PHYSICAL REVIEW D 109, 076014 (2024)

Electromagnetic properties of the T cc+ molecular states

1,* 1,2,3,4,†
Ya-Ding Lei and Hao-Song Li
1
School of Physics, Northwest University, Xian 710127, China
2
Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xian 710127, China
3
Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Xian 710127, China
4
Peng Huanwu Center for Fundamental Theory, Xian 710127, China

(Received 14 December 2023; accepted 26 March 2024; published 15 April 2024)

In this work, we discuss the electromagnetic properties of the S-wave and D-wave T þ cc molecular
states, which include the magnetic moments, transition magnetic moments, and radiative decay widths.
According to our results, the magnetic moment of T þ cc state observed experimentally is −0.09μN .
Meanwhile, we also discuss the relations between the transition magnetic moments of the S-wave T þ cc
molecular states and the radiative decay widths, and we analyze the proportionality between the magnetic
moments of the T þ cc molecular states. These results provide further information on the inner structure of
Tþcc molecular states and deepen the understanding of electromagnetic properties of doubly charmed
tetraquarks.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.109.076014

I. INTRODUCTION δmBW ¼ −273  61  5þ11

In 2003, the Belle collaboration observed Xð3872Þ, which
proved the existence of exotic hadronic states [1]. The mass
of Xð3872Þ is very close to the mass threshold of DD ,
which promoted the theoretical studies of DðÞ DðÞ states.
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) allows for the existence
of multiquark states, such as tetraquark states and penta-
quark states. In 2007, the Bell collaboration reported the first
nonzero charge Zc ð4430Þþ with quark configuration of
cuc̄ d̄ [2]. Subsequently, a series of tetraquark states were
observed, such as Zc ð3900Þþ [3,4] and Zc ð4020Þþ [5].
These works aroused the interest of theorists in doubly
heavy tetraquarks, and as experimental precision improved,
more and more exotic tetraquark states were observed and
studied [6–17].
In 2021, the LHCb collaboration observed the
doubly charmed tetraquark state T þ cc composed of four
quarks ccū d̄ and quantum number JP ¼ 1þ [18,19].
This exotic state shows a narrow peak in the mass
spectrum of the D0 D0 π þ meson. The mass of the T þ cc
state with respect to the Dþ D0 mass threshold and the
width are
*
yadinglei@stumail.nwu.edu.cn
†
haosongli@nwu.edu.cn
Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to
the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation,
and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.
−14 keV;
ΓmBW ¼ 410  165  43þ18
−38 keV:
For the doubly charmed tetraquarks, their properties
have been studied extensively in the past decades,
and there exists abundant experimental and theoretical
works [20–39].
Whether T þ cc is compact tetraquark states or a molecular
states remains debated. For example, in Ref. [40], the
author argue that T þ cc state is more likely to be a molecular
state. In Ref. [41], the authors argue that T þcc state is highly
likely to be in a compact configuration. There are many
theoretical studies of the interpretation of compact tetra-
quark states [42,43]. In addition, the interpretation of
molecular state is reasonable [44–48], since the mass of
the T þ þ 0
cc state is very close to the D D mass threshold. In
Ref. [49], the authors studied the DD hadronic molecule
interpretation of T þ cc and calculated the mass and decay
width of T þ cc using the one-meson exchange potential
model. In Ref. [50], the authors assumed that T þ cc is an
isoscalar DD molecule and used the effective Lagrangian
method to study the partial decay width of T þ cc → DDπ,
which resulted in smaller than the central experimental
value of the Breit-Wigner fit. In Ref. [51], the authors
studied the decay of T þ cc in the molecular interpretation
using effective field theory, and calculated differential
distributions in the invariant mass.
For exotic hadronic state, the magnetic moments and
the transition magnetic moments are crucial observable
physical quantities, which can be used to distinguish
between different configurations, and the electromagnetic

2470-0010=2024=109(7)=076014(10) 076014-1 Published by the American Physical Society

YA-DING LEI and HAO-SONG LI PHYS. REV. D 109, 076014 (2024)

properties of exotic hadronic states can also help us obtain 1 1

ηflavor ¼ pffiffiffi ðcūÞðcd̄Þ − pffiffiffi ðcd̄ÞðcūÞ;
information about their geometry. 2 2
There are a number of theoretical works around the nature 1 1
of tetraquark states using different approaches, including ¼ pffiffiffi jDðÞ0 DðÞþ i − pffiffiffi jDðÞþ DðÞ0 i: ð2Þ
lattice QCD [52–55], constituent quark model [56–59], and 2 2
QCD sum rules [60–62]. The constituent quark model has
been widely used to describe the magnetic moments of Considering the spin wave functions of the T þ
cc molecu-
exotic hadronic state quantitatively [63–66]. In Ref. [67], the lar states, we can obtain the flavor-spin wave functions.
authors studied the ground state of the doubly heavy For example, for the T þcc molecular composed of D D
 
þ
tetraquarks in the constituent quark model and estimated with J ¼ 1 , its flavor-spin wave functions can be
P
the magnetic moments of the predicted tetraquark states. In written as
Ref. [68], the authors studied all possible configurations of
the ground fully heavy tetraquark states in the constituent  
quark model and discussed the spectroscopy behaviors for 1 1
jψi ¼ pffiffiffi jD0 Dþ i − pffiffiffi jDþ D0 i
the fully heavy tetraquark system. 2 2
In this work, we adopt the constituent quark model to  
1 1
study the electromagnetic properties of the T þ cc molecular ⊗ pffiffiffi j1; 1ij1; 0i − pffiffiffi j1; 0ij1; 1i : ð3Þ
states, including the magnetic moments, the transition 2 2
magnetic moments, and the radiative decay widths, and
we discuss the effect of orbital excitation on the magnetic The wave functions of the T þ cc states with different
moments. isospins are similar. In Table I, we collect the flavor wave
The structure of this paper is as follows. In Sec. II, we functions ηflavor and spin wave function ξspin of S-wave T þ
cc
construct the flavor-spin wave functions of the T þ cc molecu- molecular states.
lar states. In Sec. III, we calculate the magnetic moments of
the S-wave channel and D-wave channel T þ cc molecular
states. In Sec. IV, we calculate the transition magnetic
moments and the radiative decay widths of the S-wave T þ TABLE I. The flavor wave functions ηflavor and spin wave
cc
molecular states. Finally, we summarize our work and functions ξspin of S-wave DðÞ DðÞ molecular states, where I and
compare our results with those of other studies in Sec. V. I 3 represent the isospin and its third components of the DðÞ DðÞ
system, respectively, and S and S3 represent the spin and its third
components of the DðÞ DðÞ system, respectively.
II. WAVE FUNCTION
Systems jI; I 3 i ηflavor
The wave function of the hadronic state ψ can be
DðÞ DðÞ j0; 0i p1ffiffi jDðÞ0 DðÞþ i − p1ffiffi jDðÞþ DðÞ0 i
expressed as 2 2
j1; 1i jD ðÞþ ðÞþ
D i
j1; 0i p1ffiffi jDðÞ0 DðÞþ i þ p1ffiffi jDðÞþ DðÞ0 i
ψ ¼ ϕcolor ⊗ ηflavor ⊗ ξspin ⊗ Rspace ; ð1Þ 2 2
j1; −1i jDðÞ0 DðÞ0 i

where ϕcolor , ηflavor , ξspin , and Rspace represent the color

Systems jS; S3 i ξspin
wave function, the flavor wave function, the spin wave
function, and the spatial wave function, respectively. DD j0; 0i j0; 0ij0; 0i
There are four quarks, ccq̄1 q̄2 , in the T þ
cc states. With the DD 
j1; 1i j0; 0ij1; 1i
SU(2) flavor symmetry, we construct the wave functions of j1; 0i j0; 0ij1; 0i
Tþcc states, we can obtain the flavor wave functions of the
j1; −1i j0; 0ij1; −1i
Tþcc states by adding the heavy quark c into the flavor wave D D j2; 2i j1; 1ij1; 1i
functions of the two light quarks according to the structures j2; 1i p1ffiffi j1; 1ij1; 0i þ p1ffiffi j1; 0ij1; 1i
2 2
ðQ1 q̄1 ÞðQ2 q̄2 Þ in the molecular model. Here, Q and q pffiffi
j2; 0i p1ffiffi j1; 1ij1; −1i þ p2ffiffi j1; 0ij1; 0i þ p1ffiffi j1; −1ij1; 1i
denote the heavy quark and the light quark, respectively. 6 3 6
j2; −1i p1ffiffi j1; 0ij1; −1i þ p1ffiffi j1; −1ij1; 0i
Meanwhile, not all T þ cc molecular states with combinations 2 2
of spin and isospin exist. Due to Bose-Einstein symmetry, j2; −2i j1; −1ij1; −1i
j1; 1i p1ffiffi j1; 1ij1; 0i− p1ffiffi2 j1; 0ij1; 1i
for the DD and D D states, their quantum numbers 2
(I þ J) need to be odd [69]. j1; 0i p1ffiffi j1; 1ij1; −1i − p1ffiffi j1; −1ij1; 1i
2 2
The T þ ðÞ ðÞ
cc molecular states are composed of D D . For j1; −1i p1ffiffi j1; 0ij1; −1i − p1ffiffi j1; −1ij1; 0i
2 2
example, it is composed of DðÞ0 DðÞþ with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð0; 0Þ, j0; 0i p1ffiffi j1; 1ij1; −1i − p1ffiffi j1; 0ij1; 0i þ p1ffiffi j1; −1ij1; 1i
3 3 3
their flavor wave functions are

076014-2
ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE T þ
cc …
III. MAGNETIC MOMENT PROPERTIES
In constituent quark model, the magnetic moment of the
hadronic state μ can be written as the sum of the spin
magnetic moments μspin and orbital magnetic moments
μorbital of its corresponding constituents. The total magnetic
moment can be expressed as
μ ¼ μspin þ μorbital ; ð4Þ
where the spin magnetic moment μspin is the sum of the
spins of the each constituent and orbital magnetic moment
μorbital is related to the orbital angular momentum between
the constituents.
In the numerical analysis, the magnetic moment μH can
be calculated by inserting the z component of the magnetic
moment operator into the corresponding wave function of
the hadron, and the magnetic moment can be expressed as
μH ¼ hψ H jμ̂z jψ H i; ð5Þ
where jψ H i is the wave function corresponding to the
hadronic state.
When only considering the S-wave channel, there only
exists the spin magnetic moment, and the spin operator can
be expressed as
X ei
μ̂spin ¼ σ̂ ; ð6Þ
i
2mi i
where ei , mi , and σ i represent the charge, mass and Pauli’s
spin operator of the ith constituent of the hadron H,
respectively.
In our calculations, we consider the following S-wave
and D-wave channel T þ cc molecular states
D D ½JP ¼ 0þ ∶j1 S0 i; j5 D0 i;
D D ½JP ¼ 1þ ∶j3 S1 i; j3 D1 i; j5 D1 i;
D D ½JP ¼ 2þ ∶j5 S2 i; j1 D2 i; j3 D2 i; j5 D2 i: ð7Þ
Here, we take j2Sþ1 LJ i to denote the quantum numbers
of the corresponding channel, where S, L, and J represent
the quantum numbers of spin angular momentum,
orbital angular momentum, and total angular momentum,
respectively.
According to Eq. (5), the magnetic moments of the
S-wave T þ cc molecular states can be obtained. Because there
are different flavor wave functions with different isospins,
the magnetic moments of the S-wave T þ cc molecular states
with different isospins are different. We take DD with
jS; S3 i ¼ j1; 1i, ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð0; 0Þ as an example to obtain the
magnetic moments of the S-wave D D molecular state:
1 D0
μDD ð1þ Þ ¼ ðμD0 þ μDþ Þ: ð8Þ
2
076014-3
PHYS. REV. D 109, 076014 (2024)
In the above results, the magnetic moment of the S-wave
Tþcc molecular state is a linear combination of the magnetic
moments of the charmed mesons DðÞ . Then, we take the
charmed meson Dþ as an example to obtain the magnetic
moment of the charmed meson. In the numerical analysis,
we use the constituent quark masses mu ¼ 0.336 GeV,
md ¼ 0.336 GeV, mc ¼ 1.660 GeV [70] to calculate the
magnetic moments of DðÞ mesons, the flavor-spin wave
function can be written as
j1;1i
χ Dþ ¼ jcd̄i ⊗ j↑↑i; ð9Þ
where χ sf is the flavor-spin wave function of the calculated
hadron, the superscript s and the subscript f represent the
spin and flavor wave functions, respectively, ↑ means the
third component of the quark spin is 1=2. According to
Eq. (5), inserting the spin magnetic moment operator μ̂spin
into the corresponding flavor-spin wave function, we can
calculate the magnetic moment of the Dþ meson as follows:
D E
j1;1i j1;1i
μDþ ¼ χ Dþ jμ̂z jχ Dþ ;
 
¼ cd̄↑↑jμ̂z jcd̄↑↑ ;
¼ μc þ μd̄ : ð10Þ
The magnetic moment of Dþ meson is μc þ μd̄ , we can
obtain the magnetic moment of D0 by the same method, and
we list their results in Table II.
We can obtain the magnetic moment result of the DD
state by a linear combination of the D meson magnetic
moments. In the same way, we calculate the magnetic
moments of the T þ cc molecular states with different isospins,
then the magnetic moments of the S-wave T þ cc molecular
states are listed in Table III.
On the basis of the magnetic moment results obtained in
above work, we summarized the following key points.
(1) The magnetic moments of the S-wave channel T þ cc
molecular states range from −2.97μN to 2.62μN ,
D D ð2þ Þ with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; −1Þ and D D ð2þ Þ
with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; 1Þ have minimum and maximum
magnetic moment, respectively.
(2) The S-wave T þ  þ
cc molecular states DD ð1 Þ and
  þ
D D ð1 Þ with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð0; 0Þ have different quark
constituents, but their magnetic moments are the same
since they have the same total angular momentum.
TABLE II. The magnetic moment of S-wave meson D ,
Here, the magnetic moment is in units of the nuclear magnetic
moment μN .
Mesons Expressions Results
μc þ μū −1.49
Dþ μc þ μd̄ 1.31
YA-DING LEI and HAO-SONG LI PHYS. REV. D 109, 076014 (2024)

TABLE III. The S-wave channel magnetic moments of the T þ cc authors have already discussed the magnetic moments of
molecular states with different flavor representations. The unit is the compact T þ cc tetraquark with J ¼ 1
P þ
in diquark-
the nuclear magnetic moment μN . antidiquark picture using the light cone QCD sum rules.
We compare the magnetic moments of the compact T þ cc
p1ffiffi jDðÞ0 DðÞþ i − p1ffiffi2 jDðÞþ DðÞ0 i
2 tetraquark and the T þ cc molecular states states with

Systems JP Expressions Magnetic moments IðJP Þ ¼ 0ð1þ Þ. The value of the magnetic moment of
the compact T þ þ
cc tetraquark state with IðJ Þ ¼ 0ð1 Þ is
P

DD 1þ 1
2 ðμD
0 þ μDþ Þ −0.09 greater than 0.6μN , and the value of the magnetic moment
  of the T þ P þ
cc molecular state with IðJ Þ ¼ 0ð1 Þ is near 0.
D D 1þ 1
2 ðμD
0 þ μDþ Þ −0.09
Thus the different inner structures of doubly charmed
jDðÞþ DðÞþ i tetraquark states lead to different magnetic moments.
Systems JP Expressions Magnetic moments Then, when we consider the magnetic moments of
D-wave channel T þ cc molecular states, the total magnetic
DD 0þ 0 0 moment consists of the spin magnetic moment and the
 þ
DD 1 μDþ 1.31 orbital magnetic moment, and the operator of orbital
D D 0 þ 0 0 magnetic moment can be expressed as
2þ 2μDþ 2.62  
mα μβ mβ μα
p1ffiffi jDðÞ0 DðÞþ i þ p1ffiffi2 jDðÞþ DðÞ0 i μ̂orbital ¼ μαβ L̂z ¼
L
þ L̂ ; ð11Þ
2 mα þ mβ mα þ mβ z
Systems JP Expressions Magnetic moments
þ where the subscripts α and β are constituent mesons,
DD 0 0 0
and we adopt the constituent mesons masses mD0 ¼
DD 1þ 1
2 ðμD
0 þ μDþ Þ −0.09 1864.84 MeV, mDþ ¼ 1869.65 MeV, mD0 ¼ 2006.85 MeV,
D D 0 þ 0 0 and mDþ ¼ 2010.26 MeV [71].
2þ μD0 þ μDþ −0.18 The spin-orbital wave function j2Sþ1 LJ i can be expanded
using the orbital wave function Y L;mL and the spin wave
jDðÞ0 DðÞ0 i
function χ S;mS as follows:
Systems JP Expressions Magnetic moments
X
DD 0þ 0 0 j2Sþ1 LJ i ¼ LmL ;SmS Y L;mL χ S;mS ;
CJM ð12Þ
mL ;mS
DD 1þ μD0 −1.49
D D 0þ 0 0 where CJM LmL ;SmS is the Clebsch-Gordan coefficient, then
2þ 2μD0 −2.97 the D-wave channel spin-orbital wave function can be
expressed as follows:
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
3 3 3 1
(3) The S-wave channel T þ cc molecular states with same j D1 i ¼ pffiffiffi Y 2;2 χ 1;−1 − pffiffiffiffiffi Y 2;1 χ 1;0 þ pffiffiffiffiffi Y 2;0 χ 1;1 ;
IðJP Þ and different I 3 quantum numbers have differ- 5 10 10
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
ent magnetic moments, since they have different 1 3 3
flavor wave functions as listed in Table I. j5 D1 i ¼ pffiffiffi Y 2;2 χ 2;−1 − pffiffiffiffiffi Y 2;1 χ 2;0 þ pffiffiffiffiffi Y 2;0 χ 2;1
5 10 10
(4) The magnetic moments of the S-wave channel DD 1
states with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; 1Þ, ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; 0Þ, ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ − pffiffiffi Y 2;−1 χ 2;2 ;
ð1; −1Þ are all zero. At the same isospin, the 5
pffiffiffi
magnetic moments of S-wave channel D D ð2þ Þ 2 1
state and DD ð1þ Þ state satisfy the relation j3 D2 i ¼ pffiffiffi Y 2;2 χ 1;0 − pffiffiffi Y 2;1 χ 1;1 ;
μD D ð2þ Þ
3 3
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
μDD ð1þ Þ ¼ 2, since their magnetic moments are 2 3 2
5
j D2 i ¼ pffiffiffi Y 2;2 χ 2;0 − pffiffiffi Y 2;1 χ 2;1 þ pffiffiffi Y 2;0 χ 2;2 ;
composed of spin magnetic moments and their spin
angular momentums are proportional. 7 7 7
Analyzing the numerical results in Table III, since the 1 1 1
j5 D0 i ¼ pffiffiffi Y 2;2 χ 2;−2 − pffiffiffi Y 2;1 χ 2;−1 þ pffiffiffi Y 2;0 χ 2;0
mass of the T þ cc ground state with spin-parity quantum 5 5 5
numbers J P ¼ 1þ and isospin I ¼ 0 is very close to the 1 1
Dþ D0 mass threshold, the magnetic moment of the T þ − pffiffiffi Y 2;−1 χ 2;1 þ pffiffiffi Y 2;−2 χ 2;2 : ð13Þ
cc 5 5
state observed experimentally is −0.09μN .
In previous work, there exists the study of the magnetic Combining Eq. (13) and the obtained results of the
moments of compact T þ cc tetraquark states. In Ref. [36], the magnetic moments of S-wave channel as listed in Table II,

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ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE T þ
cc … PHYS. REV. D 109, 076014 (2024)

the magnetic moments of of D-wave channel can be TABLE IV. The D-wave magnetic moments of the T þ cc states in
calculated. We take the magnetic moment μj3 D1 i with the molecular model with different flavor representations. The
ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð0; 0Þ as an example, which can be expressed as unit is the nuclear magnetic moment μN .
  p1ffiffi jD0 Dþ i
3 1 1 2
− p1ffiffi2 jDþ D0 i
μj3 D1 i ¼ − μD0 − μDþ þ 2μD0 Dþ
L
5 2 2
  States JP Quantities Expressions Results
3 L 1 1 1
þ μD0 Dþ þ μD0 þ μDþ ; DD 1þ
10 10 2 2 μj3 D1 i − 14 μD0 − 14 μDþ þ 32 μLDD −0.02
1 1 3 2þ μj3 D2 i 1 1
6 μD þ 6 μD þ 3 μDD
0 þ
5 L −0.10
¼ − μD0 − μDþ þ μLD0 Dþ ; ð14Þ
4 4 2 D D 1þ μj3 D1 i − 14 μD0 − 14 μDþ þ 32 μLD0 Dþ −0.09
μj5 D1 i 1 1 1 L −0.09
4 μD þ 4 μD þ 2 μD0 Dþ
0 þ
then we list the magnetic moments of the D-wave channel
with different isospins in Table IV. jDþ Dþ i
Comparing the magnetic moments of the S-wave chan- States JP Quantities Expressions Results
nel and D-wave channel T þ cc states, we can find that the 
magnetic moments of the S-wave channel and D-wave DD 1þ μj3 D1 i − 12 μDþ þ 32 μLDþ Dþ 0.29
channel T þ cc states are not the same. Due to the orbital
2þ μj3 D2 i 1 5 L
3 μD þ 3 μDþ Dþ
þ 1.49
excitation of the D-wave channel, the magnetic moments of D D 0þ μj5 D0 i 0 0
j3 D1 i, j5 D1 i, j3 D2 i, and j5 D2 i state have an variant of 2% 2þ μj1 D2 i 2μLDþ Dþ 2.62
with respect to the S-wave magnetic moments. In the μj3 D2 i 1 5 L
3 μD þ 3 μDþ Dþ
þ 2.62
S-wave channel, the value of the j1 S2 i state is 0, but the μj5 D2 i μDþ þ μLDþ Dþ 2.62
value of the j1 D2 i state is 2μLD D in the D-wave channel.
p1ffiffi jD0 Dþ i þ p1ffiffi2 jDþ D0 i
The magnetic moment of DD j3 D2 i state is approximately 2
five times the magnetic moment of DD j3 D1 i state. Since States JP Quantities Expressions Results
the values of the orbital magnetic moment and the magnetic
moment of D meson satisfy the proportionality relation. DD 1þ μj3 D1 i − 14 μD0 − 14 μDþ þ 32 μLDD −0.02
For DD state with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; 1Þ, the value of the orbital 2þ μj3 D2 i 1 1
6 μD þ 6 μD þ 3 μDD
0 þ
5 L −0.10
magnetic moment μLDþ Dþ is close to one-half the value of D D 0þ μj5 D0 i 0 0
the magnetic moment μDþ . In addition, some different 2þ μj1 D2 i 2μLD0 Dþ −0.18
states have the same value. For example, for the T þ cc states μj3 D2 i 1 1 5 L −0.18
6 μD þ 6 μD þ 3 μD0 Dþ
0 þ
with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; 1Þ and JP ¼ 2þ , there exist j1 D2 i, j3 D2 i, μj5 D2 i 1 1 −0.18
2 μD þ 2 μD þ μD0 Dþ
0 þ
L
j5 D2 i states. They have different expressions but the results
of these D-wave magnetic moments are same, since the jD0 D0 i
value of the orbital magnetic moment μLDþ Dþ is approx- States JP Quantities Expressions Results
imately equal to the magnetic moments μDþ . Therefore, the
DD 1þ μj3 D1 i − 12 μD0 þ 32 μLD0 D0 −0.34
magnetic moments of these states have the same value.
2þ μj3 D2 i 1 5 L
3 μD þ 3 μD0 D0
−1.70
We discuss the S − D wave coupling of T cc molecular 0

states. Taking the DD state with IðJP Þ ¼ 0ð1þ Þ as an D D 0þ μj5 D0 i 0 0

example, we study the S − D wave coupling. The wave 2þ μj1 D2 i 2μLD0 D0 −2.97
function can be written as μj3 D2 i 1 5 L
3 μD þ 3 μD0 D0
0 −2.97
μj5 D2 i μD0 þ μLD0 D0 −2.97
jψi ∼ jDD ; I ¼ 0; J ¼ 1i ⊗ Y 0;0 RS1 ðrÞ
þ jD D ; I ¼ 0; J ¼ 1i ⊗ Y 0;0 RS2 ðrÞ
R
þ D-wave contribution; ð15Þ dominant channels are S-wave channels [ drr2 ðjRS1 j2 þ
jRS2 j2 Þ ¼ 99%]. The contribution of the D-wave channel
where RSi ðrÞ is the radial wave function of the S-wave DD can be neglected. Thus the influence of S − D wave
state. When the cutoff parameter is 1.05 GeV, the binding coupling is quite minor.
energy relative to the DD threshold is 1.24 MeV and the
corresponding root-mean-square radius is 3.11 fm which is
comparable to the size of the deuteron. The dominant IV. TRANSITION MAGNETIC MOMENT
AND RADIATIVE DECAY WIDTH
channel is DD j3 S1 i, with a probability 96.39%, the
contribution of the D D j3 S1 i state is 2.79%, the proba- In this section, we discuss the transition magnetic
bility of the D wave is around 1% [45]. Since the moments of the S-wave T þ cc molecular states, which can
contribution of the D-wave channel is quite small, the provide an important reference for the study of the radiative

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decay behavior of T þcc states. For the transition magnetic TABLE V. Transition magnetic moments of S-wave charmed
moments between these discussed D D states, the calcu- meson D . Here, the transition magnetic moment is in units of the
lation is similar to those used to obtain the magnetic nuclear magnetic moment μN .
moments of S-wave T þ cc states, except that the flavor-spin Processes Expressions Results
wave functions of the initial and final states are different.
The transition magnetic moment of S-wave T þ D0→ D0 γ μc − μū 2.24
cc molecular
states are obtained by the following equation: Dþ → Dþ γ μc − μd̄ −0.55

μH→H0 ¼ hψ H0 jμ̂z e−ik·r jψ H i; ð16Þ

between DðÞ mesons, we construct their flavor-spin wave
where k is the momentum of the emitted photon. When the functions as follows:
momentum of the emitted photon is rather small, the factor
hRi0 je−ik·r jRi i is approximately equal to 1, the spatial wave j1;0i 1
functions of the initial and final states do not affect the χ Dþ ¼ pffiffiffi jcd̄i ⊗ j↑↓ þ ↓↑i;
2
results of the transition magnetic moment. Thus the above
j0;0i 1
equation can be approximated as χ Dþ ¼ pffiffiffi jcd̄i ⊗ j↑↓ − ↓↑i: ð20Þ
2
μH→H0 ¼ hψ H0 jμ̂z jψ H i: ð17Þ
Then, the transition magnetic moment of the Dþ → Dþ γ
We take μD D j2þ i→DD j1þ i with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; 0Þ as an process is
example to illustrate the procedure of getting the transition
D E
magnetic moments between the S-wave DðÞ DðÞ molecular j0;0i j1;0i
μDþ →Dþ γ ¼ χ Dþ jμ̂z jχ Dþ ;
states. According to Table I, the flavor-spin wave functions
of the D D j2þ i and DD j1þ i states with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; 0Þ cd̄↑↓ − cd̄↓↑ cd̄↑↓ þ cd̄↓↑
¼ pffiffiffi jμ̂z j pffiffiffi ;
can be constructed as 2 2
1 1 ¼ μc − μd̄ : ð21Þ
χ D D j2þ i ¼ pffiffiffi jD0 Dþ i þ pffiffiffi jDþ D0 i
2 2
As a result, the magnetic moment of the Dþ → Dþ γ
1 1
⊗ pffiffiffi j1; 1ij1; 0i þ pffiffiffi j1; 0ij1; 1i ; process is μc − μd̄ . Using the same method, we can obtain
2 2 the transition magnetic moments of the D0 → D0 γ, and we
1 1 collect their results in Table V.
χ DD j1þ i ¼ pffiffiffi jD0 Dþ i þ pffiffiffi jDþ D0 i Combining the transition magnetic moments of the
2 2
Dþ → Dþ γ and D0 → D0 γ processes linearly, we obtain
⊗ j0; 0ij1; 1i: ð18Þ
the transition magnetic moments of the S-wave T þ cc
molecular states, which are collected in Table VI.
According to Eq. (17), inserting the magnetic moment
Analyzing the above results for the transition magnetic
operator μ̂z into the flavor-spin wave functions of the
moments of S-wave T þ cc molecular states, we summarize
corresponding initial and final states, we can calculate the
several key points:
transition magnetic moment of the D D j2þ i → DD j1þ iγ
(1) The transition magnetic moments of the T þ cc molecu-
process
lar states can be expressed as linear combinations of
the transition magnetic moments of the correspond-
μD D j2þ i→DD j1þ i
ing constituents, for example the transition magnetic
¼ hχ DD j1þ i jμ̂z jχ D D j2þ i i; moments of the process D D j1þ i → DD j1þ iγ
p1ffi j1;1ij1;0iþp1ffi j1;0ij1;1i
consists of transition magnetic moments of Dþ →
j0;0ij1;1i
¼ χ p1ffi jD0 Dþ iþp1ffi jDþ D0 i jμ̂z jχ p12ffi jD0 Dþ iþp12ffi jDþ D0 i ; Dþ γ process and D0 → D0 γ process.
2 2 2 2
(2) The maximum transition magnetic moment is
1 1 2.24μN , corresponding to the process of DD j1þ i →
¼ pffiffiffi μDþ →Dþ þ pffiffiffi μDþ →D0 : ð19Þ
2 2 2 2 DDj0þ iγ with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; −1Þ, and the minimum
transition magnetic moment is −0.91μN , corre-
In the above expression, transition magnetic moment of sponding to the processes of D D j0þ i →
the S-wave T þcc molecular states is linear combinations of DD j1þ iγ with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; −1Þ.
the transition magnetic moments between its constituent (3) For radiative decay processes with I ¼ 1, their
DðÞ mesons. We take the Dþ → Dþ γ process as an transition magnetic moments satisfy some propor-
example to illustrate the transition magnetic moment tional relations, for example

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ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE T þ
cc … PHYS. REV. D 109, 076014 (2024)

TABLE VI. The transition magnetic moments between the S- TABLE VII. The radiative decay widths between the S-wave
wave T þ
cc molecular states with different flavor representations. Tþ
cc molecular states. Here, the radiative decay width is in units of
Here, the magnetic moment is in unit of the nuclear magnetic keV.
moment μN .
p1ffiffi jDðÞ0 DðÞþ i − p1ffiffi2 jDðÞþ DðÞ0 i
2
p1ffiffi jDðÞ0 DðÞþ i − p1ffiffi2 jDðÞþ DðÞ0 i
2
Process Radiative decay width
Process Expression Result
D D j1þ i → DD j1þ iγ 5.24
D D j1þ i → DD j1þ iγ − p1 ffiffi μDþ →Dþ − p1 ffiffi μD0 →D0 −0.60
2 2 2 2 jDðÞþ DðÞþ i
jDðÞþ DðÞþ i Processes Radiative decay widths
 þ þ
Processes Expressions Results DD j1 i → DDj0 iγ 2.23
DD j1þ i → DDj0þ iγ μDþ →Dþ −0.55 D D j0þ i → DD j1þ iγ 1.18
D D j0þ i → DD j1þ iγ − p1ffiffi μDþ →Dþ 0.23 D D j2þ i → DD j1þ iγ 2.18
6
D D j2þ i → DD j1þ iγ p1ffiffi μDþ →Dþ −0.39 p1ffiffi jDðÞ0 DðÞþ i þ p1ffiffi2 jDðÞþ DðÞ0 i
2 2

p1ffiffi jDðÞ0 DðÞþ i þ p1ffiffi2 jDðÞþ DðÞ0 i Processes Radiative decay widths
2
DD j1þ i → DDj0þ iγ 5.23
Processes Expressions Results
D D j0þ i → DD j1þ iγ 2.63
DD j1þ i → DDj0þ iγ 1 þ þ
1
2 μD →D þ 2 μD →D
0 0 0.84 D D j2þ i → DD j1þ iγ 5.24
  þ  þ
D D j0 i → DD j1 iγ − pffiffi μDþ →Dþ − p1 ffiffi μD0 →D0
1 −0.34
2 6 2 6 jDðÞ0 DðÞ0 i
D D j2þ i → DD j1þ iγ 1 ffiffi
p μDþ →Dþ þ p1 ffiffi μD0 →D0 0.60
2 2 2 2 Processes Radiative decay widths
jDðÞ0 DðÞ0 i  þ
DD j1 i → DDj0 iγ þ 37.52
Processes Expressions Results D D j0þ i → DD j1þ iγ 18.81
 þ þ
D D j2þ i → DD j1þ iγ 36.68
DD j1 i → DDj0 iγ μD0 →D0 2.24
D D j0þ i → DD j1þ iγ − p1ffiffi6 μD0 →D0 −0.91
D D j2þ i → DD j1þ iγ p1ffiffi μ 0 1.56
2 D →D0 mp ¼ 0.938 GeV [61]. For the H → H 0 γ process, Eγ is the
momentum of the emitted photon, which can be written as
μD D j2þ i→DD j1þ iγ pffiffiffi
¼ − 3; m2H − m2H0
μD D j0þ i→DD j1þ iγ Eγ ¼ ; ð23Þ
μDD j1þ i→DDj0þ iγ pffiffiffi 2mH
¼ 2:
μD D j2þ i→DD j1þ iγ where H and H 0 represent the tetraquark molecular states
we discuss, and mH and mH0 represent the masses of the
corresponding hadrons, respectively. In Table VII, the
The radiative widths of the S-wave T þ cc molecular states expressions and results of the S-wave T þ cc molecular states
can provide important information for exploring its inner are collected.
structure, so the radiative width is also a crucial physical As presented in Table VII, the effect of the transition
quantity, and the radiative decay width is closely related to magnetic moments on the radiative decay width of the
the transition magnetic moment. Based on the transition S-wave T þ cc molecular states is significant. For example, the
magnetic moments obtained above, we can calculate the D D j2þ i → DD j1þ iγ process has a larger radiative decay
radiative decay width of the S-wave T þ cc molecular state. width than the D D j0þ i → DD j1þ iγ process, since the
The relationship between the radiative decay width ΓH→H0 γ
D D j2þ i → DD j1þ iγ process has a larger transition
and the transition magnetic moment can be expressed as magnetic moment than the D D j0þ i → DD j1þ iγ proc-
8 ess. The radiative decay width of the DD j1þ i → DDj0þ iγ
>
> E3
αEM 3mγ2 JHJþ1
jμH→H0 j2
J H ¼ J H0 with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; −1Þ is much larger than that of
>
> μ2N
;
>
<
p H
DD j1þ i → DDj0þ iγ with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; 1Þ, which is sim-
E3 jμ 0j
2
ΓH→H0 γ ¼ αEM 3mγ2 JH H→H μ2N
; JH ¼ JH0 þ 1 : ð22Þ ilar to the radiative decay behavior of the D0 → D0 γ and
>
> p
>
> Dþ → Dþ γ processes. In addition, most of the radiative
> 3
ð2JH0 þ1Þ jμH→H0 j2
: αEM Eγ2 JH02J ; J H ¼ J H0 − 1
3m p H þ1 μ2
N
decay widths with ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; 0Þ and ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð0; 0Þ are
around 5.0 keV, while the decay width of D D j0þ i →
In the above equation, the electromagnetic fine structure DD j1þ iγ process is the less than 3.0 keV, and the radiative
constant αEM is 1=137, and mp is the mass of proton with decay widths of the processes DD j1þ i → DDj0þ iγ,

076014-7
YA-DING LEI and HAO-SONG LI PHYS. REV. D 109, 076014 (2024)

D D j0þ i → DD j1þ iγ, D D j2þ i → DD j1þ iγ with
ðI; I 3 Þ ¼ ð1; −1Þ are greater than 10.0 keV. Analyzing the
numerical results, it can be noted that the values of
the radiative decay widths with different isospins vary
considerably.
V. SUMMARY
The observation of the T þcc state provides a new platform
to study the doubly charmed tetraquark state, theorists have
TABLE VIII. Comparison of the quantities of the tetraquark
Tþcc state in the article with the results of other studies, including
nonrelativistic quark model (NQM) [23], MIT bag model [72],
diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) model [73], constituent quark
model (CQM) [67], one-boson-exchange (OBE) [50], effective
field theory (EFT) [51], coupled-channel effective field theory
(CCEFT) [24]. Here, the magnetic moment is in units of μN and
the radiative decay width is in units of keV.
Quantities μT þcc Γ½T þ þ 0
cc → D D γ

done extensive research around the nature of the doubly NQM [23] 0.13 
charmed tetraquark state. The electromagnetic properties MIT bag model [72] 0.88 
of hadronic molecular states can also help us to further DMC [73] 0.28 
understand their inner structure, but there is no more CQM [67] 0.732 
progress in related research. OBE [50]  10.0
EFT [51]  2.8
In this work, we construct the flavor-spin wave functions
CCEFT [24]  5.0
of T þ
cc molecular states using the constituent quark model. This work −0.09 5.23
We systematically study their electromagnetic properties,
including magnetic moments, transition magnetic
moments, and radiative decay widths. According to our
results, the magnetic moment of the T þ cc state observed
electromagnetic properties of T þ
cc molecular states, which
experimentally is −0.09μN . In addition, we discuss the
can enrich our understanding of the inner structure of
effect of orbital excitations on the magnetic moments, and
hadronic molecular states.
we find the D-wave magnetic moment have an variant of
2% with respect to the S-wave magnetic moments.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Meanwhile, we also discuss the radiative decay widths:
the results show that the radiative decay widths are closely This project is supported by the National Natural Science
related to the transition magnetic moments, and there are Foundation of China under Grant No. 11905171. This work
several radiative decay processes of T þ cc molecular states is also supported by the Natural Science Basic Research
with significant widths. We compare our results with other Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Grant No. 2022JQ-025)
studies on the natural properties of T þ cc in Table VIII. We and Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for
hope that the present study will inspire more research on the Mathematics and Physics (Grant No. 22JSQ016).

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