references that have been cited
are listed in numerical order.
 Citations…
• Number with Alphabetical References: The
third system combines the advantages of both
previous systems. All references are first
placed in alphabetical order according to
author. They are numbered in that order.
These numbers are used for citations in the
text.
 Bibliography
• A bibliography will contain all research
materials, including books, magazines,
periodicals, websites and scientific papers,
which researchers have referred in research
work. References contain source of material
like quotes or texts, which has been actually
used when writing an essay or book.
 References/Bibliography
• References Each reference must be described in
detail at the end of the article. The list is usually
headed ‘Literature Cited’, or ‘References Cited’, or
simply ‘References’. Delete any references that
are not cited.
• Articles: Reference to an article should contain -
names and initials of all authors (although, if
there are many authors, some journals will list
only the senior author et al) title and subtitle
• name of the journal (usually abbreviated)
volume number first and last page number
year of publication months or number of
issue, if pages are not numbered
consecutively through a volume. Example:
• Lock, S., and J. Smith. 1986. Peer review at
work. Scholarly Publishing 17: 303- 16.
• Books: A reference to a book should contain -
names and initials of all authors title and
subtitle number of edition, if there is more
than one name and initials of editor or
translator, if any place of publication name
of publisher year of publication volume
number, if more than one page numbers, if
any need to be cited specifically. Example:
Stainton, E.M. 1982. Author and editor at
work. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.p.l7
 Annexure in report
An Annexure is “something that is attached,
such as a document to a report”. a Schedule is
“a written list or inventory; esp., a statement
that is attached to a document and that gives a
detailed showing of the matters referred to in
the document
 JEL Classification

• The "JEL" classification system originated with

the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) and is
a standard method of classifying scholarly
literature in the field of economics. ...
• The guide provides JEL Code application guidelines,
keywords, and examples of items within each classification.
• The "JEL" classification system originated with the Journal
of Economic Literature and is a standard method of
classifying scholarly literature in the field of economics. It is
used in many of the AEA's(American Economic Association)
published research materials.
• Use the guide to gain insight on how JEL Codes are used to
classify articles, dissertations, books, book reviews, and
working papers. You will also find it is helpful when adding
classification codes to your own work.

https://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php
• A General Economics and Teaching
• B History of Economic Thought, Methodology,
and Heterodox Approaches
• C Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
• D Microeconomics
• E Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
• F International Economics
• G Financial Economics
• H Public Economics
• I Health, Education, and Welfare
• J Labor and Demographic Economics
• K Law and Economics
• L Industrial Organization
• M Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing;
Accounting; Personnel Economics
• N Economic History
• O Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and
Growth
• P Economic Systems
• Q Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and
Ecological Economics
• R Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
• Y Miscellaneous Categories
• Z Other Special Topics
• Guideline: The following categories are
created to include unclassifiable objects in the
classification system, mainly for editorial
convenience.
Keywords: None Specified
• Y1 Data: Tables and Charts
• Y2 Introductory Material
• Y3 Book Reviews (unclassified)
• Y4 Dissertations (unclassified)
• Y5 Further Reading (unclassified)
• Y6 Excerpts
• Y7 No Author General Discussions
• Y8 Related Disciplines
• Y9 Other
 Computerized data analysis
An overview, features and role of computerized
data analysis
Analytics using JAMOVI
 Introduction/Overview
• Free and open statistical software to bridge
the gap between researcher and statistician
• Jamovi is statistical software made by co-
founders Jonathon love, dammian dropman
and Ravi Selkar.
• Jamovi is a compelling alternative to costly
statistical products such as SPSS and SAS.
• It also supports loading of SPSS, SAS and stata
files.
R INTEGRATION
• Jamovi is built on top of the R statistical language,
giving you access to the best the statistics
community has to offer. would you like the R
code for your analyses? Jamovi can provide that
too.
FREE AND OPEN
• Jamovi will always be free and open - that's one
of the core values - because Jamovi is made by
the scientific community, for the scientific
community.
.

jamovi project (2018). jamovi (Version 0.9)

[Computer Software]. Retrieved from
https://www.jamovi.org
 Install JAMOVI for windows
Go to your browser and search for
https://www.jamovi.org/
 Click, Download
 Then, save the file and run it after download is
complete.
 Click next in all the popups that appear then
finish.

Open the installed Jamovi 0.9.2.6

 Install modules
 Open Jamovi
 Choose Modules
 Click JAMOVI library
 Choose the available
 Click required

Open JAMOVI
 Scale in JAMOVI
• Continuous
• Ordinal
• Nominal
• ID
Data Type: Integer, Decimal, Text
 Data Variable and Description
Data Variable : PH1
Description : Physiological Treatment or
complete statement
JAMOVI Interface
 How to upload data in JAMOVI?
Click three parallel lines in extreme left, it will
show
 Data Entry in JAMOVI
Go to Data then Set up
Jinni- shows variable instantly
 Uni-variate Analysis in JAMOVI
Jamovi Uni-variate Analysis
• Descriptive
• Frequency Tables)
 Analysis…..
Click Analyses and then Exploration and then Descriptives and JAMOVI is ready to show results
 Descriptives….
Results
Descriptives

N
Missing
Mean
Median
Minimum
Maximum
 Skewness and Kurtosis
• skewness is a measure of the
asymmetry of the probability
distribution of a real-valued random
variable about its mean. Skewness near
to zero means data is normally
distributed.
• Kurtosis the sharpness of the peak of a
frequency-distribution curve, if it is near
3, it means data is normally distributed.
One Sample t-test
Paired t-test
 Independent t-test
Assumption 1: Homogeneity of variance
Step 1: gender=as.factor(Gender)
Step 2: leveneTest(Satisfaction~gender)
H0: There is homogeneity of variance.
Assumption 2: Normality
shapiro.test(VN) Donaldson (1968)
 Shapiro–Wilk test
• The Shapiro–Wilk test is a test of normality in
frequentist statistics. It was published in 1965 by
Samuel Sanford Shapiro and Martin Wilk.
• value of the Shapiro-Wilk Test is greater than
0.05, the data is normal. If it is below 0.05, the
data significantly deviate from a normal
distribution. If you need to use skewness and
kurtosis values to determine normality, rather
the Shapiro-Wilk test, you will find these in our
enhanced testing for normality guide.
 Cont…
t.test(Satisfaction~gender,var.equal=T)

H0: There is no significant difference

between the satisfaction level of male
and female.
 One way ANOVA
Step 1: inc=as.factor(income)
Step2: x=aov(VN~income)
Step3: summary(x)
Step4: TukeyHD(x)
THANK YOU