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DBMS Ca1 (Raw)
DBMS Ca1 (Raw)
Purpose of Database
The intent of a database is that a collection of data should serve as many
applications as possible. Therefore, a database is often thought of as a
repository of information needed to run certain functions in a corporation or
organization.
Database Abstraction
A major purpose of a database is to provide the user with only as much information as is
required of them. This means that the system does not disclose all the details of the data,
rather it hides some details of how the data is stored and maintained. The complexity of
databases is hidden from them
Internal Level(Physical Level): The lowest level of abstraction, the internal level, is closest
to physical storage. It describes how the data is stored concretely on the storage medium.
Conceptual Level: This level of abstraction describes what data is concretely stored in the
database. It also describes the relationships that exist between the data
External Level(View Level): It is the level closest to users and is related to the way the data
is viewed by individual users.
Concept of Database
To store and manage data efficiently in the database let us understand some key terms:
3. Data dictionary or Metadata: Metadata is known as the data about the data. Or we
can say that the database schema along with different types of constraints on the
data is stored by DBMS in the dictionary is known as metadata.
5. Query: In a database, a query is used to access data from the database. So users
have to write queries to retrieve or manipulate data from the database.
6. Data manipulation: In a database, we can easily manipulate data using the three
main operations that is Insertion, Deletion, and updation.
Advantages of Database
Let us consider some of the benefits provided by a database system and see how a
database system overcomes the above-mentioned problems:-
Therefore, for systems with better performance and efficiency, database systems are
preferred.
Disadvantages of Database
With the complex tasks to be performed by the database system, some things may come
up which can be termed as the disadvantages of using the database system. These are:-
File System: A File Management system is a DBMS that allows access to single files or
tables at a time. In a File System, data is directly stored in a set of files. It contains flat files
that have no relation to other files (when only one table is stored in a single file, then this
file is known as a flat file).
DBMS: A Database Management System (DBMS) is application software that allows users
to efficiently define, create, maintain and share databases.
Data redundancy and inconsistency: Redundancy is the concept of repetition of data i.e.
each data may have more than a single copy. The file system cannot control the
redundancy of data as each user defines and maintains the needed files for a specific
application to run.
DBMS controls redundancy by maintaining a single repository of data that is defined once
and is accessed by many users.
Data sharing: The file system does not allow sharing of data or sharing is too complex.
Whereas in DBMS, data can be shared easily due to a centralized system
Data searching: For every search operation performed on the file system, a different
application program has to be written. While DBMS provides inbuilt searching operations.
The user only has to write a small query to retrieve data from the database.
DBMS provides
Data independence refers characteristic of being able to modify the schema at one level of
the database system without altering the schema at the next higher level.
Logical data independence refers characteristic of being able to change the conceptual
schema without having to change the external schema.
Physical data independence can be defined as the capacity to change the internal schema
without having to change the conceptual schema.
Components of DBMS
1. Hardware
Here the hardware means the physical part of the DBMS. Here the hardware includes
output devices like a printer, monitor, etc., and storage devices like a hard disk.
2. Software
Software is defined as the collection of programs that are used to instruct the computer
about its work
3. Data
o The term data means the collection of any raw fact stored in the
database. Here the data are any type of raw material from which
meaningful information is generated.
o The database can store any form of data, such as structural data, non-
structural data, and logical data
4.Procedures
6.People
The people who control and manage the databases and perform
different types of operations on the database in the DBMS.
The people includeincludee database administrator, software developer,
and End-user.
Query Processor
Storage Manager
Disk Storage
1. Query Processor
2.Storage Manager:
3.Disk Storage
Non-Procedural Language
Non-Procedural Language
Advantages of SQL :
No Coding Skills –
For data retrieval, large number of lines of code is not required. All basic
keywords such as SELECT, INSERT INTO, UPDATE, etc are used and also
the syntactical rules are not complex in SQL, which makes it a user-
friendly language.
Standardized Language –
Due to documentation and long establishment over years, it provides a
uniform platform worldwide to all its users.
Portable –
Interactive Language –
Scalability: SQL databases can handle large volumes of data and can be
scaled up or down as per the requirements of the application.
Security: SQL databases have built-in security features that help protect
data from unauthorized access, such as user authentication, encryption,
and access control.