CLOZET ESTS

Read the texts and fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
1.
The march of technology may ( 1) seem/appear/be unstoppable, but all things digital may have a way to go
before they (2) replace/substitute the traditional bedtime book - the paper one. A new study shows that paper books are
better than e-books for bedtime reading. The study suggests that the good old printed book, with real pages that you turn ( 3)
with your fingers, (4) helps parents and children interact more than they do when reading with an electronic book.
Researchers from the University of Michigan studied (5) how 37 pairs of parents and toddlers interacted with e-books and
paper books. The researchers found that with electronic books, parents asked their children fewer questions and (6) made
fewer comments about the story.
The study (7) involves observing parents and children (aged two or three) reading from three different book
formats. These were printed books, basic e-books on a tablet, and enhanced e-books with features such as animation,
graphics and sound effects. The researchers discovered that the parents and toddlers interacted with each other ( 8) less with
both types of e-books than they did with the printed books. A researcher said that when they did speak, they
were (9) much/far likelier to talk about the device and the technology rather than about the story. Children were likelier to
say things (10) like, "don't push that button" or "don't change the volume" than ask questions or make observations about the
story.

2.
WILL TECHNOLOGY REPLACE SCHOOLS?
Some people believe that soon schools will no longer be necessary. These people say that because of the Internet
and other new technology, there is no longer any need for school buildings, formal classes, or ( 1) teachers Perhaps this will
be true one day, but it is hard for me to imagine a world without (2) schools. In fact, we need to look at how we can use new
technology to make schools (3) better not to eliminate them.
We should invent a new kind of school that is linked to libraries, museums, science centers, laboratories, and even
companies. Experts could give (4) lectures/talks on videos or over the Internet. TV networks and local stations could
develop programming about things students are actually (5) studying in school.
Is this just a dream? No. Already there are several towns where this is beginning to ( 6) happen. Blacksburg,
Virginia, is one of them. Here the (7) whole/entire city is linked to the Internet, and learning can take place at home, at
school and in the (8) office/workplace Businesses provide programmes for the schools and the community. The schools
provide computer labs for people without their own (9) computers/devices at home. Because everyone can use the Internet,
older people participate as much as younger ones, and everyone can visit distant libraries and museums as easily as (10)
nearby ones.

3.
Always a sure source of affection, my grandparents (1) were hugely important figures in my life. They would
shower my sisters and me with sweets, indulgences and stories, (2) telling tales about my parents as naughty children. When
the last of (3) them died, we all wondered who would hold the family together.
People have relied on grandparents in Britain since the Industrial Revolution, ( 4) when whole families moved into
cities from the country to get work in the new factories, taking grandmother along to look after the children. ( 5) Despite the
fact that more grandmothers are working now, grandparents are still the backbone of childcare in Britain. They provide 44%
of full-time care for pre- school children, which (6) makes you wonder how the country would manage without them.
The traditional image of a grandparent is a smiling old person surrounded by a cohort of happy children, but this
doesn't match the facts. (7) What we have now is the so-called ‘beanpole family, thinly stretched over several generations,
with fewer family members in each and with growing (8) numbers of single-parent families. Grandparents are getting
younger - more than 50% of grandparents have already had their first grandchild by the age 54.
For many of them, grandparenthood means juggling a job, involvement with grandchildren and, sometimes, the care
of their own parents. It is up to us to balance the demands we make on them if we don't want to wear them ( 9) out.
Grandparents are (10) such a valuable part of the family that we just cannot do without them.

4.
Our classes take place for three hours every morning from Monday to Friday. The maximum class size is twelve ( 1)
and the average is ten. We use modern methods of (2) teching and learning, and the school has a language laboratory, a
video camera and recorders. You will only be successful in improving (3) your English, however, if you work hard and (4)
practice speaking English as much as you can. You will take a short (5) test in English as soon as you arrive. In this way, we
can put you in a (6) class at the most suitable level.
There are two classes at the Elementary level; one is for complete (7) beginners and the other is for students who
know only a little English, in both classes you will practise simple conversations. In the class (8) at the intermediate level
you will have a lot of practice in communication in real-life situation because we help you to use the English you have

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previously (9) learned in your own country, You will also have the chance to improve your (10) knowledge of English
grammar and to build up your vocabulary...

5.
In the 21st century food will (1) do more than just you feed you. A new range of products appearing on shelves in
shops and supermarkets (2) is designed to give you specific health benefits. The demands of modern life make these foods
very attractive. Not only do they provide proven ways to improve health, but they are also very attractive (3) as a quick and
convenient way of making sure we enjoy a healthy diet.
In some countries it is already possible to buy crisps that make you feel ( 4) less depressed, chewing gum that
increases your brain power and tea that helps you (5) get over the tiredness associated (6) with long-distance air travel. In the
future, experts promise biscuits that will keep you healthy, and hot chocolate drink to give you strong bones.
Despite the fact that these “functional” foods cannot replace a balanced diet and regular exercise, they can help the
body perform at (7) its best a lot of the time. At (8) present, these foods are more expensive than other foods, but that is due
to the ingredients they (9) consist of and the way they are made. All the foods contain probiotics (10) that increase the
number of “good” bacteria in your stomach, helping to keep your digestive system healthy.

6.
PEER PRESSURE
One of the strongest influences on children today (1) is that of their peers. What their classmates think, how they
dress and how they act in class and out of it (2) affect the behavior of nearly every child at school. In their efforts not to be
different, some children go so far as to hide their intelligence and ability in case they are made (3) fun of. Generally, children
do not want to stand (4) out from the crowd. They want to fit in, to be accepted. In psychological terms, the importance of
(5) peer pressure cannot be overemphasized. There is a lot of evidence that it has great bearing on all aspects of children's
lives, (6) from the clothes they wear, the music they listen to and their attitude to study to their ambitions in life, their
relationships and their sense. (7) However, as children grow up into adolescents, individuality becomes more acceptable,
desirable even, and in their search for their (8) own personal style, the teenager and young adult will begin to experiment
and be more willing to run the (9) risk of rejection by the group. Concern about intellectual prowess and achieving good
exam results can dominate as the atmosphere of competition develops and worries (10) about the future override any fears of
appearing too brainy.

7.
Students frequently complain (1) about studying for hours on (2) end and then not doing well in their final exams.
Many factors can (3) result in poor performances: (4) an illness or a personal problem. Getting high grades can also put a
terrible strain on students (5) who don’t want to let their parents down.
Can students’ knowledge be judged by a (6) single exam? Certainly not! If we want to be fair, students ought to be
(7) tested on a regular basic. So does that mean more exams? Yes, but (8) not many written ones. In many countries, student
do not have to take written exams (9) if they don’t want to, they are (10) allowed to take oral ones instead. This seems to be
fairer way of assessing understanding, not just testing it.

8.
The show was fully booked (1) up for weeks, and when it opened last night, the public poured (2) in and very soon
the London Arts Center was packed (3) out. But why? What did they come to see? They came to see human beings take (4)
off circus animals, men in cat suits who stood (5) in for real lions and tigers. The show was put (6) on by its creators to
protest (7) against traditional circuses and to send a message about cruelty to animals. The show was timed to tie ( 8) in with
the National Protection of Animals Week. It was a good idea, but the standard of the performances was third-rate and an
embarrassing number of people simply walked (9) out before it ended. There were some amusing moments when the
performers sent (10) up typical circus folks, but overall it was a dismal show. Despite the large turnout for the show’s first
night, I doubt it will attract many people during the rest of its seven-day run.

9.
THE LEGEND OF THE ROOT
Ginseng is one of the great mysteries of the east. Often referred to as the “elixir of life”, its widespread use in
oriental medicine has led to many myths and legends building up around this remarkable plant. Ginseng has featured (1) as
an active ingredient in oriental medical literature for over 5,000 years. Its beneficial effects were, at one time, (2) so widely
recognized and praised that the root was said to be worth its weight in gold.
(3) Despite the long history of ginseng, no one fully knows how it works. The active part of the plant (4) is the root.
Its full name is Panax Ginseng – the word Panax, (5) like the word panacea, coming from the Greek for “all healing”. There
is growing interest by western scientists in the study of ginseng. It is today believed that this remarkable plant may ( 6) have
beneficial effects in the treatment of many diseases which are difficult to treat with synthetic drug.

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 Today, ginseng is (7) no longer a myth or a legend. Throughout the world it is becoming widely recognized that this
ancient herb holds the answer to relieving the stresses and ailments of modern living. It is widely used for the treatment of
various ailments (8) such as arthritis, diabetes, insomnia, hepatitis and anemia. However, the truth behind (9) how ginseng
works still remains a mystery. Yet its widespread effectiveness shows that the remarkable properties are (10) more than just
a legend.

10.
TSUNAMI IN JAPAN
Japan's most powerful earthquake since records began has struck the north-east coast, triggering a massive
tsunami. Cars, ships and buildings were (1) swept away by a wall of water after the 8.9 - magnitude tremor, which struck
about 400 kms (250 miles) north-east of Tokyo. A state of emergency has been declared at a nuclear power plant, (2) where
pressure has exceeded normal levels. Officials say more than 10,000 people are dead and about 7,000 (3) missing, but it is
feared the final death toll will be (4) much higher. In one ward alone in Sendai, a port city in Miyagi prefecture, 200 to 300
bodies were found. “The quake has been the fifth-largest in the world (5) since 1900 and nearly 8,000 (6) times stronger than
the one which devastated Christchurch, New Zealand, last month”, said scientists. Thousands of people (7) living near the
Fukushima nuclear power plant have been ordered to evacuate. Japanese nuclear officials said that pressure inside a boiling
water reactor at the plant was running much higher than normal after the cooling system failed. Officials said they might
need to deliberately (8) release some radioactive steam to relieve pressure, but that there would be no health risk. US
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had earlier said the US Air Force had flown emergency coolant to the site. But US officials
later said (9) no coolant had been handed over because the Japanese had decided to handle the situation (10) themselves.
The UN's nuclear agency said four nuclear power plants had been shut down safely.

11.
True relaxation is most certainly not a matter of flopping down in front of the television with a welcome drink. Nor
is it about drifting (1)____________ an exhausted sleep. Useful though these responses to tension and over-tiredness
(2)____________ be, we should distinguish between them and conscious relaxation in (3)____________ of quality and
effect. (4)____________ of the level of tiredness, real relaxation is a state of alert yet at the same time passive awareness, in
which our bodies are (5)____________ rest while our minds are awake.
Moreover, it is as natural for a healthy person to be relaxed when moving as resting. ( 6)___________ relaxed in
action means we bring the appropriate energy to everything we do, so as to have a feeling of healthy tiredness by the end of
the day, (7)____________ than one of exhaustion. Unfortunately, as a result of living in today’s competitive world, we are
under constant strain and have difficulty in coping, (8)___________ alone nurturing our body’s abilities. What needs to be
rediscovered is conscious relaxation. With (9)____________ in mind we must apply ourselves to understanding stress and
the nature of its causes (10)___________ deep-seated.

12.
THE THREAT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Nowadays people are more aware that wildlife all over the world is in ( 1)_________.Many species of animals are
threatened, and could easily become (2)__________ if we do not make an (3)_____________ to protect them. There are
many reasons for this. In some cases, animals are hunted for their fur or for other valuable ( 4)___________ of their bodies.
Some birds, such as parrots, are caught (5)____________ and sold as pets. For many animals and birds, the problem is that
their habitat - the place (6)____________ they live - is disappearing. More (7)____________ is used for farms, for houses or
industry, and there are fewer open spaces (8)______________ there once were. Farmers use powerful chemicals to help
them grow better crops but these chemicals (9)______________ the environment and harm wildlife. The most successful
animals on earth - human beings - will soon be the only ones (10)___________ unless we can solve this problem.

13.
Mr. Brown lived his entire life in a small town in the north of England. He never left the house __________( 1) he
had been born, never married, never went on holiday and had no friends. He worked in a local factory for ___________( 2)
forty years but even the people who had worked with him for years ________________(3) very little about him. He wore
the same clothes year in year out, and ______________(4) he shopped regularly at the local store he bought only the most
basic foodstuffs, never changing his purchases from one week to the next. So when he died last month, neighbors and local
people were ______________(5) to learn that Mr. Brown was not just a rich man, he was in fact ________________(6)
millionaire!
He had no bank, no account, no money invested anywhere but in the various drawers, cupboards and boxes in the house there
were hundreds and thousands of bank ______________(7) and coins.It took police over two weeks to clear the house and the
bank clerks took just as long to _____________(8) all the money. “We had absolutely no ideas that he had been hiding his
money over the years”, one of his neighbors said. “In fact, we used to feel ______________(9) for him, we thought he was a
poor old man unable to ______________(10) anything better for himself.

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14.
TRAVEL INSURANCE
When going on holiday, it is always a good idea to take out travel insurance. This is just in case something goes
(1)_____________ along the way. You could lose your luggage, you could be robbed, or even become ill and need
expensive medical treatment. For millions of holiday makers, travel insurance is just a precaution ( 2)_____________ will
help them have an enjoyable and worry-free holiday. But for (3)_____________, travel insurance is a way of earning money
(4)___________ making false claims against insurance companies. For (5)_____________ some people pretend that they
have had expensive equipment stolen which in (6)_____________ never even existed, and then claim large sums in
compensation. Such claims cost insurance company a total (7)_____________ £ 50 million per year. But the cheats’ luck is
about to run (8)_______________. (9)____________ to a new computer system, companies will be able to tell at a glance
(10)____________ someone has made a claim within the last three years. Honest travelers will no longer have to pay
through the nose for other people’s dishonesty.

15.
THE BIRTH OF THE T-SHIRT
The T-shirt, or at least the T-shirt as we know it, was born in the theatre. When Tennessee William's play A Streetcar
Named Oesire opened in New York in December 1947, a young actor (1)___________ Marlon Brando went (2)__________
stage wearing a (3)__________ of blue jeans and a bright, white, capped-sleeve T-shirt. It was the first time the T-shirt had
been seen publicly as anything (4)__________ an item of underwear and it set a fashion trend that was to last through
(5)__________ the end of the century. The idea for the T-shirt came (6)____________ Brando himself. He had worn one at
rehearsals for the play. The director was so impressed by the look that was created that he asked Brando to wear the shirt in
the play itself. Brando may have seen the shirt being advertised by the American company Sears Roebuck. They had decided
to market the shirt (7)____________ a fashionable garment in its (8)_____________ right, rather than just something to be
worn (9)___________ warmth beneath a denim work shirt (10)___________ an army uniform. It was Brando, however, who
popularized it, especially with the release of the film version of Streetcar in 1951. A short leather jacket completed the look
that was to be adopted by teenage rebels in many countries for decades afterwards.

16.
I was reading an article last week in ( 1)_________ the writer described how her children has changed as
they grow up. When they were small she had to (2)__________ up with noisy games in the house, or join in
interminable games of football in the garden which wore her out. If the house went quiet, she wondered what the
monsters were getting up to, or what crisis she would have to (3)__________ with next. She dreaded the fact that they
might take after her husband, who admitted having (4)________ an uncontrollable child who (5)_________ most of
the time showing off to his friends by breaking things or getting into fights. What was worse was that (6)__________
else thought he was a sweet child, and he got away with the most terrible things! However, she had experienced an
even greater shocked with her children. They had (7)_________ out of all their naughty behavior, and taken up serious
hobbies (8)__________ as chess and playing the piano. They never did anything without (9)______ it over first, and
coming to a serious decision. She had to face up to the fact that they made her feel rather childish as they got
(10)__________, and that in some ways she preferred them when they were young and noisy.

17.
Enjoyment is what drinking wine is all about. However, the more you know, ( 1)________ easier it
becomes to select the right wines for you or your guests. Wine is basically grape juice to ( 2)________ yeast has been
added causing it to ferment and produce alcohol. Alcohol is flavourless, so there must be something more
(3)________ wine than this. Many of the secrets of wine lie within the grape. Its pulp is a sugar solution which
contains the things that give a wine its fruity flavour. In a dry wine, most of a grape’s sugar has been converted
(4)________ alcohol. In a sweet one, more sugar is left. This can be felt on the (5)________ of the tongue. The pulp
also contains acidity which gives the wine "crispness” that makes the mouth water.
Too much (6)__________ it can make you wince, too little and the wine could taste dull. The skin contains
flavour and tannin. Tannin produces a tingling sensation in the gums and gives a wine firmness. White grapes
(7)__________ their skins removed before fermentation so tannin is only really found in red wines. The pulp of black
and white grapes is (8)__________ same pale colour. The fact that the skins of black grapes are left on (9)__________
the wine is fermented gives red wine its colour.
The wines which are often considered to be the best are ( 10)__________ where all the elements balance one
another. There are many grape varieties grown in many climates which influence the emphasis given to these features
and this is why wines can be so wonderfully different.

18.
SPLENDID SPAS OF ASIA

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 Lying on a bed almost on the (1) ________ of a cliff, with a stupendous ocean view and the (2) ________ of waves,
aches and pains are soothed away (3) ________ expert hands. Only two steps are needed to reach the private pool, which
seems to merge (4) ________ the ocean.
Such a scenario is no longer a fantasy (5) ________ an increasingly popular reality in Asia for many stressed out
businessmen and visitors from all over the world in search of that peaceful time and space for their body and mind.
In the last four years, at (6) ________ 17 hotel spas have opened in South East Asia to (7) ________ this need. The
tropical climate of the region and its reliable sunshine make for an ideal spa setting. Picturesque environments (8) ________
with a series of rejuvenating treatments bring the desired result. The Asian spa resorts have acquired a formidable reputation
for their professional services as (9) ________ as for the decor of their large treatment rooms. Visitors relax with Thai music
and soak in the warm tones of the room. As all these take (10) ________ in individual rooms, precious privacy is guaranteed,
a rare privilege often absent from other spas where guests share rooms or changing areas.

19.
BICYCLE SAFETY
Having to obey rules and regulations when riding a bike is one of the first experiences children have of the idea of
(1) ……………. the law. However, a large number of children are left to learn the rules by trial and error, instead of being
guided by experienced (2) …………….. Every year, hundreds of children visit the doctor or the hospital casualty department
(3) ………..……. crashing on their bikes. This could be easily prevented by (4) ………………. them the basics of bicycle
safety. Ideally, children should be allowed to (5) ……………..…. only in safe places, such as parks and cycle tracks. When
this is not possible, and they are permitted to go on the (6) ……………..…., it is important to teach them some basic safety
principles.
First, they ought to learn and obey the rules of the road, which ( 7) ………….……. traffic signs, signals and road
markings. Second, they should (8) ……………..…. wear a helmet. Studies have shown that wearing bicycle helmets can (9)
……………..…. head injuries by up to 85 percent. In many places, (10) …………….…. are required by law, particularly for
children. Finally, children should be made to understand the importance of riding in areas that are brightly lit and of wearing
clothes that make them clearly visible on the road.

20.
Son Doong Cave is in the heart of Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park in Quang Binh province of Central Vietnam.
Only recently (1)......................in 2009-2010 by the British Cave Research Association, the cave has only been open to the
(2)......................since 2013.
Fewer people have seen the inside of Son Doong Cave than have stood on the summit of Mount Everest. Join us on
this otherworldly expedition and become one of the lucky few (3)................... have had the life changing experience of
exploring the world's largest cave.
Imagine trekking straight into the (4)........................of the world's largest cave on an expedition unlike any other. A
cave is (5)........................massive that a Boeing 747 could fly through its largest cavern. Foreign landscapes found ( 6)
……………......... else, enormous stalagmites rising from the ground and statuesque stalactites hanging from the ceiling like
an alien species. Jungles emerge (7)........................the cave itself, which is so surreal that it's worth seeing once. Misty
clouds envelop the whole scene, a result of the cave's own localised weather system. Passages adorned
(8).......................ancient fossils offer evidence of the millions of years that have passed on this Earth.
As you approach the Jungle just outside the entrance, the ( 9) ……………........... of cool wind that cascades out
brings to life everything inside of you. Hazy, cold and exhilarating, it is apparent that there's ( 10).........................magical
waiting just beyond the opening to the cave.

21.
MTV stands for Music Television. It's a television ( 1)________________ dedicated to pop music. It was
(2)________________ on 1st August 1981 in the United States. Because of MTV's instant success in the US, the company
expanded into other (3)_______________. MTV Europe (4)_________________ operating on 1st August 1987. MTV
Europe (5)______________ 24 hours a day from its London studios. It can be seen in 33 countries and reaches an estimated
(6)___________ of 110 million viewers.
People of 19 different nationalities work at London headquarters, and they try to offer a (7) _____________ of
music from all over Europe. The channel broadcasts in (8)___________ but Germany provides the biggest number of
viewers. Currently, one fifth of the (9)______________ is by German artists.
Most of TV output is video and concerts, but there is also a programme (10)___________ Unplugged, where major
artists play live and acoustic in front of a small studio audience.

22.
Most of the addicts are men. They come home (1)……………….work, eat their meal quickly, and then spend the
evening (2)………………….. their computers. Some of them (3)………..…….programs, but most of them (4)…………….

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……play games. Some wises say (5)…………….….computer is killing their marriage. Their husbands play until three (6)
……….….. four o’clock in the morning and all weekend. people (7)………….……..these lonely wives “computer widows”.
When television became popular in the 1950s, doctors said it caused “ television neck”, TV eyes and ( 8)
………………...new illnesses, and makes their eyes tired. But worst (9)……….…..all, it is addictive. That means it is (10)
…………….drinking, smoking or taking drugs. Some people can’t stop doing it.

23.
A Success Story
At 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire and one of a growing number of teenagers ____________ ( 1) have made
their fortune through the Internet. ____________ (2) makes Ben's story all the more remarkable is that he is dyslexic, and
was told by teachers _____________ (3) his junior school that he would never be able to read or write properly. "I wanted to
prove them wrong", says Ben, creator and director of Way search, a net search engine which can be used to find goods
___________ (4) online shopping malls.
When he was eight, his local authorities provided him ____________ (5) a PC to help with schoolwork. Although he was
unable to read the manuals, he had a natural ____________ (6) with the computer, and encouraged by his father, he soon
began charging people E10 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he set up his own computer consultancy,
Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, two years later he left school ____________ (7) devote all his time to
business.
"By this time the company had grown and I needed to take ____________ (8) a couple of employees to help me," says Ben.
“That enabled me to start doing business with bigger companies.” It was his ability to consistently ____________ ( 9)
difficult challenges that led him to win the You Entrepreneur of the Year award in the same year that he formed Way search,
and he has recently signed a deal worth £25 million with a private investment company, which will finance ___________
(10) search engine.

24.
Speech is one of the most important (1)___________ of communicating. It consists of far more than just making
noises. To talk and also to be (2)__________ by other people, we have to speak a language, that is , we have to use
combinations of (3)___________ that everyone agrees stand for particular object or idea. Communication would be
impossible if everyone made up their own language.
Learning a language properly is very (4)____________ The basic (5)___________ of English is not very large, and
only about 2000 words are needed to speak it quite (6)____________ But the more words you know, the more idea you can
(7)_____________ and the more precise you can be about their exact meaning.
Words are the (8)_____________ thing we use in communicating what we want to say. The way we
(9)_____________ the words is also very important. Our tone of voice can express many emotions and ( 10)_____________
whether we are pleased or angry, for instance.

25.
Around the age of eighteen, you must make one of the biggest decisions of your life. "Do I stay on at school and
hopefully go on to university (1)_____________? Do I leave and start work or begin (2) ________________ training
course?".
The decision is yours, but it may be (3)_______________ remembering two things: there is more unemployment
among people (4)_________________ haven't been to university, and people who have the right (5)________________ will
have a big advantage in the competition for jobs. If you decide to go straight into a job, there are many opportunities
(6)______________ training. Getting qualifications will (7)____________ you to get on more quickly in many careers, and
evening classes allow you to learn (8)_______________ you earn. Starting work and taking a break to study when you are
older is (9)______________ possibility. This way, you can save up money for your student days, as well as
(10)________________ practical work experience.

26.
Kim Jong-il (16th February 1941 – 17th December 2011) was the supreme leader of North Korea ( 1)
……………………….. 1994 to 2011.
Kim Jong-il died (2) ……………………….. a suspected heart (3) ……………………….. on 17th December 2011
while traveling by train to an area outside Pyongyang. He was succeeded by his youngest son Kim Jong-un, ( 4)
……………………….. was considered by the Korean Central News Agency (5) ……………………….. the "Great
Successor". The Korean Central News Agency reported that during his death, a fierce snowstorm paused and the sky glowed
red above the sacred Mount Paektu. The ice on a famous lake also cracked so loud, it seemed to shake the Heavens and the
Earth.
Kim Jong-il's funeral took (6) ……………………….. on December 28th in Pyongyang, with a mourning period
lasting until the (7) ……………………….. day. South Korea's military was immediately put on alert after the
announcement. Asian stock markets fell soon after the announcement, due to similar concerns.

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 (8) ……………………….. January 12th, 2012 North Korea called Kim Jong-il the "eternal leader" and announced
that his (9) ……………………….. will be preserved and displayed at Pyongyang's Kumsusan Memorial Palace. Officials
will also install statues, portraits, and "towers to his immortality" across the country. His (10) ……………………….. of
February 16th has been declared "the greatest auspicious holiday of the nation", and has been named the Day of the Shining
Star.

27.
Australia is a big country, but nearly all Australians live near the sea. On hot summer days, you can see thousands of
people at the beach. Many beaches have waves (1) …………………… are very high.
These large waves are known as surf and the people who ride them are called surfers. Surfing is a skill, and it needs
learning. Don’t (2) …………………… to be able to surf properly the (3) …………………… time you try. However, by
practising a few times you will learn (4) …………………… to do it.
Surfing is not a new sport. Perhaps its origins need explaining. It started hundreds (5) …………………… years ago
in Hawaii. Men swam (6) …………………… to sea to catch fish and found they could come back to land very quickly by
riding the waves. These first surfers did not (7) …………………… a board. They were “body surfers”. Many people (8)
…………………… do this type of surfing today.
After a while people started to use boards and rode the waves by lying, kneeling or standing ( 9) ……………………
them. These first surfboards were made of wood and the water made them rot after a while. Today, surfboards are made of
plastic or fibreglass (10) ………………………….

28.
Is your school just as you wanted it to be? Or are there things you and your classmates (1) ________ change, given the
opportunity? This is your chance to express your ideas about (2) ________ the ideal school is like. Our competition is open
to (3) ________ student between the ages of twelve and eighteen. You can enter (4) ________ an individual or your whole
class can work together on a team entry. Your entry can take any form – a piece of writing, a picture, or even architectural
plans. It is completely (5) ________ to you. What we are looking for is evidence (6) ________ originality, imagination and,
above (7) ________, the genuine views of young people.
By (8) ________ part in this, you will help in a study being carried out at a leading university. All work entered ( 9)
________ the competition will be kept at the university and used in research. Entries cannot be returned ( 10) ________ of
this. But it also means that, even (11) ________ you do not win, your views will still be heard and will remain for future
educationalists to study.
Entries must reach us no (12) ________ than Friday 30 April. Winners will receive valuable prizes of computer equipment
and software for their schools.

29.
Is Photography Dead?
For a long time in the past photography was not regarded as an art. It was simply a skill and it was criticized for
being too mechanical and not creative enough. At last, however, photography is now accepted as a unique and very
important (1)...............of art.
The photograph's claim to be an objective record of reality is now seriously challenged, and the important function
of photography in modern-day society is consequently (2) …………......threat. The threat has suddenly become all the more
serious as more and more photographers are (3).......................... to the new technology which computers offer. Moreover, a
(n) (4) ...................... number of colleges have now begun to offer (5)...................... in computer imaging. All these
developments (6).................... a disturbing question. Is photography, as we know (7).........................dead?
In spite of its complete transformation by new technological developments, however, photography will continue to
play a (8) …………............role in our culture. Although it may no longer (9)............ to be realistic, modern photography can
continue to provide us with fresh visual (10) ........................about ourselves and the world in which we live.

30.
The British are widely (1) _____________ to be a very polite nation, and in (2)____________ respects this is true.
An Italian journalist once commented of the British that they need (3) ________________ fewer than four “thank you”
merely to buy a bus ticket. The first, from the bus conductor means, “I’m here.” The second accompanies the handing over
of the money. The third, again from the conductor, (4) ________________ “Here is your ticket.”, and then the passenger
utters a final one as he accepts the tickets. Such transactions in most (5) ______________ parts of the world are usually
conducted in total silence. In sharp contrast to this excessive politeness with strangers, the British are strangely lacking (6)
__________________ ritual phrases for social interaction. The exhortation “Good appetite”, uttered in so (7)
_______________ other languages to fellow-diners before a meal, does not exist in English. The nearest equivalent – Enjoy
your dinner! – is said only by people who will not be partaking of the meal in question. What’s more, the British (8)
______________ happiness to their friends or acquaintances only at the start of a new year and at (9)__________________
such as birthdays, (10) _________________ the Greeks routinely wish all and sundry a “good week” or a “good month”.

7
31.
Cell Phones
Cell phones have been popular in Japan since the early 1990s, but it was ( 1)________ until 1999 that their use
really took off. The age of cell phones has emerged, but with it come problems.
Cell phones are used on buses and trains, in restaurants, and in all areas of ( 2)________. They cause problems when
they (3)________ during meetings, concerts, weddings, or even funerals. What's more, people speak loudly in public,
and students read and text messages during lessons. (4)________ seriously, when a cell phone is used near a person
(5)________ a pacemaker to fegulate his heartbeat, its radio waves may interfere with the functioning of the pacemaker.
Now, something is being done to solve these (6)________. In many places, new technology is being used to block
cell phone calls. Airline (7)________ are requested to stop using cell phones while on board. Concert halls ask their audience
to switch their phones to the (8)________ mode. However, phone users fear that if they do not (9)________ their phones,
they will lose valuable business opportunities. That's why many do not (10)________ off their phones even when they are
asked to.

32.
Although the rise in the global temperature by 4 per cent predicted by many scientists may not sound like much, it is
the difference between (1)________ and the last Ice Age, when huge glaciers (2)________ Europe and most of Britain.
Nobody knows exactly what would happen in a warmer world, (3)________ we do know some things. Heat a kettle and the
water inside it expands. The temperature of the world has climbed more than half a degree this century, and the oceans have
risen by at (4)________ 10 cm.
But just as it takes several minutes for a kettle to begin (5)________, so it may have taken the oceans thirty years to
swell. This means that the global warming we are now (6)________ is a result only of the carbon dioxide we have dumped
into the atmosphere up to (7)________ 1960s. Since then, the use of fossil (8)________ has increased rapidly. Scientists
working for the United Nations and European governments have (9)________ warning that what the Dutch and the people of
the East Anglia will need to do will be to build more extensive sea defences. Many of the world’s greater cities are at
(10)________, because they are located at sea level. Miami, (11)________ entirely built on a sandbank, could be swept
away. But the effects of (12)________ sea levels will be much worse for the developing countries. With a metre rise in sea
levels, 200 million people could become (13)________.
There are other fears too, (14)________ to a recent United Nations report. The plight of the hungry in the northern
Africa could (15)________, as rainfall in the Sahara and beyond is reduced by 20 per cent.

33.
Vitamins are substances required for the proper functioning of the body. In this century, thirteen vitamins have been
discovered .
A lack of any vitamins in a person’s body can cause illness. In some cases, an excess of vitamins can also ( 1)
………..…….to illness. For example, sailors in the past were prone to suffer from scurvy (2)…………….…is a disease
resulting from the lack of vitamin C. It causes bleeding of the gum, loss of teeth and skin rashes. Sailors suffer from scurvy
because they did not eat fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables contain vitamin C ,which is necessary for good (3)…….
……..
Vitamin B complex is composed of eight different vitamins. A lack of any of these vitamins will lead to different( 4)
…………..…….. For instance, a person who has too little vitamin B1 will suffer from beri-beri, a disease that causes heart
problems and mental disorders. A lack of vitamin B2 results in eye and skin problems while deficiency of vitamin B6 causes
problems of the nervous system. Too little vitamin B12 will cause anemia. The knowledge that vitamin deficiencies caused
certain diseases led doctors to (5)…………………people suffering from these illnesses by giving them doses of the
necessary (6)……..……….Today, vitamins are available (7)………..…….the form of pills and can easily be bought at any
pharmacy.

34.
ITALY’S MOST POETIC CITY
Venice has been an inspiration for writers, artists and musicians throughout history. In the 15th century it was the
world’s (1) ___________ port. Since then it has built up an astonishing collection of art and architecture (2) ___________ to
its trade with the East.
The city (3) ______________ its visitors incredible sights. Do not believe those who say Venice is a museum. This
is still a living city full of joys. Venice looks good in any light. The sun makes the domes sparkle, but even on a grey, ( 4)
____________ day the city can be extremely romantic.
And (5) _____________ it gets overcrowded, (6) ________________ is an easy escape to the other islands in the Venice
Gulf, (7) _______________ brightly-colored houses are a photographer’s dream.

8
 In a curious way, Venice is a model city for the future; it is free from cars and the ( 8) _____________ way to get
around is by public transport or on foot. This one fact alone (9) ____________ it a unique city, one (10) ________________
traffic noise, the creation of genius indeed.

35.
How to win friends and influence colleagues
The worst sins that office workers can commit in the eyes of colleagues are interrupting people on the phone, talking
loudly in front of someone’s desk and arriving late (1) ___________ a meeting. It is almost (2) _____________ bad to eat at
your desk, make personal phone calls or leave coffee cups (3) ____________ around, according to Bodytalk, a guide
published by the Industrial Society, (4) ____________ lists the 30 traits most likely to annoy colleagues.
High on the list are signing on at someone else’s computer terminal ( 5) ___________ signing off afterwards,
messing up the photocopier by jamming the paper or leaving it set to produce multiple copies. Reading newspaper, doodling,
chewing gum, keeping cuddly toys or ornaments on your desk, and putting up postcards or supposedly witty slogan (6)
_____________ invite disapproval. Also unpopular are (7) ____________ who never fetch a colleague a drink from the
machine, or who (8) ___________ to hold the lift door open when others are approaching. ( 9) ___________ conduct,
according to the guide’s author, Judi James, not only gives you an unprofessional image but is downright anti-social and
could result (10) ___________ dismissal.
36.
The Countryside Agency began the process of designating the South Downs as a National Park in April last year.
We believe that being a National Park is the best way to protect the Downs, build on the achievements of the past to (1)
______________ and enhance the area in its widest sense for future (2) ______________ . The Downs are under huge and
increasing pressure. The South East is one of the busiest and most pressurised regions (3) ______________ Europe. This
means there is (4) ______________ demand for the development of new homes, roads and industry. There are also more
people living and working in the region, which means more need for people to be able to access beautiful and peaceful
countryside to get (5) ______________ from it all. The Downs already receives around 35 million visits a year: this number
is likely to increase as more and more people
live and work in the area.
Designation will bring a body with new ideas and resources specifically focused on ( 6) ______________ and
visitor management, working with others across the whole of the Park to encourage co-ordination and joint action, and
taking action itself where needed. It will be able to manage the increasing number of visitors so that the Downs themselves
are not (7) ______________, but are still a resource everyone can enjoy. It will also be best placed to protect and enhance
the Downs, so that the qualities so many people love in this special area remain for future generations. We have two (8)
______________: to identify a boundary for the proposed National Park and to prepare advice to the Government on the
arrangements needed for a South Downs National Park Authority.
The Agency is launching a widespread public consultation in November 2015 which will last for three months and give all
interested organisations and individuals the (9) _________ to comment in detail on our initial proposals for the boundary
and the administrative options for the National Park Authority. If you would like to receive a copy of the consultation
document once it is published then please contact us (10) _____________ the feedback form.

37.
It is not surprising that actors want to be pop stars and vice versa. (1) ..................... that is deep in a part of our brain
that most of us manage to keep under control, we all want to be pop stars and actors.
Sadly, there’s nothing about the (2) ..................... profession that automatically qualifies you for the other, except, of
course, for the fact that famous actors and singers are already surrounded by people who never say no to them.
(3) ..................... the whole, pop stars tend to fare better on screen than their (4) ..................... numbers do on CD. Let’s
(5) ..................... it: not being able to act is no big drawback in Hollywood, whereas not being able to play or sing still tends
to count (6) ..................... you in the recording studio.
Some stars do display a genuine proficiency in both disciplines, and a few even maintain successful careers in both fields,
but this just (7) ..................... a bad example for all the others. For every success, there are two dozen failures. And most of
them have no idea how terrible they are. (8) ..................... as power tends to corrupt, so celebrity tends to destroy the ability
to gauge whether or not you’re making a fool of (9) ..................... .
But perhaps we shouldn’t criticize celebrities for trying to expand their horizons in this way. ( 10) ..................... there
is one good thing about actors trying to sing and singers trying to act, it is that it keeps them all too busy to write books.

38.
Enjoy the benefits of stress!
Are you looking forward to another busy week? You should be according to some experts. They argue that the stress
encountered in our daily lives is not only good for us, but essential to survival. They say that the response to ( 1) _________,
which creates a chemical called adrenal in, helps the mind and body to act quickly ( 2) ___________ emergencies. Animals
and human beings use it to meet the hostile conditions which exist on the planet.

9
 Whilst nobody denies the pressures of everyday life, what is surprising is that we are yet to develop successful ways
of dealing with them. (3) ________ the experts consider the current strategies to be inadequate and often dangerous. They
believe that (4) ________ of trying to manage our response to stress with drugs or relaxation techniques, we must exploit it.
Apparently, research shows that people (5) ________ create conditions of stress for (6) _______ by doing exciting and risky
sports or looking for challenges, cope much better with life's problems. Activities of this type have been shown to create a lot
of emotion; people may actually cry or feel extremely uncomfortable. But there is a point (7) _________ which they realise
they have succeeded and know that it was a positive experience. This is because we learn through challenge and difficulty.
That's (8) _________ we get our wisdom. Few of us, unfortunately, understand this fact. For example, many people believe
they (9) _________ from stress at work, and take time off as a result. Yet it has been found in some companies that by far
(10) __________ healthiest people are those with the most responsibility. So next time you're in a stressful situation, just
remember that it will be a positive learning experience and could also benefit your health!

39.
The majority of lottery winners change their lives ( 1) __________ little, and continue on their settled way happy
ever after. A couple of years ago, a Mr. David Horabin won a million. He had been struggling to (2) _________ a success of
his dry cleaning shop for the past 12 months. He accepted his cheque in a small ceremony (3) ________ the premises at 2.30,
and by three o'clock he had reopened for business. The reaction of Mr. Pasquale Consalvo who won $30 million in the New
York state lottery was very (4) _________. He was unhappy not to be able to fulfill his desire to go to work as ( 5)
___________ on the day he won. He also said that if the money made him (6) ____________ he would give it back. In fact,
the chances of his life being made a misery by his new-found wealth are almost (7) _________ slim though not quite as the
sixty million-to-one odds he beat to take a jackpot (8)________ had remained unclaimed through six previous draws.
Gambling small amounts (9) __________ the lottery is a harmless if futile hobby. (10) __________, gambling can become
an addiction, increasingly so as the activity becomes socially acceptable.

40.
If there is just one single thing more astonishing than the ability of the adult human being to talk, it is the process
by which someone learns to do this. Some parts of the process are still (1)________ much a closed book, but it is for the
(2)_________ part possible to describe what the child is doing at various stages in its development, even if we cannot
account (3)________ how exactly it learns to do these things.
In fact, research carried out by various linguists has ( 4)_________ rise to as many theories as there are differences
in the rate of development. A baby actually makes sounds from the moment it is born, but for some time these are rather far
removed (5)_________ articulate speech. In something like a year, a baby will probably be at a stage where one or two
syllables represent the peak of its achievement as a speaker; one more year and it will be (6)_______ out with short phrases,
and after this it seems (7)________ time at all before the child is capable of uttering complete sentences.
Despite being a truly remarkable feat of learning, this is one that is performed by the vast (8)_________ of human
beings. Complex operations are brought (9)________ play in these dealing with speech and language; the key (10)_______
in brain work, though tongue – work and ear – work play a part in the whole process.

41.
A word in a dictionary is very much like a car in a mammoth motor show – full of potential but temporarily inactive.
To put the car on the road a complex of things is required including fuel, a controller at the wheel and knowledge of the rules
of the road. To get a word moving we (1) ____________ the things that come (2) ____________ the heading of grammar.
Grammar describes words in action. It classifies words into parts of speech, lists the changes of form that words can undergo
when (3) _______________ contact with other words and examines the placing of the totality of words needed for the
expression of thought. Because grammar (4) ____________ like a science and yet does not behave like one (words often
jump (5) ____________ of their classificatory cages), teachers and textbook-writers have been accused of digging too (6)
___________ into it. A lot of out-of-date conceptions become fossilised in grammar-books, and their writers do not like to
admit this. Nor does the inertia of teachers or the examiner’s love of (7) _______________ unambiguous encourage them to
revise the thirty-third edition. It is best to let things carry (8) ______________ as they are; let sleeping dogmas lie. The
pupil-examinees do not want (9) ____________ light on grammar; they merely want to (10) _______________ rid of it.

42.
Throughout history people have worn clothing of one description or another. Apart from protection against the
weather, clothes were (1) ____________ often used to show the wearer's status and wealth. Over the years, numerous
fashions in clothing have come and gone. (2)____________ some of these have been popular for relatively short periods,
others have (3)____________ longer.
(4)_______________ the first half of the 20th century, the ability to follow fashion was limited to those who had the
money to (5)______________ so. But following fashion did not only demand money, it also required large amounts of
leisure time. Wealthy people took fashion very (6) ________________ and close attention had to be paid to detail. Wearing

10
the correct clothes for different occasions was very important, despite the fact that this often meant ( 7)_________________
clothes five or six times day.
More recently, fashionable clothes have come ( 8) ________________the reach of ordinary people. The traditional
craft of dressmaking, (9)_______________ usually involved sewing by hand, was both costly and slow. But today, large-
scale manufacturing has made it easier for people to keep up with changes in fashion ( 10)_______________ having to spend
a great deal of money.

43.
Many celebrated artists have found it hard to make ( 1)____________meet early on in their careers.
(2)____________a few well-known exceptions, however, (poor Van Gogh being perhaps the most famous one) most went
on to find recognition within their own lifetime. Picasso’s life story is the kind of rags-to-riches tale which gives hope to
many (3) ____________ unknown artist. In 1904, he was sharing a draughty and primitive studio complex with thirty other
artists. But by his death, he was a multi-millionaire and probably the most celebrated modern artist ( 4)____________.
Nevertheless for (5)____________ success story, there must be dozens of artists (perhaps some potential ‘greats’) who have
endured a lifetime of hardship in obscurity. Whether they were never recognized because their work was out of sympathy
with the prevailing fashion, (6) ____________ because they lacked talent, is impossible to say. Most people see art ( 7)
____________ a vocation (8) ____________ than a career. There may indeed be some truth in the idea that artists need to (9)
____________ exceptionally dedicated to succeed, and even relatively successful artists sometimes have (10) ____________
supplement their income by working in other areas occasionally.

44.
Vitamins are good for our (1) ___________, aren’t they? Perhaps not. New research suggests that rather than ward
off disease, high doses of certain vitamins may (2) _____________more harm than good and could even put you in an early
grave. A variety of recent studies suggest that far from improving health, these vitamins, ( 3)_____________taken in very
high doses, may actually increase the (4)______________of cancer and a range of debilitating diseases, a discovery (5)
____________has sent medical world into a spin. Scientists are unsure as to why vitamins, so essential to health, can be
toxic in high doses. The most likely explanation is that the body ( 6) ____________ only equipped to deal with the levels
found naturally in (7) ___________ environment. If the intake is too far above the normal range, then the body’s internal
chemistry can be shunted out of alignment. (8) _______________ this means is that the commercially sold vitamins and
those provided by nature are not always compatible. The commercial forms may interfere (9) _______________ the body’s
internal chemistry by ‘crowding out’ the (10) _____________natural and beneficial forms of nutrients.
45.
THE BLOOD MOON
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth’s shadow falls directly onto the moon. (1) ________ happens as a result is
that the moon stops being a silvery white colour and turns coppery red instead; the sort of colour usually only seen in the sky
at dawn or sunset. An astronaut on the moon, looking towards Earth (2) ________ a lunar eclipse, would see a black disc,
surrounded (3) ________a bright red ring. It’s the light from this red ring which is reflected back to the dark Earth from the
moon’s surface. In ancient times, long (4) ________ any of this was understood, the lunar eclipse was known (5) ________a
blood moon and was thought to be an omen of disaster.
Total eclipses can only occur when there is a full moon, and then only if it is lined (6) ________ with the Earth in a
particular way. (7) ________easily obscured by cloud cover, blood moons are fairly common, and it is relatively easy to
calculate where and when you might be (8) ________ to see one.
For example, in 1504 Christopher Columbus was stranded in Jamaica and (9) ________ dire need of provisions,
but the local inhabitants were reluctant to help. Columbus knew that a lunar eclipse would occur on 29 February, however.
So, the day before, he warned local leaders that the moon would disappear (10) ________ they helped him. They remained
skeptical. But when the moon slowly started to change colour, they became so frightened that they started to bring food.

46.
GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM HEAT
What if every single gallon of gas in our cars and lump of coal in our power plants did extra duty? What if we
could get even (1) ____________ out of our fuel? That is the basic idea of waste heat recovery systems. A young business
called Alphabet Energy based in California aims to take the well-known idea of generating electricity from captured heat,
and use (2) ____________on a massive scale with a (3) _____________ help from nanotechnology.
Alphabet hopes to make its name by providing a tiny chip that can be inserted into any exhaust pipe or engine to
convert heat (4) _____________ electrical power. This tiny chip is a clever device that can (5) ______________ use of heat
to generate power without needing any moving parts at (6) _________________ (in much the same way as a solar cell
generates electricity from light). It is based on the familiar principle that it is possible to use heat to push electrons through a
material. Alphabet says its innovation lies not (7) _____________ in its choice of material but also in its special technology,
all of (8) ____________ makes it highly suitable for use in small pipes as well as in large factory chimneys. The device is

11
connected by wire to the plant's electrical system or to the grid (9) ___________ that it is able to feed in power converted by
heat in real time.
Still only a year old. Alphabet has the ambitious goal of leading (10) _____________ it believes could be a $200
billion global market.

47.
With busy lives, it can be hard to find time to volunteer. (1)___________, the benefits of volunteering can be
enormous. Volunteering offers vital help to people in need, worthwhile causes, and the community, but the benefits can be
even greater for you, the (2) ___________. The right match can help you to find friends, connect with the community, learn
new skills, and even advance your career.
Giving to (3)__________ can also help protect your mental and physical health. It can reduce stress, combat
depression, keep you mentally stimulated, and provide a (4) ____________ of purpose. While it's true that the more you
volunteer, the more benefits you'll experience, volunteering doesn't have to involve a long-term (5) ___________ or take a
huge amount of time out of your busy day. Giving in even simple ways can help ( 6) _____________ in need and improve
your health and happiness.
One of the more well-known benefits of volunteering is the impact on the (7) ____________. Volunteering allows
you to connect to your community and make it a better place. Even helping out with the smallest tasks can make a real ( 8)
______________ to the lives of people, animals, and organizations in need. And volunteering is a two-way ( 9)
_____________: It can benefit you and your family as much as the cause you choose to help. Dedicating your time as a
volunteer helps you make new friends, expand your (10) ____________, and boost your social skills.

48.
PENGUINS IN PERIL
The emperor penguins of the Antarctic have survived some of the ( 1) ___________ conditions on Earth for
centuries. However, their long-term survival now seems to be in doubt due to global warming, the effects of ( 2)
_____________ became apparent in the region as early as 2001. In January of that year, a massive iceberg broke (3)
____________ from the Ross Ice Shelf, the largest platform of ice in Antarctica. At 290 km long and 39 km wide, it was the
biggest iceberg (4) ___________ recorded. After drifting at sea, it eventually (5) ___________ with another section of the
Ross Ice Shelf, destroying the nesting areas of emperor penguins in (6) ___________ process. Many of the parent penguins
that had been sitting on their eggs were crushed, while those that survived (7) ___________ the area. Consequently, chick
production plummeted to less than half the level it had been prior to the disaster.

49.
TREES
All over the world, forests are safeguarding the health of the planet itself. They do this ( 1) _______________
protecting the soil, providing water and regulating the climate.
Trees bind soil to mountain-sides. Hills (2) _____________ the trees have been felled lose 500 times as much soil a
year as those with trees.
Trees catch and store rainwater. Their leaves break the impact of the rains, robbing them ( 2) ______________ their
destructive power. The roots of trees allow the water to go into the soil, which gradually releases it to flow down rivers and
refill ground-water reserves. Where there are (3) ______________ trees, the rains run in sheets of water off the land,
carrying soil with them. Land covered with trees and other plants absorbs 20 times more rainwater than bare earth. As (4)
_______________ grow, trees absorb carbon dioxide, the main cause of the “greenhouse effect", (5) ______________
threatens irreversibly to change the world's climate. Together, the world's trees, plants and soils contain three times as much
carbon as there is in the atmosphere.
The world's forests contain (6) _______________ vast majority of its animal and plant species. The tropical
rainforests alone have well (7) ______________ half of them, even though they cover only about 6% of the Earth's land
surface.

50.
It is a well-known fact that Japanese people have a longer life expectancy than the population of most other countries.
A recent report shows that the Japanese also expect to remain healthier (1) ____________ longer.
Scientists are trying to work (2)____________what keeps elderly Japanese people so heathy, and whether there is a
lesson to be (3)_____________ from their lifestyles. Should we make any changes to our eating (4)____________, for
instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret (5)______________ in the Japanese diet that is
particularly beneficial for the human body?
Although the prospect of a longer , healthier life is a good thing for the (6)______________, it can actually create a
social problem.The number of people over the age of 65 in the population (7) ______________ doubled in the last 50 years
and that has increased pension and medical costs. Japan could soon be facing an economic problem: there are more elderly

12
people who need to be looked (8)_______________. And relatively fewer younger people working and paying taxes to
support them.
One solution could be to raise retirement (9) _____________ from 65 to 70 . After all, the elderly have a great deal to
contribute . If they continue to be active in society , younger generations will have the chance to learn more from their
wisdom and (10) _____________.

51.
To have an allergy alert means that a person is affected either by a substance in the atmosphere ( 1) _______________ by
some sort of food. These days, a lot of people suffer from one kind of allergy or another.
So, what can people do to fight allergies? If someone is allergic to chocolate, for instance, the simplest (2)
________________ to do would be to avoid eating any chocolate. If, on the (3) ______________ hand, the allergic reaction
is caused by (4) _______________ unknown or difficult to avoid, then the only solution is prescribed medication.
The chances of someone having an allergy are bound to be great if allergies (5) __________ in the family. In other words, if
one parent suffers from allergies, the child has a thirty percent chance of being allergic, too. If ( 6) _______________ parents
are affected, the risk doubles.
However, there is absolutely no logical (7) ______________to be terrified of that possibility. Those (8) _______ suffer can
carry (9) ______________with their lives and not let their allergies wear them out. They shouldn’t feel different from
everyone (10)_______________.

52.
Do you need a change? Are you fed up with horse-racing? Tired (1) ……………........watching dogs race round a track? If
you are, then what you need to try (2) …………… ..... sheep-racing. Sheep-racing, which started (3) ………….....a joke, was
the idea of Richard Turner, a farmer in the south of England. Much to (4) …………….......surprise, it caught on and the races
are now (5) …………….....a success that Richard has to organize one every day.
A race consists of six sheep (6)………….........round a 240-metre track. The sheep have funny names (7)………….......
'Little Pullover and are ridden by woollen jockeys, which sometimes fall off. Rather surprisingly the sheep are ( 8)
……………........to move fast - the course record is 22 seconds. But what makes these lazy creatures moves so quickly? The
(9)……………....... is greed. Food is put at the finish. Like horse-racing and dog-racing, people bet on (10)
……………...........sheep will be the winner. The. difference here is that all profits go to the local hospital.

53.
Language is a (1) ___________ of communication so each nation has its (2) _______________ language. However
some nations have the same language. According to the speakers' use of language, it is called the first, second or
(3)_______________ language. Among the languages used by most people in the world (4) _________________ English.
This does not mean that English is spoken by greater number of speakers (5)________________ any other languages, for it
is easily (6) _______________ by Chinese in this respect. However, it is (7)________________ most international of
languages because it provides ready access to the world scholarship and world trade. That is the (8) __________________
why millions of men (9)______________ women try (10)_______________ master it.

54.
Every year, the village of Pettineo celebrates its unique arts festival. For a few days each summer, (1)
…………………. from all over Europe gather at this village near the north coast of Sicily to enjoy the creative atmosphere.
(2)........................... their stay, the artists get together with the local people (3) …………………....... paint a one- kilometre
long picture that runs the length of the high street. Once the painting is done, (4)....................... visiting artist joins a (5)
……….......... family for a big lunch and, in exchange (6)........................ the meal, the family receives the section of the
(7).................... that the artist has painted. As a result, though few villagers are (8) ……………......, almost every home has at
least one painting (9).............................a well-known European artist. Visitors to the village are eagerly invited into homes to
see (10).................... paintings.

55.
NEW ZEALAND'S EARLY CRAFTS AND TRADITIONS
The first groups of people to discover New Zealand came from Polynesia. Exactly when these explorers arrived has often
been a (1).................................. for debate, but today the general understanding is that it was during the 13th century
(2).................................. their canoes eventually landed on New Zealand's shores. In some ways the new country must have
seemed (3)............................... an ideal place to settle: the land was fertile, and thick forests provided fire wood, shelter, and
building materials. Still, life would have been challenging for the different Polynesian tribes, who had to
(4)................................. to a new environment. The tribes only began to refer to themselves as Maori, ( 5)..............................
"ordinary people", when Europeans in (6)................................. of new opportunities began arriving in the 18th century. To
the Maori, of course, the European settlers and sailors were not "ordinary" (7)............................................ very strange.It was
not only the knowledge of canoe-building and navigation that the Polynesians brought to New Zealand. They were also

13
skilled craftsmen. There is archaeological evidence that the tools they produced were (8).................................... high quality
and would have enabled tribes to plant and harvest crops. Craftsmen were also occupied with making weapons such as
knives and some crafts that had once been popular in Polynesian islands were no (9)...................................done in New
Zealand although researchers are unsure why. Pottery is an (10).............................. of this despite the fact that the clay
needed to make pots and bowls could easily be found in the new country.

56.
If all countries had the same monetary units, a difficult problem of international trade would be solved. One country’s money
is not usually good in (1)_________________, however, and it is necessary to have a system for (2)_____________ the
currency of the buyer into (3)_______________ of the seller. Bankers handle this by doing (4)_______________ is called
buying or selling foreign exchange.
When an exporter sells his goods to a merchant in a foreign country, he makes (5)____________________ a bill of exchange
for the merchandise. The bill of exchange looks (6)___________________ a common bank check. The exporter sends this
bill to his bank and receives his money. (7)______________________, the exporter receives payment in his own currency.
The exporter’s bank sends the bill of exchange to (8)__________________ branch bank which notifies the
(9)___________________ who pays the bill in his currency. The branch bank keeps his money and uses it to pay future
(10)_____________________ of exchange presented by merchants in that country who have goods to export.

57.
For over two hundred years, scholars have shown an interest in the way children learn to speak and understand their
language. Several small-scale studies were carried out, especially towards the end of the nineteenth century,
(1)______________ data recorded in parental diaries. But detailed, systematic investigation did not begin until the middle
decades of the twentieth century, when the tape recorder (2) ______________ into routine use. This made it possible to keep
a permanent record of samples of child speech, so that analysts could listen repeatedly to obscure ( 3) ________________,
and thus produce a detailed and accurate description. The problems that have (4) ______________ when investigating child
speech are quite different from (5) __________________ encountered when working with adults. It is not possible to carry
out certain kinds of experiments, because aspects of children’s cognitive development, such as their ability to ( 6)
_________________ attention or to remember instructions, may not be sufficiently advanced. (7)________________ is it
easy to get children to (8) __________________ systematic judgments about language – a task that is virtually impossible
below the age of three. Moreover, anyone who has tried to make a tape recording of a representative sample of a child’s
speech knows how frustrating this can be. Some children, it seems, are innately programmed to (9) ________________ off
as soon as they notice a tape recorder (10) ________________ switched on.

58.
The Goulburn Valley is situated in the south-east corner of the Australian continent, in the state of Victoria. Because of the
introduction (1) __________ irrigation over a century ago, primary industry flourished, resulting in
(2)___________multitude of orchards and market gardens. After World War II, migrants flocked to the area in search of
work on the farms, and in (3)___________ cases, establishing a property of their own. Unfortunately, the region
(4)___________taken a turn for the worse over the past decade. The irrigation water that was ( 5)___________plentiful has
now been rationed, and many farmers have been forced (6)___________the land. The main source of water
(7)___________from the Goulburn River, with several reservoirs located along its stretch to the mighty Murray River. Dam
capacities have fallen to dangerous levels, resulting in some farmers having an inadequate supply of irrigation water.
(8)___________ the recent hardships, some farmers have continued to eke an existence out of the land. Many have become
(9)_________ ingenious, devising new ways to utilize water plus finding special niches to service the ever-changing urban
needs. Perhaps the Goulburn Valley can return to its prosperous times (10)_________.

59.
In 1912, the world’s top mathematicians began to receive letters which were full of incredibly complex
formulations. They came from Madras, in India, where a 23- year –old accounts clerk named Srinivasa Ramanujan had
seemingly (1)...............................up with hundreds of new solutions to known mathematical problems
(2).........................................any form of assistance or training.
For the most ( 3)....................................., the professional mathematicians’ response was the usual one when
faced with eccentric letters: they consigned them straight (4)........................................the bin. But in 1913, some reached G.H
Handy, a leading authority number theory at Cambridge University. He , too, initially dismissed the letters
(5)...................................the work of an eccentric, but unable to (6)........................................them out of his head, he
eventually subjected them to closer scrutiny. After a few hours, Hardy arrived at the conclusion that what he had
(7)....................................him was the work of a mathematical genius, a view confirmed by colleagues with whom he shared
his discovery.

14
 Before very (8)......................................., Ramanujan had received an invitation to Cambridge and, once there, he
soon proved (9)....................................worth. A fruitful collaboration with Hardy (10).....................................in the opening
up of vast areas of mathematical research, still being worked on to this day.

60.
WATER ON THE MOON
As a result of the recent discovery of lunar water, the moon has suddenly become a far more interesting place for
investors, who must now view the long-term prospects with optimism. The last manned mission to the moon drew
(1)................................a close in 1973, when two astronauts from Apollo 17 climbed back into their lunar module,
(2).................................. collected a lot of moon-rock, but bereft (3)............................. any future plans. Now the moon shines
brighter for astronauts and scientists alike, (4)........................... to the existence of (5)................. might be billions of tones of
water at its poles.
There is (6).............................. high-tech substitute for water in space exploration. To support the international
space station, it has cost at least $100,000 a day to send water ( 7)............................ orbit. Not only would lunar water cut
these costs, but it would additionally be used for rocket fuel, (8)...........................two components, liquid hydrogen and liquid
oxygen, are the elements found in water.
Scientists are particularly excited (9)...................................., given the absence of an atmosphere, lunar water has never
been recycled and they believe, therefore, that it may very well hold (10).......................... to the formation of the solar system
itself.

61.
Volcanic eruption has been a constant threat to our natural environment for millions of years, but seldom in recent
times (1)............................. volcano erupted with the ferocity of Krakatoa.
(2).............................., which is a volcanic island group in Indonesia, erupted on 27th August 1883.
(3)............................... only was the explosion so (4)............................. that it was heard as far away (more than 3,000 km) as
Perth in Australia, but it is also recognized as (5)............................. the loudest sound ever (6)................................
Tens of thousands of people in the region were killed, many ( 7)................................ in the enormous tsunamis which
the eruption produced – tsunamis which eventually reached South Africa and the English Channel.
The explosion also had a major effect on the (8)...................................world’s weather system. The volcanic
(9)................................ in the atmosphere reduced the amount of sunlight reaching the earth’s surface, reducing global
temperatures by more than one degree centigrade. Only after five years had passed did global temperatures begin to return to
(10)................................

62.
A new study from Australia suggests that couch potatoes live shorter lives. The study followed 8,800 adults (1)
________________ 25 and older for six and a half years and found that each daily hour of television viewing was ( 2)
_________________ with an 18 percent increase in deaths from heart disease and an 11 percent increase in overall mortality.
Those who watched television four hours or more per day were 80 percent more likely to die of cardiovascular disease than
those who watched two hours or less, and 46 percent more likely to die of any cause. And it did not ( 3)
_____________________ whether they were overweight, according to the study, which appeared Jan 11th in the online ( 4)
___________________ of Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association.
Although it is possible that people who were already ill watched more television than those who were healthy, the
researchers tried to rule that (5)_________________ by excluding subjects who already had heart disease and by adjusting
for differences in risk (6) ____________________ like diet and smoking. While the benefits of physical activity have been
well studied, there is growing interest (7) _____________________ researchers in assessing the effects of being sedentary.
“For many people, on a daily (8) ___________________, they simply shift from one chair to another-from the chair in the
car to the chair in the office to the chair in front of the television.” said the study’s lead author, David Dunstan of the baker
IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute in Victoria, Australia. “(9) _________________ if someone has a healthy body weight,
sitting for long periods still has an unhealthy (10) _______________________ on blood sugar and blood fats”

63.
The Spanish way of life.
The inhabitants of this very varied country have few things in common ( 1)………………………..for a natural sociability
and a zest for living. Spaniards commonly put as much energy into enjoying life as they do into their work. The stereotypical
mañana (leave everything (2)................................tomorrow) is a myth, but time is flexible in Spain and many people bend
their work so as to fit in with the demands of their social life whenever they can, instead of letting ( 3)
…………………………....be ruled by the clock. The day is 5 long in Spain and Spanish has a word, madrugada, for the time
between midnight and dawn, when city streets are often lively.
Spaniards are highly sociable ( 4)...................................that they like nothing better than spending leisure time in
the company of others. In many places people still go out in the evening for the paseo, and the streets are crowded with

15
strollers at this time. Eating is invariably communal and big groups often (5)....................................up for dinner. Not
(6)............................................. Spain has more bars and restaurants per head than any (7).......................................... country.
Traditionally, the state in Spain has been very inefficient at providing public services, although this has improved in
the last 20 years. The Spanish have therefore always relied on their families and personal connections, rather than
institutions, in (8)..…………………..........to find work or seek assistance in a crisis. This attitude has sometimes
(9)..................................... to a disregard for general interests such as the environment -if they come into
(10) .......................................with private ones.

64.
Agriculture is the world’s most important industry. It provides us with (1)........................all our food. It also supplies
materials for two other basic human needs – clothing and shelter. In (2)..........................., agriculture provides materials
(3)................................in making man industrial products such as paints and medicines. About half the world’s workers are
employed in agriculture – far more than in any (4)............................industry.
Agriculture is one of the world’s oldest industries. It began about 10,000 years ago in the Middle East.
(5).............................that time, certain Middle Eastern tribes had discovered how to grow plants from seeds and how to raise
(6).......................................in captivity. Having mastered these skills, they could begin to practice agriculture.
Before the development of agriculture, people got all their food by gathering wild plants, hunting and fishing. They had to
search for food continually, (7)..........................left them little time for other activities. But as agriculture developed and farm
output increase, fewer people were (8).............................to produce food. The non-farmers could then develop the arts, crafts,
trades, and other activities of civilized life. Agriculture (9).............................not only greatly affected food supply but also
(10).......................civilization possible.

65.
A giant catfish dubbed Hannibal the Cannibal – account of the fact that it regurgitated fish when it was caught – has
been removed to stop it wreaking a West Sussex lake’s ecosystem. Environment agencies confessed to being extremely
surprised by their catch. Wels catfish are fierce predators and can eat ducks and small mammals. They are never normally
found very far away from the warmer waters of southern Europe, and Hannibal should (1)________________have been
there at all. Staff had been routinely netting the lake in order to assess fish stocks when Hannibal was caught. He weighed 15
pounds, but the European record for (2)____________________ a fish is 62 pounds. Officials feared that Hannibal would
clear the 30-acre lake of fish if it reached its full potential length of 16 feet. The 57 roach and bream it had eaten just before
it was caught compare with the average number of fish eaten by a large pike. It is believed that ( 3)_____________________
with an unwanted pet, or an angler who relished catching the fish, which is “extremely powerful and (4)_________________
up a hard fight”, had released it (5)__________________ the lake illegally. The environment agency spokesman said the
catfish had been “wreaking havoc”, chomping its way (6)___________________fish stocks and upsetting the natural
(7)________________________ of nature. Last night, Hannibal was moved to a new home in the care of the keeper of the
Sea Life Centre at Brighton, whose job it will be to feed him in the manner to ( 8)___________________he has become
accustomed. And for everyone out there tempted to keep a Wels catfish (9)_____________________ they be lucky enough
to find one, remember that the fish can only be kept on (10)__________________that the owner has a license.

66.
COMPETITION: YOUR IDEAL SCHOOL
Is your school just as you want it to be? Or are there things you and your classmates (1)______________ change,
given the opportunity? This is your chance to express your ideas about (2)______________ the ideal school is like. Our
competition is open to (3)___________ student between the ages of twelve and eighteen. You can enter (4)______________
an individual or your whole class can work together on a team entry. Your entry can take any form - a piece of writing, a
picture, or even architectural plans. It is completely (5)______________ to you. What we are looking for is evidence of
originality, imagination and, above all, the genuine views of young people.
By (6)______________ pad in this, you will help in a study being carried out at a leading university. All work
entered (7)_____________ the competition will be kept at the university and used in research. Entries cannot be returned
(8)______________ of this. But it also means that, even (9)_____________ you do not win, your views will still be heard
and will remain for future educationalists to study.
Entries must reach us (10)______________ later than Friday 30 April. Winners will receive valuable prizes of
computer equipment and software for their schools.

67.
What do animals really think? Do they really have (1)....................., what we call consciousness? Most veterinarians,
animal researchers and zookeepers do not study animal intelligence, but they encounter it, and the lack of it, every day.
Gayle, a consultant with a zoological consulting firm, (2) ………………….... a killer whale named Orky. When
Orky's mate, Corky, gave birth, the baby did not thrive at first, and keepers took it out of the tank by stretcher for emergency
(3).............................. Things began to go awry when they returned the young one to the tank. As the boom operator halted

16
the stretcher a few metres above the (4) .............................., the baby suddenly began throwing up through its mouth and
blowhole. Keepers (5) ………………………....it would aspirate vomit, which could (6) .................................to pneumonia,
but they could not reach the baby to help it. It was then that Orky swam under the stretcher and (7) …………………......one
of the keepers to stand on his head, something he had never been (8) ................................to do. Then, using his tail flukes to
keep steady, Orky let the keeper reach up and release the bridle so that the 190-kilo baby could slide into the water within
reach of help.
If animals can think, they will probably do their best thinking when it (9) ……………………....their own purposes,
not when scientists ask them to. It is comforting to realise that other (10) ................................besides our own can stand back
and appraise the world around them, even if their horizons are more constrained than ours. Perhaps the day will come soon
when we can truly discover what animals think.

68.
CHESS TOURNAMENTS
All tournament chess games are played with a chess clock – that is, two clocks joined together. When one player
makes his move, he presses a button which stops his clock and starts his opponent’s clock. (1).....................................fails to
keep to the time limit, no (2).......................that the position on the board, loses the game.
Weekend tournaments with a fast time limit and long sessions of play of (3).........................to twelve hours a day
are very strenuous and result in fatigue and time troubles. The play is quite sharp. Active, attacking chess is the
(4)..............................of the day and it is difficult to maintain (5).............................sustained, precise defence against such
play. A score of the game must be (6)...............................as play goes on. Each move is written down on a score sheet, which
has to be handed to the tournament officials at the end of each round. The only thought in everybody’s head is to win. Talent
and youth - that’s (7)...................................is needed for success at chess, (8)...................................the emphasis on youth.
Some approach the board with a slow, purposeful manner (9).....................................giving you a second glance- you simply
don’t count. They seem to imply that the outcome is a foregone conclusion for them; you only need to accept it with good
(10)......................................... .

69.
It would be interesting to know what (1) _____________ people write to the Lonely Hearts columns of magazines.
To reveal your most intimate problem to a faceless individual in an editorial office (2) __________________ spring from the
same instinct that moves travellers to (3)_______________ stories of their lives to complete strangers. This is all very well
for the chances are you never meet this fellow travellers again and, (4) _____________, he probably doesn't listen very
attentively, being most likely only waiting his opportunity to top your problems with more dramatic ones of his (5)
________________ . But to see someone's problem in black and (6) __________________ for all and sundry to read with its
attendant answer or hope and encouragement or sometimes a gentle rebuke from 'Aunt Louisa' or 'Mary Wise', suggests a
feeling of desperation (7) _________________ awful to be imagined. In (8) __________________ tragic simplicity, such
letters reveal the inner loneliness while (9) ____________________ of us live in the busy and overcrowded world (10)
_____________________ us.

70.
What is meant by the term economic resources? In general, these are all the natural, manmade, and human resources
that go into the (1) __________________ of goods and services. Economic resources can be broken down into (2)
__________________ general categories: property resources - land and capital, and human resources - labor and
entrepreneurial skills.
What do economists mean (3) ____________________ land? Much more than the non-economist, land refers
to all the natural resources (4) __________________ are usable in the production process: arable land, forests, mineral and
oil deposits, and so (5) __________________. What about capital? Capital goods are all the man-made aids to producing,
storing, transporting, and distributing goods and (6) __________________. Capital goods differ from consumer goods in that
the latter satisfy wants directly, while the former do so (7) ___________________ by facilitating the production of consumer
goods. It should be noted that capital as defined here does not (8) _________________ to money. Money, as such, produces
nothing.
The term labor refers to the physical and mental talents of humans used to produce goods or services (with the
exception of a certain set of human talents, entrepreneurial skills, which will be considered separately because of their
special significance). Thus, the services of a factory worker or an office worker, a ballet (9)_______________ or an
astronaut all fall (10) __________________ the general heading of labor.

71.
The ready meal capital of Europe
In recent years, ready-made meals have transformed Britain’s eating ( 1)............................. . Britons now spend four
times as (2) ........................ as the Italians on ready-made meals and six times more than the Spanish. Demand for

17
(3) ......................... meals has increased across Europe as a (4) ........................... , but why has Britain become the
(5) ........................ of European capital of ready-made food, second only in the word (6)........................... America?
Convenience is of the attraction. The recent survey (7)............................ that 77 percent of purchasers said they only
(8) ........................... ready meals when they did not have time to cook. Dr Susan Jebb, head of nutrition at the Medical
Research Council, said; “People in the UK work the (9)........................... hours, we are very time-poor, and we don’t have a
(10).......................... culture history of cooking.”

72.
The oldest living things on Earth are trees. Some of California’s sequoias have for four thousand years looked ( 1)
_____________on the changes in the landscape and the comings and goings of humans. They sprouted from tiny seeds about
the time the Egyptian pyramids were being built. Today these giant patriarchs seem (2) _____________remote and
inaccessible as the rocks and mountain cliffs on (3) _____________ they grow, like cathedral columns holding up the sky. It
is hard to imagine them (4) _____________any part in the lives of mere humans or being in any way affected by the
creatures that pass at their feet.
Lesser trees, however, have played an intimate role in the lives of people ( 5) _____________ they first appeared on
Earth. Trees fed the fires that warmed humans: they (6) _____________shelter, food and medicine and even clothing. They
also shaped people’s spiritual horizons. Trees expressed the grandeur and mystery of life, as they moved through the cycle of
seasons, from life to (7) _____________and back to life again. Trees were the largest living things around humans and they
knew that some trees had (8) _____________standing on the same spot in their parents’ and grandparents’ time, and would
continue to stand long after (9) _____________ were gone. No (10) _____________these trees became symbols of strength,
fruitfulness, and everlasting life.

73.
HEALTH AND CIGARETTES
In many Western countries, girls are more (1) ____________________ to smoke than boys. It's the girls who want to look
"tough and grown-up." The result is that (2) ____________________ lung cancer in American men has fallen for the first
time in 50 years, the disease is (3) _______________ in women. The decrease in the disease among men is attributed to a
decrease in smoking among men since the government's first warning of a (4) ____________________ between cigarettes
and disease in 1964. On the other hand, lung cancer is now expected to overtake breast cancer (5) __________________ the
principal fatal cancer among women. (6) ____________________ your son or daughter is a non-smoker, there is another
good reason for rejecting a smoker as a life-long mate. Smokers don't just ruin their own health by (7)
_____________________ up. They are a menace to (8) _________________ Second-hand smoke is lethal. As the 18th
report on smoking by the United States Surgeon General: "Involuntary smoking is a cause of disease, including lung cancer,
in healthy non-smokers." (9) ______________________ to the report, at home, the children of parents who smoke (10)
_______________________ the effects in their respiratory systems. Smokers make their own kids sick.

74.
In a village on the east coast of Scotland, people were waiting for news. Two of fishing-boats had been caught in the storm
which had blown up during the night. In the cottages round the harbor people stood by their doors (1)__________________
worried to talk.
The rest of the fishing fleet had (2)_____________________ the harbor before dark, and the men from these ships waited
and watched with the wives and families of the missing men. Some had (3)________________ thick blankets and some
flasks of hot drinks, knowing that the men (4)________________ be cold and tired. When dawn began to break over in the
east, a small point of light was (5) ___________________ in the darkness of the water and a few minutes later, (6)
__________________ was a shout.
(7) ___________________ long, the two boats were turning in, past the lighthouse, to the inside of the harbor. The men
(8)_________________ helped out of their boats, and (9) ______________ they were stiff (10)_________________ cold
and tiredness, they were all safe.

75.
Special boats designed to dive and operate beneath the surface of the sea, submarines, were first devised in 1620 and hand-
operated (1) __________________ were invented in the 1770s. By the 1870s, a steam-operated submarine was in use which
had a fire to heat water to (2) __________________ steam but when it dived, the chimney had to be pulled down and the fire
(3) __________________ out.
In the twentieth century, submarines were developed and used during both World Wars by the opposing naval forces. They
were (4) __________________ by petrol-driven engines while on the surface but (5) __________________ on batteries
beneath the sea, and today diesel is used in modern submarines of this (6) __________________.
All submarines operate on a similar principle, as far as diving and (7) __________________ to the surface is concerned.
They have hollow ballast tanks beneath the outer ‘skin’ which are filled with air when the craft is on the surface. In order to
dive, valves are (8) __________________ and water enters the tanks driving out the air, so the submarine becomes heavier

18
and (9) __________________. To return to the surface, compressed air is pumped into the tanks, with the valves open so that
the water is forced out. (10) __________________, the submarine becomes lighter again and rises to the surface with wing-
like hydroplanes providing control as it dives and rises.

76.
Many parents believe that they should begin to teach their children to read when they are
(1) ...........................more than toddlers. This is fine if the child shows a real interest but (2)........................... a child could be
counted—productive if she isn't ready. Wise parents will have a (3)............................ attitude and take the lead from their
child. What they should provide is a selection of (4).................................toys, books and other activities. Nowadays there is
plenty of good (5) .............................available for young children, and of course, seeing plenty of books in use about the
house will also (6)................................ them to read.
Of course, books are no longer the only ( 7).............................. of stories and information. There is also a huge
range of videos, which can (8)............................. and extend the pleasure a child finds in a book and are
(9) ............................. valuable in helping to increase vocabulary and concentration. Television gets a bad ( 10)
…………….................. as far as children are concerned, mainly because too many children spend too much time watching
programmes not intended for their age group.

76.
HOUSEWORK GETS YOU DOWN
It may come as no surprise to learn that household chores can make you feel depressed. There is evidence
(1)__________________suggest that the more housework men and women do, the more likely they are to suffer from mood
swings. ‘Any form of repetitive cyclical work (2) ________________bound to be depressing’, says psychologist Nicholas
Emler. ‘Domestic chores are open-ended tasks, so there is no defined end point. People prefer tasks they can complete, and
(3) ___________________a satisfactory conclusion they become stressed.’
Work in the home has no job description and family members rarely appreciate just (4) __________________much work has
gone into preparing an evening meal or cleaning the bathroom. Women still take responsibility for the lion’s share of
domestic chores, but with many full-time jobs they can no longer pride themselves ( 5) ___________________having a
spotless home. ‘The concept of being house-proud is out of fashion’, says Prof Emler, who points (6)
___________________that the vast majority of men continue to shy away (7) ___________________doing the dishes. In
other situations, financial reward can go (8)_________________way to compensate for dull, repetitive work, but housework
is a strenuous job with no pay. To ease the situation, he suggests (9) _________________get rid of possessions that are of no
use to us anymore. ‘Keep clutter (10) ___________________control and you will feel more able to cope’.

77.
BEWARE OF VITAMINS
Vitamins are good for our health, aren’t they? Perhaps not. New research suggests that rather than ward off disease, high
doses of certain vitamins may (1).............................more harm than good and could even put you in an early grave. A variety
of recent studies suggest that (2) …………............... from improving health, these vitamins, (3)...............................taken in
very high doses, may actually increase the risk of cancer and a range (4).............................debilitating diseases, a discovery
that has sent medical world into a spin. Scientists are unsure (5) ..............................to why vitamins, so essential to health,
can be toxic in high doses. The most likely explanation is that the body is only equipped to deal with the levels found
naturally in the environment. If the intake is too far (6) .............................the normal range, then the body’s internal
chemistry can be shunted out of alignment. (7).............................. this means is that the commercially sold vitamins and
(8)................................provided by nature are not always compatible. The commercial forms may interfere with the body’s
internal chemistry (9) ................................’crowding out’ the (10) .................................natural and beneficial forms of
nutrients.

78.
In 1942, only a few months after the USA had entered World War II, President Roosevelt, Secretary of State Cordell Hull,
and his deputy, Summer Wettes, along with many politicians, journalists were already involved in a debate
(1)..........................post war arrangements. Many of the proposals were far- reaching, (2)............................revolutionary, in
(3)............................other countries did the shock of war create such a response at a time when Nazis and the Japanese were
so clearly winning. Such activities contrast strikingly with the negativism that now, in our peaceful time, characterizes the
discussion, when there is any, of an international organization for the future. (4)....................the end of the war,
(5)...........................from the usual xenophobes, few voices questioned the need for the new international system, on the
contrary, there was a tendency to oversell it and to create unrealistic hopes. Thus when the cold war – along with the usual
tendency of sovereign states to (6)...........................to violence shattered the dream of a more rational world, public
disillusion and hostility to the UN (7)...........................all the fiercer. In fact, the UN has never
(8)..............................recovered from its failure to live up to its advance notices.

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Already in 1942 there were warning voices. ProfessorNicholas Spykman of Yale wrote (9) ........................."plans for far-
reaching changes in the character of international society are an intellectual by-product of all great wars," but they have ever
altered "the fundamental power patterns," Spykinan predicted that the new postwar order (10)................................. remain"a
world of power politics in which the West will continue to demand the preservation of a balance of power in Europe and
Asia

79.
One of the most amazing marathon races in the world is the Marathon of the Sands. It takes (1)____________________
every April in the Sahara Desert in the south of Morocco, a part of the world where temperatures can
(2)______________________ fifty degrees centigrade. The standard length of the marathon is 42.5 kilometers but this one is
240 kilometers (3)__________________ and takes seven days to complete. It began in 1986 and now attracts about two
hundred runners, the majority of (4)_____________________ ages range from seventeen to forty-seven. About half of them
come from France and the (5)______________________ from all over the world. From Britain it costs £2,500 to enter,
including return air fares. The race is rapidly getting more and more popular (6)___________________, or perhaps because
of the hard conditions that runners must endure. They have to carry food and (7)______________________ else they need
for seven days in a rucksack weighing no more than twelve kilograms. In addition to (8)____________________, they are
given a liter and a half of water every ten kilometers.
Runners do (9)_______ terrible physical hardships. Sometimes they lose toenails and skin peels on their feet. However,
doctors are always (10)_______ hand to deal with minor injuries and to make sure that runners do not push themselves too
far.

80.
Vitamins are good for our health, aren’t they? Perhaps not. New research suggest that rather than ward off disease, high
doses of certain vitamins may (1) _______________ more harm than good and could even put you in an early grave. A
variety of recent studies suggest that (2) _______________ from improving health, these vitamins, when taken in very high
doses, may actually increase the risks of cancer and a range of debilitating diseases, a discovery that has sent the medical
world into a spin. Scientists are unsure (3) _______________ to why vitamins, so essential to health, can be toxic in high
doses. The most likely explanation is that the body is only equipped to deal with the levels found naturally in the
environment. If the intake is too far above the normal range, then the body’s internal chemistry can be shunted out of
alignment. (4) _______________ this means is that the commercially sold vitamins and (5) _______________ provided by
nature are not always compatible. The commercial forms may interfere with the body’s internal chemistry by ‘crowding out’
the (6) _______________ natural and beneficial forms of the nutrients. The vitamins obtained ( 7) _______________ food
are also allied with a host of other substances which may moderate (8) _______________ augment their activity in the body.
The latest advice (9) _______________ to eat a balanced diet to ensure you get all the nutrients you need, and if you must
take supplements make (10) _______________ you take the lowest recommended dose and follow the instructions on the
bottle.

81.
Exploring the Arctic Ocean
A huge international project to explore the Arctic Ocean has begun. It is expected to discover thousands of new species of
marine animals, many of which have been completely cut (1)______________ from the rest of the world for thousands of
years. Scientists claim that the study of the unknown depths of the Arctic Ocean, perhaps the (2)__________________
understood ocean on earth, is now urgent (3)_________________ of the growing threat (4)__________________ its unique
marine life posed by global warming. Climatologists estimate that the Arctic summer has increased by five days every
decade for the (5)________________ forty years, and that a totally ice- free Arctic summer will soon occur.
The Arctic Ocean is unusual as much of it is capped with ice and there is land all around it. ‘It is as ( 6)__________________
the Arctic Ocean is inside a box which has a lid of ice on the top. There’s (7) _________________ other place in the world
like it,’ says chief scientist Ron O’Dor. A particular focus planned for the project he is undertaking will be the Canada Basin,
an underwater hole 3,800 metres deep where life has remained isolated (8)________________ millennia.
This Arctic exploration project is part of the Census of Marine Life, a collaboration of more than 300 scientists from 53
countries, (9)________________ aim is to address our ignorance of what lives in the sea. Since the Census began several
years ago, more than 500 new species of fish have been identified. However, scientists believe ( 10)_______________ could
be ten times as many yet to be discovered.

82.
When you read something in a foreign (1)______________, you frequently come across words you do not fully understand.
Sometimes you check the meaning in a dictionary and sometimes you guess. The strategy you adopt depends very much
(2)________________the degree of accuracy you require and the time (3) ________________ your disposal. If you are the
sort of person who tends to turn to the dictionary frequently, it is worth remembering ( 4)_________________ every

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dictionary has its limitations. Each definition is only an approximation and one builds up an accurate picture of the meaning
of a word only after meeting it in a variety of contexts. It is also important to recognize the special dangers of dictionaries
that translate (5) ___________________ English into your native language and vice versa. If you must use a dictionary, it is
usually (6) __________________ safer to consult an English-English dictionary. In most exams you are not permitted to use
a dictionary. Even if you are allowed to use one, it is very time-consuming to look up words, and time in exams is usually
limited. You are, (7) ________________ , forced to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words. When you come across
unknown words in an exam text, it is very easy to panic. However, if you develop efficient techniques for guessing the
meaning, you will overcome a (8) ________________ of possible problems and help yourself to understand far more of the
text than you at (9) ______________ thought likely. Two strategies which may help you guess the meaning of a word are:
using contextual clues, both within the sentence and outside, and making (10) ___________________ of clues derived from
the formation of the word.

83.
QUEST – THE NEXT BIG THING?
How often do you go along to a gig and see ( 1)______________ new? Well, Quest's Friday night gig at the City
Hall certainly caught my (2)_______________. Having heard one or two tracks online, I was (3)________________ a group
of about six musicians. Imagine my surprise when just three young men walked on stage.
It was clear that the band already have a small but ( 4)______________ following. A group of fans in front of the
small stage were singing (5)______________ to at least half of the songs. And it was easy to see why. Quest have a clever
combination of catchy (6)_____________, an irresistible beat, and very much their own sound. All three of the band
members play with great energy and expertise (7)_____________ their age.
The only downside was when it came to the encores. They ( 8)________________ up repeating some of their
material and giving us cover (9)________________ of early rock classics. A bit disappointing, but give them time and I'm
sure they'll be writing a lot more.
I'm sure we'll be hearing a lot more from Quest. Check them out every Friday at the City Hall until the end of the
month. It's well (10)____________ it.

84.
Many ancient civilizations assumed the earth to be the centre of the universe, and it was not until 1610, with
Galileo’s invention of the telescope, that it was possible to prove that, (1) _____________ to popular belief, the earth in fact
revolved round the sun. Telescopes have improved greatly (2) ______________ then, but the exponential (3)
_______________of cities in the last few decades has brought new difficulties in that the glow from all the lights interferes
(4)_______________ the very dim signals from the stars. To (5) _________________ extent, a solution has been found by
building observatories in places where this interference can be cut (6) _________________ a minimum. Mauna Kea, the
largest observatory in the world, was built thousands of metres (7) _________________ sea level, in the crater of a dormant
volcano in Hawaii.
Although such strategically placed observatories were successful, leading astronomers realised that, ( 8)
___________________the science was to progress, even more radical steps would have to be (9) __________________, and
this (10)____________________to the building of the Hubole Space telescope in 1990. As Hubble operates in space, it is
completely unaffected by light or atmospheric pollution. It can detect galaxies that have never been seen, and can transmit
images of even the most distant stars at the very edge of the universe.

85.
A DNA fingerprint of every active criminal in Britain will be taken _________ ( 1) part of government plans ___________
(2) a wide-ranging overhaul of the criminal justice system, the Prime Minister said yesterday.
In his first public announcement ____________________ (3) returning from holiday, Tony Blair promised to deliver a
courts system fit for the 21st century. Addressing police officers in Kent, in southern England, he accused the courts of being
___________________ (4) for their own convenience and promised to ensure that victims, witnesses and police giving
evidence would receive more respect.
Mr Blair declared the justice system archaic, saying it hindered police efforts to keep up with organised crime, and
announced a 107 million package to expand the DNA database. According to a government spokesman, the
________________ (5) should hold more than three million samples ___________________ (6) to almost the whole
criminal class of the UK.
'I think we _____________ (7) effectively got a 19th century justice system in a 21st century world,' the Prime Minister said.
'We have totally ______________ (8) to keep up to date with the fact that we have got major organised crime operating in a
completely different way to 50 or 60 years ago,' he said.
Mr Blair stressed that he was ______________ (9) favour of so-called zero tolerance and wanted a law-abiding society based
on courtesy ______________ (10) others.

86.

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 The origin of language
The truth is nobody really knows how the language first began. Did we all start talking at around the same time
1.___________ of the manner in which our brains had begun to develop?
Although there is a lack of clear evidence, people have come up with various theories about the origins of language. One
recent theory is that human beings have evolved in 2._____________ a way that we are programmed for language from the
moment of birth. In 3.________________ words, language came about as a result of an evolutionary change in our brains at
some stage. Language 4._________________ well be programmed into the brain but, 5._________________ this, people
still need stimulus from others around them. From studies, we know that 6. _________________ children are isolated
7.___________________ human contact and have not learnt to construct sentences before they are ten, it is doubtful they
will ever do 8._____________________. This research shows, if 9. _____________ else, that language is a social activity,
not something invented 10.________________isolation.

87.
SHARKS
For anyone who wants either to film or study great white sharks, Australian expert, Rodney Fox, is the first
contact. Fox knows exactly (1) _________________the sharks will be at different times of the year; and can even predict (2)
__________________ they will behave around blood, divers and other sharks. He understands them as well as anyone else
alive. In fact, he’s lucky to be alive; a ‘great white’ once (3) _________________ to bite him in half.
Three decades (4) ___________________this near-fatal attack, Fox still carries the physical scars, but feels no hate
for his attacker. Instead he organizes three or four trips (5) _________________ year to bring scientists and photographers to
the kingdom of the great white shark. The main aim of these trips is to improve people’s understanding of an animal (6)
__________________ evil reputation has become an excuse for killing it.
Great white sharks are not as amusing as dolphins and seals, ( 7) _______________their role in the ocean is critical.
They kill off sick animals, helping to prevent the spread of disease and to maintain the balance in the ocean’s food chains.
Fox feels a responsibility to act (8) ______________ a guardian of great white sharks. (9) _______________ the scientists,
filmmakers and photographers can communicate their sense of wonder (10) __________________ other people, he is
confident that understanding will replace hatred.

88.
Flamingos, those beautiful long-legged pink birds, rub the reddish pigments, released in oil from a gland near their tail, into
their feathers to bring (1)_________________ their vibrant colour. The result, according to researchers studying the birds in
Spain, (2)____________________ that the birds seem to become far (3)________________ likely to find themselves a
mate. Scientists noticed that, (4)____________________they were arranging their feathers, many flamingos scraped their
cheeks across the gland before rubbing their face against their breast, back and neck ( 5) ____________________the aim of
spreading the colour. In a journal article, the experts explained that (6) __________________so helped the birds appear extra
attractive to potential mates - not so (7)___________________ because of their eye-catching colour, but because other
flamingos could tell they had made an effort with their appearance. One of the researchers says: "The rubbing is time-
consuming. And the more frequently the birds practice it, the pinker they become. "If the birds stop rubbing, their colour
fades in a few days because the pigments bleach quickly in the sunlight" Rubbing the pigment into the feathers takes time
and effort, and, as a results, colorful feathers are a sign to the opposite sex that a flamingo is healthy and well-fed, because it
can afford to spend time on (8)____________________ it looks. "The behavior is more common in female flamingos than in
males," the researchers said. They added that the brightest coloured birds also took the best breeding sites,
(9)_____________________ gives them a reproductive advantage (10) _________________their paler rivals.

89.
Spending a summer in the company of whales off the coast of Patagonia is a (1) _____________ in a lifetime opportunity.
We spent at least twelve hours on the boat every day and learned a great deal about the whales’ behavior. It seemed that our
interests (2) _______________ reciprocated! To encourage the whales to approach the boat we simply had to move a short
distance from the coast, switch off the engines and wait. Younger whales who attempted to come closer were pushed ( 3)
___________ by their mothers, but older ones were allowed to play nearby. Some of these even came close enough for us to
touch them.
On some occasions the sea seemed to be full of whales jumping (4) _______________ of the water but at other times we saw
(5) _____________ any at all. Sometimes we could go for several days and (6) _______________ see a single whale.
Later, however, we adopted a pattern. One day we had come upon a whale and ( 7) __________________ baby and we
decided to keep visiting the pair at the same time every day. At (8) __________________ the mother would not let the baby
approach us but, as time (9) ______________ by, she allowed him to come closer and closer to the boat. It was a truly
amazing experience to be rewarded with (10) ________________ trust at the end of our six weeks.

90.
WHAT ARE YOU DOING TO DO WITH YOUR LIFE?

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At some time or another, each and every young person must provide themselves with the necessary skills - "What can I do
with my life". It seems easy to (1) _______________the big question down into a few smaller ones. For example, "Where do
I want to live?" "How much time can I (2) _______________myself over to achieving my goals? or "What kind of
qualifications will I need to acquire? But two of paramount (3) _______________are "What are my interests?" and "What
are my strengths?"
When you start to make (4) ___________________for interests and strengths, it makes sense to consider the (5)
__________________first. After all, a successful career is best measured in how satisfying you find (6) ______________,
and it's easier to develop strengths and skills than to actually have to force yourself (7) ____________________loving what
you're supposed to do.
You're probably thought a lot about what you like and don't like, and what kinds of jobs would ( 8) _______________ your
interest. But the more clearly you (9) __________________out those interests, the closer you'll be to (10)
_________________smart career choices.

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