Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OnlyIAS - Udaan - Modern History
OnlyIAS - Udaan - Modern History
INDEX
PORTUGUESE
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)- between Portugal and Spain divided non - Christian world by an imaginary
line in the Atlantic east for Portugal and west for Spain.
Religious Policy of the Portuguese: Initially, hostile only towards Muslims, later towards Hindus also. In 1579
missionaries were sent to convert the emperor Akbar to Christianity.
• Diversion of Portuguese colonising ambitions towards the West due to the discovery of Brazil.
Note: Portuguese were first to come in india and last one to leave India.
DUTCH (NETHERLANDS)
• Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutchman to reach Sumatra and Bantam in 1596.
• United East India Company of the Netherlands, formed in March 1605 by the Charter of Dutch Parliament,
had the powers to wage wars, make treaty and build forts.
• Founded their first factory in Masaulipatam in Andhra in 1605.
• Subsequently they won over Portuguese & emerged as most dominant European trade power.
• Pulicat was their main center in India, later replaced by Nagapattinam.
• Dutch carried indigo manufactured in the Yamuna valley and Central India, textiles and silk from Bengal,
Gujarat and the Coromandel, saltpetre from Bihar and opium and rice from the Ganga valley.
• In 1623, a treaty between British and Dutch → Dutch withdrew their claim from India and British from
Indonesia
• 1650 (17th century), English began to emerge as big colonial power in India.
• Anglo Dutch rivalry lasted for 70 years, during which Dutch lost their settlements to British one by one.
• The Dutch were not much interested in empire building in India; their concerns were trade. In any case,
their main commercial interest lay in the Spice Islands of Indonesia from where they earned a huge profit
through business.
• Decline in India- The defeat of the Dutch in the Anglo-Dutch rivalry and the shifting of Dutch attention
towards the Malay Archipelago. In Battle of Bedara (1759), the English defeated the Dutch.
• After prolonged warfare, both the parties compromised by which the British agreed to withdraw all their
claims on Indonesia, and the Dutch retired from India.
Dutch established factories in: Masulipatnam (1605), Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimlipatnam (1641),
Karikal (1645), Chinsurah (1653), Cassimbazar (Kasimbazar), Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Nagapatnam
(1658) and Cochin (1663). (It covered both Eastern and western Coasts).
BRITISH
• On December 31, 1600 the charter was issued by Queen Elizabeth I of England which gives trade monopoly
for 15 years. English east India Company was established in 1600.
• Captain Hawkins of England arrived at royal court of Jahangir in 1609 seeking permission to establish
England trade center at Surat, but was refused by Jahangir due to Portuguese pressure
• With captain Thomas Best’s victory over Portuguese est. first factory in Surat
• Later in 1613, Jahangir issued a Farman (permission letter) to English (Sir Thomas Roe) to establish
their trade center in Agra Ahmedabad and Baruch, hence British established their 1st trading factory at
Surat in 1613.
• In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe came to India as ambassador of James 1 (King of England) & obtained permission
from Jahangir to settle English trading factories in different parts of India
• Bombay’s Control → Charles II received as dowry from Portuguese.
• Madras → Fort St. George replaced Masulipatnam.
• Bombay, Madras & Calcutta became 3 presidency towns of English settlements in India by 1700 with
capital Calcutta.
FRENCH
• French east India Company was formed in 1664 establishing their 1st factory at Surat → by Francis Caron
• Francis Martin founded Pondicherry in 1673 & became 1st governor of Pondicherry. Henceforth
Pondicherry became headquarter of French possessions in India.
• In beginning of 18th century, English & French were competing for their supremacy in India, Mainly in
carnatic & Bengal region.
• After 3 Carnatic wars, finally French were crushed & limited to Pondicherry
• First Carnatic war (1740-48) → extension of rivalry, ended in 1748 by treaty of Aix-La Chapelle
• Second Carnatic War (1749-54) → inconclusive, undermined the French and English power in south India
• Third Carnatic War (1758-63) → decisive war, treaty of Paris (1763)
• Aurangzeb’s misguided policies weakened the stability of the state and the decline gained momentum after
his death due to wars of succession and weak rulers.
• Muhammad Shah ruled for 29 years (1719-48) but could not revive the imperial fortunes.
• New states of Hyderabad, Bengal, Awadh and Punjab established and the Marathas began to make their
bid to inherit the imperial mantle.
Mughal provinces that turned into states, established their own independent and
Successor States: autonomous polity. Example: Awadh (Saadat Khan/Burhan-ul-Mulk); Hyderabad
(Kilich Khan/Nizam-ul-Mulk); Bengal (Murshid Kuli Khan).
Independent Formed due to destabilization of the Mughal control over their provinces. Example:
Kingdoms: Rajput, Mysore, Kerala (founded by Martanda Verma).
Established by the rebels under the Mughal Rule. Example: Jats (Churaman and
The New States: Badan Singh founded the Jat state in Bharatpur); Sikhs; Marathas; Rohilakhand
(founded by Ali Mohammad Khan; comprised Himalayan foothills between Kumaon
and Ganga) and Farukhabad (Mohammad Khan Bangash, in the east of Delhi).
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
STUDENT NOTE:
THE GROWTH OF EAST INDIA COMPANY’S TRADE AND INFLUENCE: 1600 -1714
• 1608: first factory in Surat. Set up as ‘Trading Depot’.
• Hawkins in Jahangir’s court à received Royal Farman for trade in west coast.
• 1615: Thomas Roe à Imperial Farman: to trade in all parts of Mughal Dynasty.
• South India: After Vijayanagar Empire declined;
• First factory in South India: Masulipatnam 1611.
• Centre shifted from Masulipatnam to Madras à fortification at Fort St. George.
• Island of Bombay occupied in 1668.
• Major Rivals: Marathas
• Eastern India: first factory in Orissa in 1633.
TIMELINE:
Important Rulers: Murshid Quli Khan (first Diwan of Bengal) à Shujauddin à Alivardi Khan (stopped paying
tributes to The Mughals)
TREATY OF ALLAHABAD:
• Robert Clive signed treaty with Shuja ud din and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
• First Treaty of Allahabad: Shuja ud din surrendered Allahabad to the emperor Shah Alam II. He gave the
zamindar full possession of estate.
• Second Treaty of Allahabad: Shah Alam II in Allahabad under company’s protection. He issued a Farmaan
which gave Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to EIC. Provision of Nizamat functions were also given
to the company.
ANGLO-MARATHA STRUGGLE
Prominent Maratha Families after Third Battle of Panipat (1761) are given below:
First Anglo Maratha War • Treaty of Surat: between Raghunath Rao and the English à Gave up
(1775-1782) Salsette and Bassein in return of English army.
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
Anglo-Burma Relations:
• Vast resources of Burmese forest, Market for British manufacture, and to contain the French expansion
British fought three Anglo Burmese wars.
• First Anglo Burmese War (1824-26): It resulted in annexation of Rangoon by the British. Treaty of Yandabo
was signed in 1826.
• Second Anglo Burmese war (1852): it was a result of imperialistic policies of Lord Dalhousie. British
wanted access to Burmese market and the timber resources. The British occupied Pegu (Lower Burma).
• Third Anglo Burmese war (1885): Close ties of Thibaw; Burmese king with British rivals; the French,
Germans, Italians and fine imposed on British Timber Company led to annexation of Upper Burma in 1885.
Anglo-Tibetan Relations:
• Reports of Russian arms and ammunitions coming in Tibet alarmed Lord Curzon. He sent Gorkha contingent
under colonel Young husband. The Lamas of Tibet offered nonviolent resistance to which British responded
by occupying Lhasa. Treaty of Lhasa was signed in 1904.
• Significance: Anglo- Russian Convention of 1907 provided that Russia and Britain would not negotiate on
Tibet except through mediation with China, leading to only Chinese gain in the end of war. It also resulted
into counteracting Russia’s policies by lord Curzon.
Anglo-Afghan Relations:
• To counter Russian plans to India, scientific frontiers of North West served British interest. There was a need
of a British friendly ruler in Afghan.
• First Anglo Afghan War (1839-42): It concluded with British recognizing Dost Mohammad as the
independent ruler of Afghanistan.
• Second Anglo Afghan War (1870-80): Lytton decided to invade Afghan from Sher Ali. After Sher Ali fled,
Treaty of Gandhamak was signed between Yakub Ali and the British. After Yakub Ali’s abdication, Abdur
Rehman was appointed new Amir. In the end, Lytton’s Plan of Dismemberment of Afghanistan couldn’t be
carried out and Ripon decided to keep Afghan as a buffer state.
Forward policy of Auckland: It was to protect Indian boundaries from Russian attack either through treaty
or annexing neighbouring countries. Tripartite Treaty with Sikh and Shah Shuja was signed by the British
after Dost Mohammad of Afghan sided with Russia and Prussia.
Durand Line was drawn between Afghan and British territories. North West Frontier Province was later
created under the Government of India. It was as a result of consensus between Tribal’s and the British.
Curzon (1899-1905) followed policy of Withdrawal and Concentration.
Ring Fence • Defending of one’s own territory by creating buffer zones outside other surrounding
Policy by Warren territory.
Hastings • Awadh acted as a buffer zone against Afghan invasion and Maratha’s attack on the
(1773-85) British territory of Bengal.
• Allying Indian states maintained British army at its frontier and paid for their
maintenance.
• Ruler had to post British official at their court.
• Ruler couldn’t employ Europeans without British’s permission.
Subsidiary • Couldn’t contact enemies for making peace.
Alliance by • Maintenance asked was high à Ruler’s couldn’t pay à asked to cede away part of
Wellesley their territory.
(1798-1805) • The Nizam of Hyderabad’ was the first victim of this policy. In AD 1798 it detached
the Nizam from the French and also forbade having alliances with Maratha without
British consent. Second state was Mysore in AD 1799. Then Wellesley compelled the
Nawab of Awadh to accept the Policy of Subsidiary Alliance in AD 1801.
• Signed by: Nawab of Awadh, Nizam of Hyderabad, Ruler of Mysore, Ruler of Tanjore,
Peshwa, Bhonsle of Berar, The Sindhias, The Rajput states, The ruler of Bharatpur,
Holkars
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
• The disastrous famine of 1770 and the harsh economic order of the British
compelled a group of sanyasis in Eastern India to fight the British yoke.
• Originally peasants, even some evicted from land, these sanyasis were joined
by a large number of dispossessed small zamindars, disbanded soldiers and
rural poor.
• It was only after a prolonged action that Warren Hastings could subdue the
Sanyasi Revolt sanyasis.
(1763-1800) • Equal participation of Hindus and Muslims characterised the uprisings,
sometimes referred to as the Fakir Rebellion.
• Leaders: Majnum Shah (or Majnu Shah), Chirag Ali, Musa Shah, Bhawani
Pathak and Debi Chaudhurani.
• Debi Chaudhurani’s participation recognises the women’s role in early
resistances against the British.
• Anandamath, a semi-historical novel by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay,
is based on the Sanyasi Revolt.
• Area – Bengal
• Reason - Famine, enhanced land revenue demands and economic distress
goaded the Chuar aboriginal tribesmen of the Jungle Mahal of Midnapore
Chuar Uprising district and also of the Bankura district (in Bengal) to take up arms.
• These tribes’ people were basically farmers and hunters.
• The most significant uprising was under Durjan (or Durjol) Singh in 1798.
• The term ‘Chuar’ is considered derogatory by some historians who call this
the Revolt of the Jungle Mahal, instead.)
• Area – Bengal
• Leaders- Mir Nathar Ali and Titu Mir
Titu Mir’s Movement • Reason - Against Hindu land lords who imposed beard tax on farizis.
(1782-1831) • Syed Mir Nisar Ali, or Titu Mir is a peasant leader who led the Narkelberia
Uprising in 1831 against zamindars and British colonial authorities.
• The Narkelberia uprising is often considered as the first armed peasant
uprising against the British. The movement protected the rights of tenants.
• The Kols, alongwith other tribes, are inhabitants of Chhotanagpur. This
covered Ranchi, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Palamau and the western parts of
Kol Mutiny Manbhum.
(1831) • The trouble in 1831 started with large-scale transfers of land from Kol
headmen to outsiders like Hindu, Sikh and Muslim farmers and money-
lenders who were oppressive and demanded heavy taxes.
• Besides, the British judicial and revenue policies badly affected the traditional
social conditions of the Kols.
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
• The Kols resented this and in 1831, under the leadership of Buddho Bhagat,
the Kol rebels killed or burnt about a thousand outsiders. Only after large-
scale military operations could order be restored.
• The Paiks of Odisha were the traditional landed militia (‘foot soldiers’)
and enjoyed rent free land tenures for their military service and policing
functions on a hereditary basis.
• The English Company’s conquest of Odisha in 1803, and the dethronement
of the Raja of Khurda had greatly reduced the power and prestige of the
Paiks.
• The extortionist land revenue policy of the Company caused resentment
among zamindars and peasants alike. Common masses were affected by the
rise in prices of salt due to taxes imposed on it, abolition of cowrie currency
Paika Rebellion and the requirement of payment of taxes in silver, etc.
(1817) • Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar had been the military chief of the forces of
the Raja of Khurda.
• With active support of Mukunda Deva, the last Raja of Khurda, and other
zamindars of the region, Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar led a sundry army of
Paikas forcing the East India Company forces to retreat for a time.
• The rebellion came to be known as the Paika Bidroh (rebellion).
• By mid-1817, the Paika rebels resorted to guerilla tactics. The rebellion was
brutally repressed by 1818.
• The Paik Rebellion succeeded in getting large remissions of arrears,
reductions in assessments, suspension of the sale of the estates of
defaulters at discretion, a new settlement on fixed tenures and other
adjuncts of a liberal governance.
• The Gadkaris were a hereditary military class which was garrisoned in the
Maratha forts. These garrisons were disbanded during administrative
reorganisation in Kolhapur state after 1844.
• Facing the spectre of unemployment, the Gadkaris rose in revolt and
Kolhapur and occupied the Samangarh and Bhudargarh forts.
Savantvadi Revolts • Similarly, the simmering discontent caused a revolt in Savantvadi areas. The
people here had already revolted against the British in 1830, 1836 and 1838,
the last because the British had deposed their ruler.
• The British authorities introduced many laws to bring the region under
control.
• The Wahabi Movement was essentially an Islamic revivalist movement
founded by Syed Ahmed of Rai Bareilly who was inspired by the teachings
of Abdul Wahab (1703-87) of Saudi Arabia and Shah Waliullah of Delhi.
• Syed Ahmed condemned the western influence on Islam and advocated a
return to pure Islam and society as it was in the Arabia of the Prophet’s time.
• Syed Ahmed was acclaimed as the desired leader (Imam).
• A countrywide organisation with an elaborate secret code for its working
under spiritual vice-regents (Khalifas) was set up, and Sithana in the north-
Wahabi Movement western tribal belt was chosen as a base for operations.
• In India, its important centre was at Patna though it had its missions in
Hyderabad, Madras, Bengal, United Provinces and Bombay.
• Since Dar-ul-Harb (territory of War or Chaos) was to be converted into
Dar- ul-Islam (the land of Islam), a jihad was declared against the Sikh
kingdom of Punjab.
• After the defeat of the Sikh ruler and incorporation of Punjab into the East
India Company’s dominion in 1849, the English dominion in India became
the sole target of the Wahabis’ attacks.
Ho and Munda • The Raja of Parahat organised his Ho tribals to revolt against the
Uprisings occupation of Singhbhum (now in Jharkhand).
(1820-1837) • The revolt continued till 1827 when the Ho tribals were forced to submit.
However, later in 1831, they again organised a rebellion, joined by the Mundas
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
STUDENT NOTES:
CAPTURE OF DELHI:
• In Delhi the mutineers were joined by the Delhi sepoys and the city came under their control. Next day, on
11th May, the sepoys proclaimed the ageing Bahadur Shah Zafar the Emperor of Hindustan. But Bahadur
Shah was old and he could not give able leadership to the sepoys. The occupation of Delhi was short-lived.
FALL OF DELHI:
• The British finally attacked Delhi in September. For six days there was desperate fighting. But by September
1857, the British reoccupied Delhi. Thousands of innocent people were massacred and hundreds were
hanged. The old king was captured and later deported to Rangoon where he died in 1862. His sons were shot
dead. Thus ended the imperial dynasty of the Mughals.
General John Captured Delhi on 20th September 1857 (Nicholson died soon due to a mortal wound
Nicholson received during the fighting).
Major Hudson Killed Bahadur Shah's sons and grandsons in Delhi.
Sir Hugh Wheeler Defense against Nana Sahib's forces till 26th June 1857. British forces surrendered on
27th on the promised of safe conduct to Allahabad.
Recaptured Banaras and Allahabad in June 1857. At Kanpur, he killed Indians as revenge
General Neil against the killing of English by Nana Sahib's forces. Died at Lucknow while fighting
against the rebels.
Sir Colin Final recovery of Kanpur on 6th December, 1857. Final reoccupation of Lucknow on 21st
Campbell March, 1858. Recapture of Bareilly on 5th May, 1858.
Henry Lawrence Chief Commissioner of Awadh. Who died during the seizure of British residency by rebels
at Lucknow on 2nd July, 1857!
Major General Defeated the rebels (Nana Sahib's force) on 17th July, 1857. Died at Lucknow in
Havelock December 1857.
William Taylor Suppressed the revolt at Arrah in August 1857.
and Eye
Hugh Rose Suppressed the revolt at Jhansi and recaptured Gwalior on 20th June, 1858. The whole
of Central India and Bundelkhand was brought under British control by him.
Colonel Oncell Captured Banaras.
Muslims at all levels- people, soldiers, leaders. All rebels acknowledged Bahadur Shah Zafar, a Muslim, as the
emperor and the first impulse of the Hindu sepoys at Meerut was to march to Delhi, the Mughal imperial
Capital. Rebel and sepoys, both Hindu and Muslims, respected each other’s sentiments. Immediate banning
of cow slaughter was ordered once the revolt was successful in a particular area. Both Hindus and Muslims
were well represented in leadership, for instance Nana Saheb had Azimullah, a Muslim and an expert in
political propaganda, as an aide, while Laxmibai had the solid support of Afghan Soldiers. Thus, the events
of 1857 demonstrated that the people and politics of India were not basically communal before 1858.
• By the Act of Parliament of 1858 (Also called as Good Governance act 1858), the
Changes in power to govern India was transferred from the East India Company to the British
Administration: Crown.
• The authority over India, wielded by the Directors of the Company and the Board of
Control, was now to be exercised by a Secretary of State for India aided by a Council.
• The British had divided India for administrative convenience into provinces, three of
which – Bengal Bombay and Madras - were known as Presidencies.
Provincial • The Presidencies were administered by a Governor and his Executive Council of
Administration: three, who were appointed by the Crown.
• The other provinces were administered by Lieutenant Governor and Chief
Commissioners appointed by the Governor-General.
• Financial difficulties led the Government to further decentralize administration by
Local Bodies: promoting local government through municipalities and district boards.
• Local bodies like education, health, sanitation and water supply were transferred to
local bodies that would finance them through local taxes.
• The Indian army was carefully re-organised after 1858, most of all to prevent the
recurrence of another revolt.
• Firstly, the domination of the army by its European branch was carefully
guaranteed. The proportion of Europeans to Indians in the army was raised. The
Changes in the European troops were kept in key geographical and military positions. The crucial
army: branches of artillery, tanks and armoured corps were put exclusively in European
hands. The Indians were strictly excluded from the higher posts. Till 1814, no Indian
could rise higher than the rank of a subedar.
• Secondly, the organization of the Indian section of the army was based on the policy
of ‘divide and rule’ so as to prevent its chance of uniting again in an anti-British
uprising. A new section of army like Punjabis, Gurkhas and Pathans were recruited
in large numbers.
VIEWS ON REVOLT:
• V.D. Savarkar argues that it was the “first war of Indian independence.”
• Tara Chand described it as “War of Nation’s Independence”
• R.C. Majumdar concludes that 1857 war of independence of 1857 is neither the first, nor national, nor a
war of independence.
• Surender Nath Sen is of the view that what began as a fight for religion ended as a war of independence.
STUDENT NOTES:
Reformism vs Revivalism
• Social reform
• Help of British colonial state
Reformism • Influenced by western enlightenment
• Not critical of colonial state
• Moderates
• Against social reform
• Brought against colonial state
Revivalism • Ancient Indian religion revival, Indian spirituality superior
• Self-confidence to Indian by declaration
• Extremist
• Founded by Syed Ahmed Barelvi inspired by Abdul Wahab of Arabia and Shah
Walliullah
Wahabi/Walliullah • Response against western influences.
Movement • Establish harmony among the four schools of Muslims.
• Importance of individual conscience in religion.
• Transform India from dar-ul-Harb (land of kafirs) to dar-ul-Islam (land of
Islam).
Titu Mir’s • Mir Nithar Ali, disciple of Syed Ahmed Barelvi.
Movement • Adopted Wahabism and Sharia.
• Organized Muslim peasant against the Hindu landlords.
• Based on Islamic pillars of faith as established by Haji Sharitat ullah.
Faraizi Movement • Elimination of un-Islamic practices from the Islam.
• Revolutionary tone under Dudu Mian.
• Targeted Hindu landlords.
• By Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889.
• Originated in India.
• Based on liberal principles like Brahmo Samaj.
Ahmadiyya • Opposed Jihad, favored separation of religion from state, promoted tolerance and
Movement protection of human rights.
• Suffered from mysticism.
• Like Baha’ism of the West Asian countries.
• By Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1875.
Aligarh Movement • Liberal and modern in nature.
• Promotion of modern education among the Muslims.
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
• Social reforms among the Muslims like abolition of purdah, polygamy, widow
remarriage, women’s education, etc.
• Mohammad Qasim Nanotavi and Rashid Ahmed Gangohi in 1866 in Saharanpur,
United Provinces.
Deoband School • Moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community.
(Darul Uloom) • Imparted instruction in Islamic religion.
• Supported the formation of Indian National Congress.
• Issued fatwa against Syed Ahmed Khan’s Aligarh School.
STUDENT NOTES:
• The other key members who helped in its formation were Bhawanrao
Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi (ruler of the Aundh State who was also the
organisation’s first president), Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi and S H Chiplunkar.
• Objective: It meant to serve as a link between people and the
government.
• Formed in 1885 by Pherozshah Mehta, Badruddin Tayabji and K.T.
The Bombay Presidency Telang
Association: • It pioneered in Indian interests and hosted the first meeting of the Indian
National Congress in Bombay in 1885.
Madras Mahajan Sabha: • Founded in 1884 by M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer and
P. Anandacharlu.
PRE-CONGRESS CAMPAIGN
• Campaigns were organized since 1875 for the imposition of Cotton Import Duty to protect the interests of
indigenous cotton textiles industry.
• For Indianisation of Government Services (1878-1879)
• The Indians had opposed the Afghan adventure of Lord Lytton and then compelled the British Government
to contribute towards the cost of the Second Afghan War.
• In 1878, major campaigns started against Arms Act (1878) which tried disarming Indians and against
Vernacular Press Act (1878) which tried to control Indian Press. Vernacular Press act was later repealed
by Lord Ripon in 1881.
• Indians agitated for Right to join semi-military volunteer corps in 1885 which was restricted to
Europeans. They also organized campaigns in Britain appealing voters to vote for pro India Leaders.
• In 1881-82 they had organized a protest against the Plantation Labour and the Inland Emigration Act
which condemned reducing plantation labourers to serfdom.
• All India Fund for Political Association: agitations were raised in 1883 for that as it would have allowed
funding Indian campaigns in India as well as England.
• In support of Ilbert Bill by Lord Ripon as it would have allowed the Indian magistrates to try Europeans in
the court of Law. This bill was repealed by the legislature.
• Against reduction in maximum age in Civil Services (promulgated reduction of age under Lord Lytton),
Indian Civil Service agitation was led by the Indian Association under S. N. Benerjee.
REMEMBER:
1887 Syed Badruddin Tyabji was first Muslim President of session held at Madras.
1888 George Yule was first English President of INC at Allahabad session.
1890 Kadambini Ganguly was First Women (Undergraduate of Calcutta University) to addressed
congress. However, Sarojini Naidu was first Indian women president of congress in 1925 at
Kanpur Session.
1917 Annie Besant was first woman president of Congress at Calcutta session.
1924 Only Session presided over by Mahatma Gandhi was Belgaum Session of INC.
SAFETY VALVE THEORY: Modern historians believe: If Hume used congress as “Safety Valve” to contain
growing discontent for British rule amongst Indians, Indian Leaders used A. O. Hume as a Lightning
Important Moderate leaders were: Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D. E Wacha, W. C Banerjee S. N
Banerjee. They believed political connections with Britain was in India’s interests and that time was not ripe
for a direct challenge to the British Raj.
Role of Masses:
• Moderate phase had narrow social base and passive role of masses.
• Early nationalists lacked political faith in the masses.
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
Government’s Response
• It was hostile to the INC from the beginning. The official attitude stiffened after 1887 when INC became overly
critical of colonial rule.
• The government now openly condemned INC calling them “seditious brahmins”, “disloyal babus” etc.
• The government later adopted “divide and rule” policy where reactionary elements like Sir Syed Ahmed khan
and Raja Shiv Prasad of Benares were encouraged to form “United Indian Patriotic Association” to counter
congress propaganda.
EVALUATION:
National awakening + Political ideas were popularized + Strong base created + Most progressive forces of the
time + Political work based on ground realities + India to be ruled by Indian’s idea propagated +Failed to widen
their democratic base and scope of demands.
STUDENT NOTES:
• Recognition of the exploitative nature of British rule - Famines of 1896,1900 and Bubonic plague in the
Deccan, the suppression of the spread of education, exposed the economic exploitation of the British. So, a
need for an Indian government was felt. Nationalists noticed the British were imposing several restrictions
on the Indians as follows:
AREA LEADERS
Poona and Bombay Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh
Delhi Syed Haider Raza
Madras Chidambaram Pillai
SAMITIS ORGANISED BY
Barisal Swadeshi Bandhab Samiti by Ashwini Kumar Dutta
Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) Swadeshi Sangam by V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, Subramania Siva etc.
• Mass Participation:
GOVERNMENT REPRESSION
• British government followed the “carrot and stick policy”. It is a 3-way approach of repression - conciliation
and suppression.
• 5 new laws were brought to curb anti-government activity:
1. Seditious Meetings Act,1907
2. Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1908
3. Indian Newspapers Act,1908
4. Explosives Substances Act,1908
5. Indian Press Act,1910
• Tilak was tried for sedition in 1909 for his writings in “Kesari” about bomb thrown by Bengal
revolutionaries in Muzzafarpur - sent to Mandalay jail for 6 yrs- released in 1914.
• Aurobindo and B.C Pal retired from politics and Lala Lajpat rai left for abroad.
1909 Anant Lakshman Kanhere, He was a member of Abhinav Bharat and killed A.M.T.
Maharashtra Jackson, the Collector of Nashik.
Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Staged a bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge in a procession
1912 Sanyal. Basant Kumar biswas, through Chandni Chowk, Delhi, all were convicted but
Amir Chand and Avadh Behari Rashbehari Bose, known as the person behind the plan,
escaped donning a disguise.
• The western Anushilan Samiti was led by Jatindranath Mukherjee or Bagha Jatin and emerged as the Jugantar
(or Yugantar).
• During the First World War, the Jugantar party arranged to import German arms and ammunition through
sympathisers and revolutionaries abroad, as a part of the German plot (Zimmerman Plan).
• The Jugantar party raised funds through a series of dacoities known as taxi cab dacoities and boat
dacoities, so as to work out the Indo-German conspiracy.
The need for shelter, the possibility of bringing out revolutionary literature that would be immune from the Press
Acts and the quest for arms took Indian revolutionaries abroad.
The Ghadr:
• The Ghadr Party was a revolutionary group organised around a weekly newspaper The Ghadr with its
headquarters at San Francisco and branches along the US coast and in the Far East.
• These revolutionaries included mainly ex-soldiers and peasants who had migrated from the Punjab to the
USA and Canada in search of better employment opportunities.
• Pre-Ghadr revolutionary activity had been carried on by Ramdas Puri, G.D. Kumar, Taraknath Das,
Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal who reached there in 1911.
• To carry out revolutionary activities, the earlier activists had set up a ‘Swadesh Sevak Home’ at Vancouver
and ‘United India House’ at Seattle. Finally, in 1913, the Ghadr was established.
• The Ghadr programme was to organise assassinations of officials, publish revolutionary and anti-
imperialist literature, work among Indian troops stationed abroad, procure arms and bring about a
simultaneous revolt in all British colonies.
• The moving spirits behind the Ghadr Party were Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh, Kartar
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
Revolutionaries in Europe:
• The Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was established in 1915 by Virendranath
Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath Dutta, Lala Hardayal and others with the help of the German foreign
office under ‘Zimmerman Plan’
• The Indian revolutionaries in Europe sent missions to Baghdad, Persia, Turkey and Kabul to work among
Indian troops and the Indian prisoners of war (POWs) and to incite anti-British feelings among the people of
these countries.
• One mission under Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh, Barkatullah and Obaidullah Sindhi went to Kabul to organise
a ‘provisional Indian government’ there with the help of the crown prince, Amanullah.
Mutiny in Singapore:
• Among the scattered mutinies during this period, the most notable was in Singapore on February 15, 1915
by Punjabi Muslim 5th Light Infantry and the 36th Sikh battalion under Jamadar Chisti Khan, Jamadar Abdul
Gani and Subedar Daud Khan.
• It was crushed after a fierce battle in which many were killed. Later, 37 persons were executed and 41
transported for life.
NOTE: Anglo-Indians, most of the Muslims and Non brahmins from south did not join as they felt it would mean
home rule of the Hindu majority.
• Leaders: Motilal Nehru, Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Chittaranjan Das, Madan Mohan
Malaviya, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Tej Bahadur Sapru.
• George Arundale., B.W. Wadia and C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyar were associates of Annie Besant.
• Sir S. Subramanian Aiyar renounced his knighthood.
HOME RULE LEAGUE FADED OUT BY 1919 DUE TO THE FOLLOWING REASONS-
• Lack of effective organization
• Communal riots during1917-18
• The Moderates were pacified by talk of reforms- the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms
• Talk of passive resistance by the Extremists kept the Moderates away from September 1918 onwards
• Tilak had to go abroad in 1918 while Annie Besant didn’t agree to the passive resistance and reforms in the
movement.
• She fought for the freedom of thought, secularism, women’s rights, birth control,
workers’ rights and Fabian socialism.
• Besant converted to Theosophy after meeting Helena Blavatsky in 1889.
• She came to India for the first time in 1893 as part of the Theosophical Society.
• She founded the Theosophical Society – Adyar along with Henry Steel Olcott. Its
Annie Besant headquarters is in Adyar, Chennai.
• She was the society’s president from 1907 to 1933.
• Besant set up the Central Hindu College (CHC) at Benares.
• She joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and demanded government action
towards self-rule.
• Besant launched the All-India Home Rule League in 1916 along with Bal
Gangadhar Tilak.
• In 1933, Annie Besant died aged 85 in Adyar.
• Also known as Lokmanya Tilak.
• Founder of the Deccan Education Society (1884) along with his associate
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and others.
• One of the founders of the Fergusson College (1885) in Pune through the
Deccan Education Society.
• Stressed on the need for self-rule and believed that without self-rule or Swarajya,
no progress was possible.
• Tilak celebrated ‘Ganesh Chaturthi’ and ‘Shivaji Jayanti’. He envisioned these
Bal Gangadhar Tilak celebrations inciting a sense of unity and inspiring nationalist sentiment among
Indians.
• “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it!” was his Slogan.
• Along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal, he was part of the Lal-Bal-Pal
trio of leaders with extremist outlooks.
• Joined the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1890.
• Newspapers- Weeklies Kesari (Marathi) and Mahratta (English)
• Books- Gita Rhasya and Arctic Home of the Vedas.
• He died on 1st August 1920.
Presided by • A. C Majumdar
Led to • Readmission of extremists to the congress.
• Lucknow Pact between congress and Muslim League and the presentation of common
constitutional demands by them to the government.
Reasons of • Death of moderates like Gokhale, Pherozshah Mehta facilitated the reunion.
readmission of • Efforts of Annie Besant and Tilak (also denounced acts of violence).
extremists • Both Moderates and Extremists realized the split led to political inactivity.
• Britain’s refusal to help Turkey during World War I.
Reasons of • Annulment of Bengal’s partition in 1911.
Muslim League • Rise of younger members in the League - Maulana Azad (his work ‘Al Hilal’),
pact with Mohammad Ali (his work ‘Comrade’)
Congress • Congress agreed to the League’s demand of separate electorate. Muslims were
granted a fixed proportion of seats at all-India and provincial levels.
• In 1915, Gandhi returned to India. During his initial days, he spent his time at the Sabarmati Ashram in
Ahmedabad, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale became his political guru.
GANDHI IN INDIA
CHAMPARAN • Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi to look into the problems of Indigo planters in
SATYAGRAHA Champaran, Bihar.
(1917)- • Peasants were forced to grow indigo on 3/ 20th part of the land. (Tinkathia System).
First Civil • European planters demanded high rents and illegal dues to maximize their profits.
Disobedience • After Gandhi intervention, only 25 percent of the money was given to farmers.
• Leaders associated-Rajendra Prasad, Mazhar-ul-Haq, Mahadeo Desai, Narhari Parekh, J.B.
Kripalani etc.
AHMEDABAD • Discontinuation of plague bonus led to disputes between cotton mill owners and
MILL STRIKE workers.
(1918)- • Workers demanded for a rise of 50 percent in wages.
First Hunger • Gandhi demanded for a 35 percent hike and took a fast unto death.
Strike • Anusuya Sarabhai was a social worker who invited Gandhi to fight for workers. She was
the president of the Ahmedabad Mill Owners Association- founded in 1891.
KHEDA • Crops failed in Kheda district of Gujarat because of drought.
SATYAGRAHA • The yield is less than 1/4th of normal produce so farmers were entitled to remission
(1918)- First according to revenue code
Non- • Government demanded taxes and ordered seizure of property, if not paid.
cooperation • Gandhi asked the farmers not to pay the taxes.
• Leaders: Sardar Vallabhai Patel, Narhari Parekh, Mohanlal Pandya etc.
• Government finally agreed to return all confiscated property, reduce the increase in tax,
suspend the tax for the year.
• Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act/ Rowlatt act - imprisonment of activists
ROWLATT without trial for two years, even possession of seditious newspapers is adequate
ACT,1919- evidence of guilt.
First All India • The law of Habeas Corpus was sought to be suspended.
Mass Strike • Gandhi called for a mass protest at all India level by organizing Satyagraha Sabhas.
• All the elected Indian members of the imperial legislative council – Jinnah, Madan Mohan
Malviya and Mazhar Ul Haq resigned in protest.
What? • British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in an open space known as the
Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in Punjab.
Why? • Gandhi called for a one-day Rowlatt Satyagraha throughout the country.
• In Amritsar leaders - Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew had been arrested.
• Brig. Gen. Reginald Edward Harry Dyer was given the task of restoring order. Among the
measures taken was a ban on public gatherings.
Consequence • Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore renounced the knighthood.
• Gandhi began organizing his first large-scale and sustained nonviolent protest
(satyagraha) campaign, the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22).
Committee • Hunter committee of inquiry/Disorders Inquiry Committee.
• 3 Indians were in the committee.
• The report condemned Dyer’s actions. However, didn’t impose any disciplinary actions
on him.
Congress View • INC appointed its own committee- Motilal Nehru, C. R. Das, Abbas Tyabji, M. R. Jayakar,
and Gandhi.
• Criticized Dyer’s action.
Recent • 13th April, 2020 marks the 101 years of the incident.
• Jallianwala Bagh site in Amritsar is now a national monument.
KHILAFAT ISSUE-
• The Khilafat Movement (1919-20) was a movement to express Muslim support for the Caliph of Turkey,
to protect the institution of the Khalifa in Turkey, against the allied powers particularly Britain.
• As Turkey was defeated in the First World War, the Allies imposed strict terms on it. Turkey was
dismembered and the Khalifa removed from power.
• Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919 under the leadership of Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali, Maulana
Azad, Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani.
YEAR EVENT
May, 1920 Treaty of Sevres with turkey, completely dismembered Turkey.
August 1, 1920 Tilak passed away.
August 31,1920 Khilafat committee started a campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was
launched.
• Special session at Calcutta congress approved
• Non-cooperation programme that included the methodology of:
Ø Boycott of the Titles conferred by the Government
Sept,1920 Ø Boycott of civil services, army and police and all other Government offices.
Ø Non-payment of taxes to the government.
Ø Boycott of foreign clothes and use of swadeshi.
Ø Boycott of legislative councils (C.R. Das and some didn’t like this idea)
Ø Liquor prohibition etc.
Ø Nagpur session of Indian National Congress
Ø NCM movement endorsed.
Ø Attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means, thus committing for
extra constitutional mass struggle.
Ø Congress Working Committee (CWC) of 15 members were set up to lead the congress.
December ,1920 Ø Provincial Committees on linguistic basis, ward committees were also formed.
Ø Many revolutionary groups pledged their support to congress.
Ø Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, G. S. Khaparde and B. C. Pal left the congress as
they believed in the constitutional and lawful struggle.
Ø Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian National Liberal Federation. Some of
its prominent leaders were Tej Bahadur Sapru, S. Srinivasa Sastri and M. R. Jayakar.
Other Activities:
• Educational institutions were organized under Acharya Narendra Dev, C.R. Das Lala Lajpat Rai, Zakir Hussain,
Subhas Bose. Like Jamia Millia at Aligarh, kasha Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth etc.
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
• Tilak Swaraj Fund was oversubscribed and one crore rupees was collected- Women offered their
ornaments to the fund.
• July, 1921- Ali brothers gave call to Muslims to resign from the army as it was unreligious.
• Assam tea plantations strike. J. M. Sengupta was a prominent leader in the strikes.
• Local struggles like Awadh Kisan Movement and Eka Movement in UP, Mappila Revolt in Malabar, and
Sikh agitation for removal of mahant in Punjab.
• May,1921- Talks between Gandhi and Reading, the viceroy broke down.
• Volunteer Corps were declared their declared, public meetings were banned
1921 • Ahmedabad session- C. R. Das was the president while still in jail. Hakim Ajmal
Khan was the acting president- appointed Gandhi as the sole authority on this issue.
Feb 1, 1922 • Gandhi threatened to launch civil disobedience from Bardoli, Gujarat- if political
prisoners were not released and press controls were not released
Feb 5, 1922 • Agitated crowd torched the police station
• Congress leaders met at Bardoli.
Feb 12, 1922 • Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement as he felt people didn’t
understand the method of non-violence.
March 10 ,1922 • Gandhi was arrested on and trial led at Ahmadabad. A prison of 6 years was awarded
to him
• Motilal Nehru, C R Das, N C Kelkar, G S Khaparde and S Srinivas founded the Swaraj
party.
• They were in frustration due to sudden withdrawal of NCM by Gandhi.
• Khilafat Movement had lost its relevance as People of Turkey rose under Mustafa
Nov,1922 Kamal Pasha and deprived the sultan of the political power. Turkey was made a secular
state.
1924 • Caliphate was abolished.
STUDENT NOTES:
With no positive response from the government, Gandhi decided to launch a Civil Disobedience Movement,
making salt Satyagraha his central theme.
Groups Response
Congress Opposed the Commission.
Hindu Mahasabha Opposed the Commission, siding with the Congress.
Muslim League One faction under Jinnah (at Calcutta, 1927) opposed the Commission,
another faction under Muhammad Shafi (at Lahore, 1927) supported the
Government/ Commission.
Unionists (Punjab) Supported the Commission.
Justice Party Supported the Commission.
On behalf of the Bahishkrita Hitakarini Sabha, he submitted a
Ambedkar memorandum on the rights and safeguards he felt were required for the
depressed classes. He argued for ‘universal adult franchise’ for both
male.
Recommendations:
• Dominion status on lines of self-governing dominions.
• Rejection of separate electorates. Joint electorates with reservation of seats for Muslims at the Centre and in
provinces where they were in minority.
• Linguistic provinces.
• Nineteen fundamental rights including equal rights for women, right to form unions, and universal adult
suffrage.
• Responsible government at the Centre and in provinces.
• Full protection to cultural and religious interests of Muslims.
• Complete dissociation of State from religion.
• The Nehru Report, along with that of the Simon Commission was available to participants in the three Indian
Round Table Conferences (1930–1932)
• Nehru and Subash bose rejected the congress goal and set up Independence for India league.
legislative assembly, 1/3rd representation in cabinet, separate electorates, no bills without 3/4th minority
consideration, territorial distribution not to affect Muslim majority, full religious freedom, protection of Muslim
rights etc.
• Salt Satyagraha began with the Dandi March on March 12, 1930 and was the
part of the first phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Dandi March (March 12- • Gandhi led the Dandi march from Sabarmati Ashram to the sea coast near
April 6, 1930): the village of Dandi.
• He reached Dandi on April 6, 1930, and broke the salt law by collecting salt
from the beach.
• Tamil Nadu- C Rajagopalachari organised march from thiruchinapalli to
Vedaranniyam on Tanjore coast.
• Malabar- K. Kelappan known for Vailkom Satyagraha organized salt
marches.
Satyagraha at Different • Orissa- Gopal Bandhu Chaudhuri organized in Balasore, Cuttack etc.
Places: • Bihar- Non chowkidari tax was imposed.
• Peshawar- Badshah khan/ khan Abdulgaffar khan who organized
Khudaikhidmatgars (red shirts) organized powerful march.
• Dharasana- Sarojini naidu led the campaign.
• Manipur and Nagaland- Rani Gaidinliu at age of 13 years raised the banner
against British. Rani Gaidinliu was associated with Heraka Cult (1930s;
Manipur). Nehru gave her the title of "Rani" ("Queen"), and she gained
local popularity as Rani Gaidinliu.
• Muslim participation was very less as compared to the 1920-22 level.
Extent of Participation: • Women and students participated, active participation of tribals, workers
and peasants.
• In August 1930 Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru were taken to Yeravada Jail to meet Gandhi and discuss the
possibility of a settlement. Their demands were-
Ø Right of secession from Britain.
Ø Complete national government with control over defence and finance.
Ø Independent tribunal to settle Britain’s financial claims.
Civil Disobedience was resumed after the failure of the Round Table Conferences. On January, 1932, Gandhi
was arrested.
• A series of repressive ordinances were issued like ‘Civil Martial Law’.
• Congress organisations at all levels were banned.
• Repression was particularly harsh on women.
• Press was gagged and nationalist literature, banned.
April 1934, Gandhi decided to withdraw the civil disobedience movement as:
• Gandhi and other leaders had no time to build up the tempo.
• The masses were not prepared.
To undo the divisive intentions of divide and rule of policy Gandhi started a campaign against untouchability in
September, 1932- All India Anti-Untouchability League/ Harijan Sevak Sangh was started. In January, 1933-
started weekly Harijan.
STUDENT NOTES:
• Led by CR Das, Motilal Nehru and Amjad Khan wanted an end to the boycott
Swarajists of legislative councils to enable nationalists to enter them and use them for their
benefit.
• They wanted to “end or mend” these councils. Those advocating entry into the
legislative councils came to be known as SWARAJISTS.
• Led by Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and M A Ansari
No Changers came to be known as NO CHANGERS.
• They opposed council entry, advocated constructive work, continued non-
cooperation, and boycott, and quietly prepared for civil disobedience.
• The differences between the two groups led to the defeat of the Swarajist proposal of “ending or
mending” at the Gaya Session (1922).
• CR Das and Motilal Nehru resigned from the post they held within INC and formed the Swarajist Party
with CR Das as President and M.L Nehru as one of the secretaries.
• Both sides came to an agreement in 1924 (endorsed at BELGAUM session-1924) over which GANDHI (only
time) presided over the session.
• It was agreed that the swarajists would work in the councils as an integral part of the INC.
• With the help of coalition partners, they outvoted the government several
times even on budgetary grants.
• They agitated against government and made powerful speeches.
• Vithalbhai Patel was elected speaker of central Assembly in 1925.
ACHIEVEMENTS • Public safety Bill of 1928 which was aimed at empowering the government
to deport undesirable and subversive foreigners; was defeated.
• They filled the political vacuum when the national movement was recouping.
• They exposed the hollowness of the Montford scheme.
• They demonstrated that the councils could be used creatively.
• They didn’t have the public outreach the INC had.
• They relied solely on newspaper and publications.
DRAWBACKS • An obstructionist strategy had its own limitations.
• They couldn’t carry on with their coalition partners due to conflicting ideas.
• They failed to resist perks and privileges of power and office.
• They failed to support peasant cause in Bengal and lost Muslim support.
The Swarajist and the no-changers kept on best terms and were able to unite whenever the time was ripe for a
new political struggle.
ACTIVISM OF YOUTH All over India, students league were established, and conferences held. In
1928, Pandit J L Nehru presided over the All-Bengal Students Conference.
In UP these were for revision of tenancy laws, lower rents, protection against
eviction and relief from indebtedness.
PEASANT AGITATION Similar movements were held in Rampa of Andhra, Rajasthan, on ryotwari
areas of Bombay and Madras. In Gujarat, the Bardoli satyagraha was led by
Vallabhbhai Patel.
GROWTH OF TRADE Led by AITUC founded in 1920. Lala Lajpat Rai was its first president and
UNIONISM Dewan Chaman Lal its general secretary. Tilak was also one of the moving
spirits.
CASTE MOVEMENTS
These were sometimes divisive, conservative and at times potentially radical and included:
PROVINCE CHANGES
United • Release of Prisoners involved in Kakori and other conspiracies.
Provinces • U. P. Tenancy Act, 1939 gave the hereditary rights to all statutory tenants in Agra and
Oudh.
• Labor Enquiry Committee headed by Rajendra Prasad formed to investigate the major
strike held in 1938, Kanpur.
• Abolition of illegal exactions: Nazrana (forced gifts) and Begar (forced unpaid labor).
Central • Tenancy reforms extending the security of tenure in landlord areas.
Provinces • Debtor’s relief and regulation of the Moneylending business.
Orissa • Tenancy Bill passed in 1938 allowing free transfer of holding, removal of illegal levies
and reduction in interest arrears.
• Debtor’s relief and regulation of the Moneylending business.
Madras • Debtor’s relief and regulation of the Moneylending business.
• Reduction of accumulated interests.
• Reduction of Grazing fees.
• Internal Settlement of Labor disputes.
Bombay • Land confiscated during CDM restored.
• Tenancy reforms providing secure of tenure.
• Reduction of accumulated interests.
• Abolition of Grazing fees.
• Textile Enquiry Committee recommending the increase in wages.
Bihar • Release of political prisoners.
• Tenancy legislations in 1937 and 1938.
NWFP • Tenancy reforms providing the secure of tenure.
STUDENT NOTES:
World War II was fought between the Fascist forces of Nazi Germany and Axis Power. Britain needed support
from India in fighting the War. But the Congress had two demands:
1. To Form Constituent Assembly after War for deciding Political Structure of Free India.
2. Some form of Responsible Government to be established
Linlithgow was the Viceroy from 1936-1944. He out rightly rejected Congress’s above demands.
CWC RESOLUTION:
• India was denied freedom itself. Hence it could not be part of a war for Democratic Freedom
• Britain should end Imperialism and establish democracy in its own colonies
• Government should declare the method of applying principle of Democracy to India.
• Linlithgow tried to use Muslim League and the Princes against the
Congress.
• He declared that the Government aimed to resist aggression at present.
Government Response • Government will set up Consultative committee to seek advice whenever
required.
• A Promise was made to have consultations with representatives of several
communities, Princes for modification of Government of India Act 1935.
• It rejected the Viceregal's statement stating it as a repetition of Old
Imperialist Policy.
Reaction of Congress: • It decided not to support the war and called for congress Ministers to
resign
• Congress leadership was against Immediate and Anti Imperialistic mass
struggle.
Hidden agenda of the Government: to suppress any voices which rose against the Government and gain
support in war.
• Even before declaration of war emergency powers were acquired for centre by amending Government of
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
India Act 1935. This was done with respect to Provincial subjects.
• Defense of India Ordinance was enforced to restrict Civil Liberties.
• Draft Revolutionary Movement Ordinance was prepared to prevent Congress’s Movement.
• The Government could call Allied troops from India to support in War.
The Offer: • Dominion Status as an Objective for India. It was discussed for the first time.
• Expansion of Viceroy’s Executive Council.
• Setting up of a Constituent Assembly after War in which mainly Indians would
decide the constitution based on Socio, Economic, and Political Situations.
• But Defense, minority Rights, Treaties with states, All India Services were to be
under Government’s Rule.
• No future Constitution to be adopted without consent of minorities.
Stand of Congress • Congress rejected the Dominion Status
Stand of Muslim • Muslim League welcomed the Veto assurance. It reiterated that Partition was the
League only solution.
Importance: • It was the first time the demand of Congress for Constituent Assembly was
admitted in-principle and Rights of Indians to Frame a Constitution was
recognized.
• Dominion Status was mentioned explicitly for the first time.
Result: • Viceroy Executive Council was expanded with 8 out of 12 members being
Indians.
• National Defense Council was set up with its role being advisory in nature.
• Defense, Finance, Home was in charge of the British.
NOTE: Gandhi ji declared Pt Nehru as his successor after this rather than the much-speculated C. Rajagopalachari.
Why? • CWC willing to support the Government subject to its above demands
• In May 1942 Japan invaded Rangoon and hence threat of invading India seemed
eminent.
• There was pressure on U.K from Allies like U.S.A, U.S.S.R, and China for India’s
cooperation.
• Indian union with a Dominion status would be set up and it would be free to
decide its relation with the UN and the Commonwealth.
• After the war Constituent Assembly would be formed with members from
Provisions: Provinces (elected through proportional representation) and Princely states
(nominated).
• Conditions of accepting New Constitution:
Ø Any Province not willing to join the Union can have a separate Constitution
and a form a Separate union.
Ø New Constitution making Body and the Government would negotiate a treaty
for Transfer of Power.
Reasons for failure of Cripps Mission: It was a mere Propaganda to satisfy Allies Power.
SIGNIFICANCE:
OBJECTIONS:
Scorched Earth Policy: It is a military strategy of destroying anything that might be of use to the enemy
nation. E.g.: seizing of Boats in Bengal and Orissa.
• SIGNIFICANCE: Demand for Independence was added into the agenda for National movement.
• 23rd march 1943: Pakistan Day was observed.
FAMINE OF 1943
• It occurred in the South West Region of Bengal.
• To feed vast army food grains were redirected.
• Imports from Burma, South East Asia were stopped.
• It got aggravated by the mismanagement on the part of Government.
Usha Mehta: • She was part of a small group which ran the Congress radio. She started an
Underground Radio in Bombay.
Jawaharlal Nehru: • Initially he supported arch moderates who were opposed to Gandhi ji’s
Plan. He later moved the Quit India Resolution on August 8, 1942.
Rash Bihari Bose: • He was elected as the President of the Indian Independence League on
June 1942. He mobilized the Indian Prisoner of War taken by Japanese
forces and formed an armed rebellion against the British Government.
Captain Mohan Singh: • He was the Commander in Chief of the Indian National Army (INA).
Subhash Chandra Bose: • Joined Indian National Army in 1943, he gave the famous proclamation
“Tum mujhe khoon do, Mai tumhe Azaadi Doonga”.
• He addressed Gandhiji as “Father of the Nation” in a speech by Azad Hind
Radio.
• INA under Subhash Chandra Bose played an important role in India’s
Independence.
C. Rajagopalachari and • They were against Muslims Rights to secede through a Plebiscite after
Bhulabhai Desai: independence. They resigned the Congress in July 1942 from AICC.
K.G. Mashruwalla: • After the arrest of Mahadev Desai on 8thAugust 1942, he brought out two
militant issues of Harijan to arouse popular sentiments.
Satish Sharma: • He was a Local Congress leader and first Sarbadhinayak of Tamluk’s
National Government called as Tarnalipta Jatiya Sarkar in Tamluk
subdivision of Midnapore.
Laxman Naik: • Led large tribal population from Koraput (Orissa) to protest against the
Jaypore Zamindari and attack Police Stations.
Nana Patil: • Led a rebellion in Satara.
Wavell Breakdown Plan: He planned of withdrawing British Army and Officers to 6 Muslim Provinces of
North East and North West. It was superseded by the Cabinet Mission Plan
The Plan:
• Common Centre with control of Defense, Communication and External Affairs was proposed. It gave limited
Powers to the Centre, thus proposing a Weak Centre.
• All members of the Interim Government to be India and minimum interference from the Viceroy. Interim
Government to be formed from the Constituent Assembly.
• Formation of the Constituent Assembly on Democratic principles, with:
Ø Voting in 3 groups of General, Muslims and Sikhs through Proportional Representation.
Ø 389 members were to be in Constituent Assembly: 292 from Provinces, $ chief Commissioner
Province and the Princely states sending 93 members.
• All subjects (except Union and Residuary) were to be allocated to the Provinces.
• Princely states were to retain all Subjects and Residuary Subjects. They were no longer under British
paramountcy and free to join either India or Pakistan.
• Three tier executive, legislature at Provincial, Section and Union level.
• Grouping of the existing Provinces under three Sections:
Ø Section A: Madras, Bombay, Central Province, United Province, Bihar, Orissa (Hindu majority Provinces).
Ø Section B: Punjab, North West Frontier Province and Sindh (Muslim Majority provinces).
Ø Section C: Bengal and Punjab (Muslim Majority Provinces)
• Members of Groups to decide constitution of the Provinces separately. Constitution of the Union was to be
devised by the whole Constituent Assembly.
• After first General Elections, a Province would be Free to Come out of the Grouping.
• After 10 years, Province would be free to call for Reconsideration of the Group or the Union.
Interpretations by Congress: Cabinet Mission is against Pakistan. One Constituent Assembly is the vision.
League's Veto Power was gone.
Interpretations by ML: It represented Muslim Majority provinces in Section B and C. Therefore, Grouping
indicated towards Formation of Pakistan
OBJECTIONS:
Husseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Khwaja Nizamuddin fiery speeches were given to the already enraged ()
communal masses. 5000 people were killed in the violence that followed.
• From August 16 communal riots started in India in unprecedented level.
• Garmukteshwar (U.P), Calcutta, Bombay, Noakhali, Bihar were the most affected areas.
INTERIM GOVERNMENT
• Interim Government headed by Jawahar Lal Nehru was formed on 2nd September 1946.
• It was more or less the continuation of Viceroy’s Executive Council.
• It was formed without Muslim League but later was allowed to join on October 26th:
Ø Without giving up on Direct Action Demand.
Ø Even after the rejection of Short Term-Long term demands of Cabinet Mission
Ø Despite being adamant on Compulsory Grouping with decision to be taken by the whole population.
(Thus, making the opponents of Pakistan into a minority).
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
• It met for the first time on December 9, 1946. It had 389 members (292 were representatives of state,
93 from Princely states, 4 from Chief Commissioner Provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Mewar, Coorg and British
Baluchistan).
• Congress won 208 seats and Muslim League won 73 seats. After the election Muslim League refused to
cooperate with the Congress. The British declared decisions of Constituent Assembly won’t be valid on
Muslim Majority area.
• Constituent Assembly was the first Parliament of independent India.
• Dr. Sachidanand Sinha was its First President when it met on December 9, 1946.
Objective Resolution: It was moved on 13th December 1947 and adopted on 22nd January 1947. It was drafted
by Jawaharlal Nehru and stated the ideals of an Independent Republic with autonomous units, Minority
safeguards and Social, Political and Economic Democracy.
Congress’s Stand: It accepted more than one Centre to have Transfer of Power. Transfer of Power would allow
Congress to frame a Constitution.
The Plan:
• The Provincial Assemblies of Bengal and Punjab would meet separately, one representing Muslim Majority
districts and another Hindu Majority districts to decide on the Partition by Voting.
• Referendum to be commenced in case of NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal.
• Sindh was free to take its own decisions.
• In case of Partition two Dominion and two Constituent assemblies to be formed.
• Since Congress gave demands a unified India, all its demands were to be met:
Ø Independence of princely states ruled out. Could join Indian or Pakistan dominion.
Ø No independence to Bengal.
Ø Accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan was negated.
• Freedom would be given on 15th August 1947.
• Boundary Commission under Sir Cyril Radcliffe to be set up in case of Partition.
Leagues demand of Separate Pakistan was agreed upon. So was the Congress’s demand. Idea was to retain
maximum Unity. Congress accepted Dominion Status for Quick Transfer of Power, army and bureaucratic
continuity and checks in the violent situation in the Country.
INTEGRATION OF STATES
Integration of States was done in two phases. Nehru presided over the All-India States People’s Conference
sessions. He declared that the States refusing to join the Constituent Assembly would be considered hostile. July
1947, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took charge of New States Department.
Phase I • All states except Kashmir, Hyderabad, and Junagarh signed “Instrument of
Accession” with India. They acknowledged central authority over Defense
Communication and External Affairs.
• Reasons for acceptance:
Ø No changes in Political Structure.
Ø Giving up of powers which were never possessed.
Phase II • Integration of states into nearby province or into New regions (Himanchal Pradesh,
Kathiawar region, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh).
• Internal Constitutional changes in states which retained their old boundaries for
some years (Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore- Cochin.) Privy Purse was given or some
kings were made Governors/ Rajpramukh.
STUDENT NOTES:
Divide and Rule • Post 1857 Created rift along the communal lines.
• Turned region, provinces, caste, and religions against one another.
Towards • Education was a challenge to the British authority.
Educated Indians • Post 1885(foundation of INC), hostile to Educated Indians.
Towards • Used them as a counter to the nationalist.
Zamindars • Restored Awadh talukdars’ original lands.
• Hailed them as natural/traditional owners of the land.
Towards Social • Favoured the reactionary/Orthodox/Conservative forces and hence withdrew
Reforms support from the social reforms.
Underdeveloped • Neglected social services like education, health, sanitation, and infrastructure due
Social Services to heavy expenditure on army and wars.
• First demand for the reform of miserable working conditions in the factories came
from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby.
• Commission to investigate the conditions of the workers formed in 1875.
• Indian Factory Act, 1881: focused on Child (age: 7-12 years) labour:
1. Ban on employment below 7 years.
2. Working hours – 9 hours per day for children.
Labour 3. 4 holidays/ month for children.
Legislations 4. Fencing of hazardous machinery.
• Indian Factory Act, 1891:
1. Increased age from 7 to 9 and 12 to 14 years.
2. Working hours for children reduced from 9 to 7 hours per day.
3. Fixed working hours for women to 11 hours per day with half hour break.
4. Weekly holiday for all.
5. No regulation of working hours for men.
• Above laws not applicable to British owned tea and coffee plantations.
Restrictions on • Restrictions on the press due to the nationalist activities: Vernacular Press Act,
Freedom of the 1878.
Press • Restrictions imposed during Swadeshi Movement in 1908 and 1910.
White Racism • Show of racial superiority in public places (parks, hotels, clubs, train
compartments) and in higher grades of services (military and civil).
Industrial British Capitalist and Industrial lobby pressurized for greater markets for their goods.
Revolution
New schools of thought:
1. Rationalism: Scientific temper and reason.
Emergence of 2. Humanism: Importance of Human dignity.
new and 3. Doctrine of Change: All societies must continue to progress.
conflicting Conflicting schools of thought
schools of 1. Conservatives (Warren Hastings, Edmund Burke, Munro, Elphinstone, Metcalfe):
thought Believed Indian civilization to be different and not inferior and advocated little or
no change. Believed in stability over change.
2. Paternalistic Imperialism: Justified socio-economic slavery of India and
considered it inferior.
3. Radicals: Believed in modernization of the India and Indians but under the broad
limits of Imperialistic interest.
Indian Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, B. M. Malabari,
renaissance etc. worked for the reform of the Indian society through legislations against social
evils.
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
Selective Introducing modernization only in the fields that promote British interest.
modernization
Role of the Sole intent to introduce Christianity (superior religion according to them).
Christian Supported the Radicals, Imperialists and Capitalist in their pursuit.
missionaries
British Retreat Abandoning of the reforms in its totality post 1858 and favoured the reactionary and
the conservative lot who proved loyal.
FOREIGN POLICY
Imperialistic interests (expansion and maintenance of Indian Empire, Commercial/ economic interests,
exclusion of other European Imperialists powers like Russia and France) caused border classes with neighboring
countries.
STUDENT NOTES:
DEINDUSTRIALISATION
• No efforts towards Modern Industrialization: instead of industrialization like in Europe, India witnessed
De-Industrialization.
• One-way free trade: Cheap European imports flooded into every corners of the country with the help of
railway.
• Indian goods subjected to heavy tariffs in Europe.
• Indian economy transformed from Net Exporter to Net Importer.
• Reverse Urbanization: Jobless artisans (who lost their patrons due the British rule) shifted to agriculture
due to repressive policies and lack of returns in urban centers.
• Ruin of Artisans and Handicraftsman.
• The unit of Revenue collection was the village or mahal. Village land
belonged to the community and it was the responsibility of the entire
community to pay the land revenue.
Problems faced by Indian Industries à credit problems, no tariff protection by the Government, unequal
competition from foreign companies, stiff opposition from the British capitalist interests equipped with sound
technical and financial infrastructure.
Home Charges formed an important component of the Drain of Wealth from India. It comprised of:
• Funds to support the Indian offices in London.
• Funds used to pay salaries and pensions of British personnel engaged in India.
• Interest on debts and other capital investments like railways.
STUDENT NOTES:
YEAR EFFORTS
1870 • Sasipada Baneerjee started Workingmen’s club and Newspaper Bharat Shramjeevi
1878 • Sorabjee Shapoorji Bengalee made efforts to get bill passed in the Bombay legislative
assembly for the labors.
1880 • Narayan Meghajee Lokhanday started Bombay Mill and Millhands Association and
Newspaper Deenbandhu.
1899 • Great Indian peninsular railway strike. Boasted by Tilak’s Kesari and Maratha.
1921 • Formation of All India Trade Union Congress.
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
STUDENT NOTES:
Significance: It was implemented by British Government to control the working of East India Company in
India. It was their first step in setting up Central administration in India. It was also the first time the British
Government realized Administrative and Political functions of the Company.
Significance: As per this Act of 1784, the territories of East India Company were called as the “British
Possessions in India”. It gave the control of Company’s administration in India to the British Government.
Act of 1786 placed these provisions in place and Lord Cornwallis became the Governor General of Bengal.
Significance: With the formation of Indian Legislative Council, Legislation was considered a separate function
of the Government. With no specification on the time frame the British Government could terminate
Company’s contract at any time.
Significance: It focused on improving Administrative machinery (Governor General of India replaced by Viceroy
under the Crown etc.) of India.
Portfolio System: In it, a member of Viceroy Council was made in charge of one or more Departments and
could independently take decision and issue orders on the behalf of the Council.
Significance: The Word ‘Election’ was nowhere mentioned but a limited and indirect election for the
Nominated members was introduced in this Act.
Significance: It was the first attempt to introduce “Representative and Popular Elements” in the Council.
Councils were referred to as Legislative Councils for the first time.
Significance: It was the first time the British Government declared its intention of introducing Responsible
Government in the Country.
• Bicameralism (Upper House-Lower House): It came into being in six out of 11 provinces. Bengal, Bombay,
Madras, United Province, Bihar and Assam. Upper House: Legislative Council; Lower House: Legislative
Assembly.
• Separate Electorate: It was introduced for the depressed classes and Women. (Provision of Separate
electorate extended)
• Secretary of States was provided with team of Advisors. Council of India was abolished.
• Extended Franchise: 10% of people got the voting rights.
• Reserve Bank of India to be established for controlling currency and credit,
• Establishment of a Federal Court. Was established in 1937.
Significance: British rule came to an end by this Act. India became Independent on 15th August 1947.
EVOLUTION OF JUDICIARY
For Criminal • Sadar Nizamat Adalat was in Murshidabad. It was headed by Deputy Nizam and
Disputes assisted by Chief Qazi and Chief Mufti. It was for Capital Punishment and for
Acquisition of Property.
• District Fauzdari Adalats, under an Indian officer assisted by a Qazi and a Mufti. It
was also under General Supervision of a Collector.
For Civil • Sadar Diwani Adalat under President and 2 members of the Supreme Council.
Disputes • District Diwani Adalat under Collector: Hindu law for Hindus and Muslim Laws for
Muslims.
Calcutta.
• District Diwani Adalat: It was designated as District, Zila or City court. It was placed under a District
Magistrate. Collector was freed from his earlier magisterial function; he now had responsibility of Revenue
Collection.
• Sadar Diwani Adalat established at Calcutta.
CORNWALLIS CODE
• There was a Separation of Revenue and Justice Administration.
• Government Servants are answerable to Civil Court for their actions done in official Capacity.
• Europeans Subjects were thus brought under the Jurisdiction of the court.
• Principle of Sovereignty of the Law was established.
1833 Law Commission under Macaulay was formed for Codification of Indian Laws:
1. Civil Procedure Code was Prepared in 1859.
2. Indian Penal Code was prepared in 1860.
3. Criminal Procedure Code was prepared in 1861.
1860 • Europeans could claim special privileges except in Case of Criminal Proceedings.
• No Judge of an Indian Origin could try them.
1865 Sadar Adalat and SC were merged into three High Courts of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
1935 Government of India Act provided for the formation of a Federal Court (was set up in 1937). It
could settle disputes between Governments and hear limited appeals from the High Courts.
NOTE: Satyendra Nath became the First Indian ICS officer in 1863.
EVOLUTION OF POLICE
• 1791:
Ø Cornwallis organized police force through Modernization.
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
Ø Darogas (Indians) were appointed in Old Thanas (circles) in a district. A SP was appointed as the head of
the district.
Ø Earlier Zamindars did the policing duty and Cornwallis relieved them from it.
• 1808: Lord Mayo appointed SP in each Division and number of Spies (Goyendas).
• 1814: Court of Directors ordered to abolish Darogas and Subordinates except in Bengal.
NOTE: The above system led to poorly organized policing system with added burden of policing on the
magistrate. Presidency towns were the first to have these duties of magistrate separated from administrative
duties.
1902: Establishment of Criminal Investigation Department in the Provinces and Central Intelligence Bureau at
the Centre.
STUDENT NOTES:
Role of Press:
In favour of censorship: Wellesley, Lord Minto-II, Lord Adams, Lord Canning, Lord Lytton, Lord
Elphinstone, Sir Munro.
In favour of freedom of Press: Lord Hastings, Charles Metcalfe, Macaulay, Ripon.
Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy:
Within the General Committee on Public Instruction, the Anglicists argued that the government spending on
education should be exclusively for modern studies.
Unfortunately, there was a great deal of confusion over English and vernacular languages as media of instruction
and as objects of study.
1835, 1836, William Adam’s reports on vernacular education in Bengal and Bihar pointed out
1838: defects in the system of vernacular education.
1843-53: James Jonathan’s experiments in North- West Provinces (UP), as the lieutenant-governor
there, included opening one government school as model school in each tehsildari and a
normal school for teachers’ training for vernacular schools.
1853 In a famous minute, Lord Dalhousie expressed strong opinion in favour of vernacular
education.
1854 Wood’s Dispatch made the following provisions for vernacular education:
1. Improvement of standards
2. Supervision by government agency
3. Normal schools to train teachers
These gave impetus to the cause of vernacular education.
1854-71 The government paid some attention to secondary and vernacular education. The number
of vernacular schools increased by more than five-fold.
1882 The Hunter Commission held that State should make special efforts for extension and
improvement of vernacular education. Mass education was to be seen as instructing masses
through vernaculars.
1904 Education policy put special emphasis on vernacular education and increased grants for it.
1929 Hartog Committee presented a gloomy picture of primary education.
1937 These schools received encouragement from Congress ministries.
Note: There was not much development of this idea, because of the start of the Second World War and the
resignation of the Congress ministries (October 1939).
STUDENT NOTES:
• In 1865-66, a famine engulfed Orissa, Bengal, Bihar, and Madras and took
a toll of nearly 20 lakhs of lives with Orissa alone loosing 10 lakh lives,
Campbell Commission: since the famine was most severe in Orissa; it is called the Orissa famine.
• The famine proved a turning point in the history of Indian famines for it
was followed by the appointment of a committee under the chairmanship
of Sir George Campbell.
Stratchy Commission • It was set up in 1878 under the Chairmanship of Sir Richard Strachey.
• The commission recommended state interference in food trade in the
event of famine. India witnessed another major famine in 1896-97.
Lyall Commission • It was constituted in 1897 under the Chairmanship of Sir James Lyall. This
commission recommended the development of irrigation facilities.
• It was set up in 1900 under the Chairmanship of Sir Anthony (Later Lord)
McDonnel to re-evaluate and recommend changes in report of the
MacDonnell Commission previous commission, based on the findings of the recent famine.
• This Commission recommended that the official machinery dealing with a
famine must work around the year so that the scarcity of food grains could
be controlled well in time.
Law Commissions:
• Law Commissions in India have a pre-independence origin.
• The first Law Commission was formed in 1834 as a result of the Charter Act, 1833 under the
chairmanship of TB Macaulay.
• The first commission’s recommendations resulted in the codification of the penal code and the Criminal
Procedure Code.
• Second Pre-Independence Law Commission, 1853 – Sir John Romilly.
• Third Pre-Independence Law Commission, 1862 - Sir John Romilly.
• Fourth Pre-Independence Law Commission, 1879 – Dr Whitley Stokes.
• After independence, the first Law Commission was constituted in 1955 in a continuance of the tradition of
bringing law reforms in the country through the medium of law commissions.
Currency Commission:
• Mansfield Commission by Dufferin in 1886
• Fowler Commission by Elgin II in 1898
• Babington Smith Commission by Chelmsford in 1919
• Hilton Young Commission by Linlithgow in 1926
Non-cooperation Movement:
M.K. Gandhi • Issued a manifesto in March 1920, announcing his doctrine of non-violent
• He was the major force behind the movement and inspired grass-root
participation in the freedom struggle.
C. Rajagopalachari • Led a salt march from trichinopoly to vedaranniyam on the tanjore
coast in tamil nadu, in support of the civil disobedience movement. He was
arrested on april 30, 1930.
K. Kelappan • A nair congress leader, launched the vaikom satyagraha and marched from
calicut to payanneer in defiance of salt laws.
• actively involved in the movement and was arrested on april 17, 1930 for
Jawaharlal Nehru defiance of the salt law.
• He formulated a radical agrarian programme and suggested formation
of the constituent assembly as the prime political slogan.
P. Krishna Pillai • Defended the national flag and resisted lathicharge on the calicut beach on
november 11, 1930. He later founded the Kerala communist movement.
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan • Formed a clan of non-violent revolutionaries, the Khudai Khidmatgars
(known as red shirts), who played an active role in the movement.
• The first Indian woman to become the president of the congress, was
involved in a march towards the Dharsana Salt Works, a government salt
Sarojini Naidu depot.
• Other leaders who participated in this total non-violent affair were Imam
Saheb, Gandhi’s comrade of the South African struggle, and Manilal,
gandhi’s son.
• Surya sen’s chittagong revolt group carried out a raid on two armouries
Surya Sen and declared the establishment of a provisional government.
• He issued a manifesto in the name of Indian republican army and called
on the Indians to revolt against the British rule.
• A leader of the nationalist Muslims in Bombay, took the place of Gandhi in
Abbas Tayabji the movement after the latter’s arrest.
• However, he too was arrested by the government.
Ambalal Sarabhai and • Gave their cooperation to Motilal Nehru in removing the barriers between
Kasturbhai Lakhai the congress and the Bombay mill-owners and industrialists.
Chandraprabha Saikiani • Instigated the aboriginal kachari villagers in assam to break forest laws.
• Led the faction group in Bengal congress and set up rival organizations to
Subhash Bose and J.M. conduct civil disobedience. Bose criticised Gandhi, when the latter
Sengupta suspended the movement in may 1933. He was supported by Vithal bhai
Patel.
Santi and Suniti • Assassinated the district magistrate of tippera, stevens. Their action marked
Chaudhari the entry of women in the revolutionary movement.
• A Muslim graduate, started an agitation and attacked the Srinagar jail on july
Sheikh Abdullah 31, 1931 where 21 persons were killed in police firing.
• He also developed close contacts with a group of anti-autocratic Jammu
Hindus led by P. N. Bazaz.
• A Muslim leader in Punjab, organised the meos (semi-tribal peasant
Mohammed Yasin Khan community with leanings towards Islam) to protest against maharaja
Jaisingh Sawai’s hike in revenue, begar, and reservation of forests for the
purpose of hunting.
K.M. Ashraf • became India’s first Marxist historian, was associated with the movement.
Pandit Madan Mohan • Who was an upholder of Gandhian policies since 1920’s, began to drift
Malaviya away with the launch of harijan campaign by Gandhi. He started a
breakaway congress nationalist party.
Satyamurthy, Bhulabhai • Demanded a return to electoral politics by way of a revived Swarajya party.
Desai, M.A. Ansari and
B.C. Roy
Jayaprakash Narayan, • Wanted the congress to have affinity with left-wing.
Achhut Patwardhan,
Yusuf Mehrali, Ashok
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
M.K. Gandhi • Planned an all-out campaign to compel British withdrawal from India, after
the failure of the Cripps Mission to reach a compromise.
• At the historic August meeting at Gowalia Tank in Bombay, Gandhi
proclaimed his mantra—’do or die’. He was arrested on August 9, 1942.
• He undertook a 21-day fast in February 1943 to protest against the
Government actions against Indians involved in the movement.
Jayaprakash Narayan • A member of the Congress Socialist group and played a prominent role in
the movement.
Ram Manohar Lohia, • Were leaders associated with the underground movement and
Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta revolutionary activities in support of Quit India Movement.
Kripalani, Chhotubhai
Puranik, Biju Patnaik,
R.P. Goenka and Achyut
Patwardhan
Chittu Pande • Called himself a Gandhian, formed a parallel government and captured all
the ten police stations in Ballia, in east UP in August 1942.
Usha Mehta • Actively supported the movement and was an important member of a small
group which ran the Congress Radio.
Jawaharlal Nehru • Initially supported the arch Moderates, who were opposed to Gandhi’s plan,
but later, he moved the Quit India Resolution on August 8, 1942.
Sumati Morarjee • Helped Achyut Patwardhan in his underground activities. She later became
India’s leading woman industrialist.
Rashbehari Bose • A revolutionary activist, was elected the president of the Indian
Independence League (formed in March 1942) in June 1942. He was living
in Japan since 1915 as a fugitive.
• He mobilised Indian soldiers taken as prisoners of war by the Japanese
forces (after the British was defeated in South East Asia) for an armed
rebellion against the British colonial rule.
Captain Mohan Singh • An Indian soldier fighting on behalf of the British was taken as prisoner of
war by the Japanese.
• He was persuaded by a Japanese army officer to work with the Japanese for
India’s freedom. He was appointed the commander of the Indian National
Army.
video.onlyias.in /mains.onlyias.in info@onlyias.com /+91-7007931912
“UDAAN” - Quick and Comprehensive Revision Series MODERN HISTORY
Subhash Chandra Bose • Joined the Indian National Army in 1943. One of his most famous
declarations was “Tum mujhe khoon do mai tumhe azadi doonga” (You
give me blood; I will give you freedom).
• The INA played a significant role in the independence struggle under the
leadership of Subhash Bose.
C. Rajagopalachari and • Were the arch- Moderates, who were in favour of recognising the rights of
Bhulabhai Desai Muslim majority provinces to secede through plebiscites after
independence had been gained.
• They resigned from the AICC in July 1942.
K.G. Mashruwalla • Brought out two militant issues of Harijan (after the arrest of Mahadev
Desai) to arouse the sentiments of people.
Satish Samanta • A local Congress leader and the first sarbadhinayak of the Tamluk Jatiya
Sarkar, helped in establishing a rebel ‘national government’ in Tamluk
sub-division of Midnapore.
Nana Patil • Headed a rebellion in Satara.
STUDENT NOTES:
VICEROYS:
STUDENT NOTES: