English

English
Stress
There is a famous expression in English: "Stop the world, I want to

get off!" This expression refers to a feeling of panic, or stress, that
makes a person want to stop whatever they are doing, try to relax,
and become calm again. 'Stress' means pressure or tension. It is one
of the most common causes of health problems in modern life. Too
much stress results in physical, emotional, and mental health
problems.
There are numerous physical effects of stress. Stress can affect the
heart. It can increase the pulse rate, make the heart miss beats, and
can cause high blood pressure. Stress can affect the respiratory
system. It can lead to asthma. It can cause a person to breathe too
fast, resulting in a loss of important carbon dioxide. Stress can affect
the stomach. It can cause stomach aches and problems digesting
food. These are only a few examples of the wide range of illnesses and
symptoms resulting from stress.
Emotions are also easily affected by stress. People suffering from

stress often feel anxious. They may have panic attacks. They may feel
tired all the time. When people are under stress, they often overreact
to little problems. For example, a normally gentle parent under a lot
of stress at work may yell at a child for dropping a glass of juice.
Stress can make people angry, moody, or nervous.
Long-term stress can lead to a variety of serious mental illnesses.

Depression, an extreme feeling of sadness and hopelessness, can be
the result of continued and increasing stress. Alcoholism and other
addictions often develop as a result of overuse of alcohol or drugs to
try to relieve stress. Eating disorders, such as anorexia, are
sometimes caused by stress and are often made worse by stress. If
stress is allowed to continue, then one's mental health is put at risk.
It is obvious that stress is a serious problem. It attacks the body. It

affects the emotions. Untreated, it may eventually result in mental
illness. Stress has a great influence on the health and well-being of
our bodies, our feelings, and our minds. So, reduce stress: stop the
world and rest for a while.
1-Which of the following is not a common problem caused by stress?
a) physical problems
b) anecdotal problems
c) mental problems
d) emotional problems
2-According to the essay, which of the following parts of the body

does not have physical problems caused by stress.
a) the arms
b) the stomach
c) the lungs
d) the heart
3-Which of the following show how stress can affect the emotions?
Click on the box beside each correct answer and then click on
"Check".
a) it can make people feel nervous

b) it can cause panic attacks
c) it can make people feel elated
d) it can make people feel angry
4- Which of the following can result from long-term stress? Click on

the box beside each correct answer and then click on "Check".
a) bliss
b) depression
c) alcoholism
d) whimsy
5-Choose the best answer to explain how alcoholism is caused by

stress.
a) alcohol is used to relieve stress
b) alcohol is popular
c) alcohol is a chemical
d) alcohol is similar to medicine
6-Which of the following is not caused by long-term stress?
a) bloating
b) addiction
c) anorexia
d) alcoholism
7-Choose all of the answers that can complete this sentence: Stress
can affect the respiratory system by __________.
a) causing stomach problems

b) causing asthma
c) a loss of carbon dioxide
d) causing breathing problems
8-Symptoms of emotional stress include __________.
a) feeling joyous
b) feeling hungry
c) feeling thirsty
d) feeling tired
Floods
Floods are second only to fire as the most common of all natural
disasters. They occur almost everywhere in the world, resulting in
widespread damage and even death. Consequently, scientists have
long tried to perfect their ability to predict floods. So far, the best
that scientists can do is to recognize the potential for flooding in
certain conditions. There are a number of conditions, from deep
snow on the ground to human error, that cause flooding.
When deep snow melts it creates a large amount of water. Although

deep snow alone rarely causes floods, when it occurs together with
heavy rain and sudden warmer weather it can lead to serious
flooding. If there is a fast snow melt on top of frozen or very wet
ground, flooding is more likely to occur than when the ground is not
frozen. Frozen ground or ground that is very wet and already
saturated with water cannot absorb the additional water created by
the melting snow. Melting snow also contributes to high water levels
in rivers and streams. Whenever rivers are already at their full
capacity of water, heavy rains will result in the rivers overflowing
and flooding the surrounding land.
Rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding. When ice
begins to melt, the surface of the ice cracks and breaks into large
pieces. These pieces of ice move and float down the river. They can
form a dam in the river, causing the water behind the dam to rise
and flood the land upstream. If the dam breaks suddenly, then the
large amount of water held behind the dam can flood the areas
downstream too.
Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can cause
flooding. When a large human-made dam breaks or fails to hold the
water collected behind it, the results can be devastating. Dams
contain such huge amounts of water behind them that when sudden
breaks occur, the destructive force of the water is like a great tidal
wave. Unleashed dam waters can travel tens of kilometres, cover the
ground in metres of mud and debris, and drown and crush every
thing and creature in their path.
Although scientists cannot always predict exactly when floods will

occur, they do know a great deal about when floods are likely, or
probably, going to occur. Deep snow, ice-covered rivers, and weak
dams are all strong conditions for potential flooding. Hopefully, this
knowledge of why floods happen can help us reduce the damage they
cause.
1-Which of the following words are natural disasters? (More than

one answer may be correct).
a) flood
b) earthquake
c) airplane crash
d) typhoon
2-Which of the following are included as causes for floods in the

reading passage?
a) droughts
b) large lakes
c) poorly built roads
d) melting snow
3-How does deep snow cause flooding?
a) melting snow causes flooding

b) too much rain causes flooding
c) sudden warm temperatures combined with heavy rains causes
flooding
d) freezing water causes flooding
4-A broken human-made dam is compared to what?
a) a tsunami
b) a tidal wave
c) a broken ice dam
d) overflowing
5-Which of the following best describes how a frozen river can cause
a flood.
a) The ice in the river melts too quickly and causes a flood.
b) The ice in the river cracks causing the water to overflow.

c) The ice in the river cracks into pieces that eventually create a
dam causing the water to overflow.
d) The water behind the ice dam collects and when the dam
breaks, it causes flooding upstream.
6-How far can dam water travel when it is unleashed from a broken
dam?
a) less than 10 kilometres

b) tens of kilometres
c) thousands of kilometres
d) tens of thousands of kilometres downstream
7-Why does saturated ground contribute to flooding problems?
a) the ground cannot absorb more moisture

b) the ground is too hard, so the water runs off
c) the ground forms a kind of dam
d) it remains frozen
8-What kinds of problems can floods cause?
a) death
b) widespread damage
c) destruction of plants and animals
d) all of the above
9-What is the most common natural disaster?
a) flood
b) fire
c) wind damage
d) rain
10-How does melting snow cause problems related to flooding?
a) it makes the rivers run too fast

b) it makes the water too cold
c) it causes pieces of ice to block the river
d) it makes the level of the river rise
The Wild Life
Long before the arrival of Europeans on the Canadian prairie (the

wide grasslands of what is now called Alberta, Saskatchewan and
Manitoba), the First Nations people lived in a harmonious
relationship with their natural surroundings. Every item of their
culture, from sewing needles to homes was obtained from nature.
Their homes were called teepees and were like large tents made from
the skins of deer. These people - tribes with names like the Blackfoot,
the Peigan and the Blood people - were nomadic, which means that
they travelled from place to place following the animals they hunted
or the growth of the berries and fruits on the bushes and trees.
They had horses, although horses came to North America after

escaping from the Spanish explorers who brought them here to
explore the areas around Mexico and Texas. Boys and girls were
both expert riders. They did not use saddles or reins or stirrups; they
rode "bareback". Their clothes were made from deer skins and
buffalo skins and decorated with the parts of other animals - tails
from squirrels and gophers, quills from porcupines and the delicate
bones of birds.
These children of nature did not ever have to go to school. They did
not have to study to get into a prestigious college, nor did they have
to worry about finding a job after graduation. This does not mean
their life was easy. The winters were very long and very cold and
there were sometimes wars between tribes. There were also the very
great dangers involved in the buffalo hunt. Warriors rode at top
speed (with no saddle) beside the huge buffalo shooting arrows to
bring them down. The chances of a buffalo turning suddenly or of
falling off the horse were very great. We must remember that there
were also no hospitals in those days.
Even so, the young people of the tribes must have enjoyed a very
pleasant lifestyle: fishing and gathering berries in summer, hunting
in the forests in the early morning, dancing around the fire at night
and listening to the old people tell stories and legends from long ago.
1- Riding "bareback" means riding without any equipment on the

horse.
a) True
b) False
2-First Nations people never killed deer.
a) True
b) False
3-First Nations people had no enemies.
a) True
b) False
4-Mathematics was not a priority for the kind of life they led.
a) True
b) False
5-The First Nations people did not develop a written language.
a) True
b) False
6-People were rarely killed while hunting buffalo.
a) True
b) False
A great summer vacation
I just returned from the greatest summer vacation! It was so

fantastic, I never wanted it to end. I spent eight days in Paris, France.
My best friends, Henry and Steve, went with me. We had a beautiful
hotel room in the Latin Quarter, and it wasn’t even expensive. We
had a balcony with a wonderful view.
We visited many famous tourist places. My favorite was the Louvre,

a well-known museum. I was always interested in art, so that was a
special treat for me. The museum is so huge, you could spend weeks
there. Henry got tired walking around the museum and said
“Enough! I need to take a break and rest.”
We took lots of breaks and sat in cafes along the river Seine. The
French food we ate was delicious. The wines were tasty, too. Steve’s
favorite part of the vacation was the hotel breakfast. He said he
would be happy if he could eat croissants like those forever. We had
so much fun that we’re already talking about our next vacation!
1-What city did they go to for their summer vacation?

a) Lyon b) Latin
c) Paris d) Louvre
2-How long was the summer vacation?
a) Eight weeks b) One week
c) Two weeks d) Eight days
3-What did their hotel room have?
a) A bottle of wine b) A view of the metro
c) A balcony d) A refrigerator
4-Who got tired walking in the Louvre museum?
a) Harry b) Seine
c) Steve d) Henry
5-What did Steve enjoy the most?
a) The hotel breakfast and the croissants b) The cafes along the
river Seine
c) The Latin Quarter and the balcony d) The wine and the
food
Hotel Reservation
Receptionist: Good afternoon! This is Capitol Hotels in Washington,

D.C. How may I help you?
Mr. Abrams: Hi, I’d like to schedule a reservation for this upcoming
weekend from Friday night until Sunday.
Receptionist: Sure! Let me check and see what rooms are available.
Do you need a room with one bed or two?
Mr. Abrams: My wife and I will be visiting the city, but a room with
one bed will be just fine.
Receptionist: Alright... It looks like we have several rooms available.

Would you care for a room with a balcony?
Mr. Abrams: A single room with no balcony will suit our needs just
fine. I did notice on your website that you have a pool and an exercise
room. Are these facilities available for all hotel guests?
Receptionist: Yes, all hotel guests are allowed access to those

facilities. The hotel stay also includes breakfast. We have a
restaurant on-site that also serves lunch and dinner, but those meals
are not included in your lodging fee.
Mr. Abrams: Okay, that’s fine. What time are both check-in and
check-out?
Receptionist: Check-in for you on Friday can be any time after 3:00
p.m. Check-out will be on Sunday before noon.
Mr. Abrams: Sounds great!
Receptionist: I am glad that I could help you today. Is there anything

else that you need at this point in time?
Mr. Abrams: Would you like my credit card information now, or can
I take care of that upon my arrival to the hotel’s reception desk?
Receptionist: We can handle payment upon your arrival on Friday.
We look forward to seeing you then!
Mr. Abrams: Thank you! I look forward to my stay.
Receptionist: Enjoy the rest of your week!
1-What is the name of the hotel where Mr. Abrams plans on staying?
a) Lincoln Hotels b) Capitol Hotels
c) Washington D.C. d) Kennedy Hotels
2-For how long does Mr. Abrams plan on staying at the hotel?
a) Overnight b) Two nights
c) A week d) Three nights
3-What kind of room does Mr. Abrams request to stay in?
a) A single room without a balcony. B) A single room with a balcony.
c) A double room without a balcony. D) A double room with a

balcony.
4-All of the following are amenities the hotel offers its guests except:
a) Free breakfast b) A swimming pool
c) An exercise room d) A massage room
5-At what time can Mr. Abrams check into the hotel on Friday?
a) Before 11:00 a.m. b) After 1:00 p.m.
c) After 3:00 p.m. d) Before noon

6-When does Mr. Abrams plan on giving the hotel his credit card
information?
a) At the end of his stay b) Upon his arrival to the reception desk
c) During the phone call d) Mr. Abrams wants to pay in cash
The Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty, arguably one of New York City’s most iconic
symbols, is a popular tourist attraction for first-time visitors to the
city. This 150-foot monument was gifted to the United States from
France in order to celebrate 100 years of America’s independence.
The statue is located on Liberty Island, and it is accessible by taking
a ferry from either Battery Park in New York City or Liberty State
Park in Jersey City.
When Claire visited the Statue of Liberty for the first time, she
instantly admired it as a symbol of freedom. Claire made sure to
make reservations before her visit because only 240 people are
permitted to climb the staircase to the top of the statue every day.
After climbing almost 400 stairs, Claire received spectacular views of
the city from the statue’s crown.
During her visit, Claire learned that the Statue of Liberty was not
always the color that it is now. She found out that because the
statue’s exterior is made of copper, the statue oxidized over time,
giving it the greenish appearance it has in present day. When it was
first constructed, the statue was the same color as a shiny penny!
After touring the Statue of Liberty, Claire spent the rest of the day
in New York City visiting other important monuments and historic
landmarks. Claire left New York hoping to have had the time to
explore more sites, but she can’t wait to return to the city in the
future.
1-Who gifted the Statue of Liberty to the United States?
a) The British b) The French
c) The Spanish d) The Dutch
2-What was the Statue of Liberty intended to celebrate?
a) Open immigration to the United States b) Economic recovery

from the Great Depression
c) A century of American independence d) The end of the Civil

War
3-How many people are permitted to climb the statue’s stairs per
day?
a) 150 b) 240
c) 100 d) 400
4-From which part of the statue did Claire receive spectacular views
of the city?
a) The eyes b) The mouth
c) The nose d) The crown
5-Why has the Statue of Liberty changed color over time?

a) Its copper exterior oxidized. b) It was painted green during
restorations.
c) The statue is poorly maintained by the city. d) New York’s poor

air quality has eroded the statue.
Secrets of a Happy Brain
The human brain remembers negative experiences more easily than

positive ones. Our brains have developed this way because threats,
like dangerous animals, had a more immediate effect on our
ancestors’ survival compared to positive things like food or shelter.
As a result, you likely know what makes you unhappy, but do you
know what makes you happy?
Research suggests that our level of happiness depends partly on

factors we cannot control – our genes and our life circumstances. But
our level of happiness is also shaped by the choices we make. If
you’ve been chasing wealth, fame, good looks, material things, and
power, you may be looking for happiness in all the wrong places.
Psychologists suggest that the following seven habits make people
happier.
People who form close relationships tend to be happier than those

who do not. The number of friends we have is not important. What
matters is the quality of our relationships. Relationships that bring
happiness usually involve the sharing of feelings, mutual respect,
acceptance, trust, fun and empathy.
People who make a habit of caring for the wellbeing of others tend
to be happier. This might involve volunteering for an organization or
reaching out to support friends and family on a regular basis.
People who exercise regularly improve both their physical and

mental well-being. Some research has shown that exercise can be as
effective as medication in treating depression.
When we are so interested in an activity we enjoy that we lose track

of time, we are in a state of flow. The activity could be making art,
playing piano, surfing, or playing a game. People who experience
flow in their work or hobbies tend to be happier.
People who include spirituality in their daily life tend to be happier.

Practicing spirituality is a way of recognizing and trying to
understand the wonder and beauty of existence. Some people do this
by going to a place of worship or praying. Some people practice yoga
or meditation. Some people go for long walks in nature.
People are more likely to be happy if they know what their

strengths are and use them regularly. People who set goals and use
their strengths to achieve them tend to be happier. People are
especially happy when they can use their strengths to serve the
greater good.
People who think positively by being grateful, mindful, and

optimistic are more likely to be happy. Being grateful means being
thankful. Being mindful means being open to, focusing on, and
enjoying the experiences of the present moment. Being optimistic
means being hopeful about the future.
1-Things we cannot control that affect our level of happiness are ___
a) our genes
b) the number and quality of relationships we have
c) the number of volunteer positions we have
2-What is part of thinking positively?
a) wishing that we could change the past

b) appreciating what we have
c) feeling bad about decisions we have made
3-What is not given as a way people can include spirituality in their

daily lives?
a) taking long walks in nature

b) going to a place of worship
c) getting regular exercise
4-What is not mentioned in the reading as being part of a quality

relationship?
a) sharing of feelings
b) mutual respect
c) enthusiasm
5-According to the reading, people are in a state of flow when _____
a) time seems to pass very quickly

b) people include spirituality in their daily lives
c) we feel the need to help others
6-What is not part of being mindful?
a) focusing on this moment

b) taking pleasure in what you are doing at this time
c) enjoying the memory of a past experience
7-Why doesn't the brain remember positive experiences as much as
negative ones?
a) Our ancestors didn't understand what made them happy.

b) Positive experiences like having food and shelter were
necessary for the survival of our ancestors.
c) Positive experiences were not as important for the survival of
our ancestors as negative ones.
8-How does the author explain spirituality?
a) It is a way of recognizing and trying to understand the wonder

and beauty of life.
b) It is a way or recognizing the need to protect and preserve the
beauty of nature.
c) It is a way of making new friends.
9-What would the author think is not a way of caring for the well-
being of others?
a) volunteering at a home for old people

b) practicing yoga or meditation
c) giving advice to a friend who has marriage problems
10-The writer probably believes that _______________ can help

someone experiencing depression.
a) learning to make art

b) starting an exercise program.
c) learning to play the piano or guitar
(1) Analyzing performance in sports
Observation and analysis skills have to be learned and practiced. Use
this four-step approach to learn how to observe and analyze.
▪ Observe and analyze a single technique, e.g. a cartwheel.
Decide where to stand when observing to get the best view and
compare it with the Perfect Model.
▪ Observe and analyze a technique in action, e.g., an overhead
clear in badminton. The performer will have to move in response to
the shuttle as it is fed but you can still keep control of the situation by
telling the players when to begin. However, there will be more to look
at and analyze.
▪ Observe an individual competitive performance, e.g., a game of
tennis. You can decide where to stand to observe, but the shots you
see will vary. You must concentrate on a few parts of the
performance. Trying to analyze everything will be difficult and very
confusing.
▪ Observe a competitive team performance, e.g., a netball team,
playing a match. Select a few things for your focus, say team skill and
tactics, and observe them carefully. Do not try to see everything.
Fill in the circle of the correct answer.
1. In sport, the perfect model is a ………. .

Ⓐ mental image Ⓑ good example Ⓒ precise diagram
2. A perfect model will always show the correct ………. .
Ⓐ behaviour Ⓑ motivation Ⓒ technique
3. During feedback always first talk about ………. .
Ⓐ good points Ⓑ weaknesses Ⓒ improvement
4. All performers should be given time after a performance to
consider their ………. .
Ⓐ choice of clothing Ⓑ own feelings Ⓒ motivation
5. Feedback should always ………. .
Ⓐ be critical Ⓑ motivate
Ⓒ make the performer feel inadequate

6. Analysis means to ………. .
Ⓐ examine in detail Ⓑ reduce to basics
Ⓒ decide who is best

7. Observation and analysis skills have to be ………. .
Ⓐ learned Ⓑ described Ⓒ found
8. Always compare the technique with ………. .
Ⓐ the perfect model Ⓑ the coaching manual
Ⓒ your own ideas

9. When analyzing an individual performance concentrate
………. .
Ⓐ on the whole action Ⓑ on a few parts Ⓒ on the result
10. When analyzing a team performance try to ………. .
Ⓐ watch one player
Ⓑ focus narrowly on one aspect of game play
Ⓒ see the whole picture
Basketball
Basketball is one of the most popular games in the world. People play
it in most countries. It is a good game for rich or poor and some
basketball players have become rich from playing the game. Some
people think it is a very old game but the basketball people play
today is quite new.
Dr. James A. Naismith invented basketball in America in 1891. He
invented it because he wanted a game people could play inside or
outside, in the daytime or at night. He wanted it to be a team game
and one that both men and women would like and could learn easily.
He wanted it to be exciting to watch and to play. He wanted the
players to use a ball but not a bat. The ball had to be large and light.
He wanted it to be easy to catch and throw but not easy to hide. The
winning team would be the team that could throw the ball the most
times through a high basket. It is from the word 'basket' that the
game got its name. In Naismith's game there were only 13 rules, but
these changed many times until 1934. In that year people stopped
changing the rules.
Although Naismith's basketball is a new game, the Mayan people of
Mexico played a game like it many thousands of years ago. However,
this was not a very nice game. The captain of the winning team cut
off the head of the captain of the losing team and people watching the
game had to give their clothes and jewels to the winning team. The
most famous basketball team is American and is called the Harlem
Globetrotters.
I. Does each of these sentences say what each paragraph is about?
Check (✔) for True or (✖) for False.
1. Paragraph 1 (…………..)
Basketball is a popular game for all kinds of people.
2. Paragraph 2 (…………..)
Basketball gets its name from a high basket on the field.
3. Paragraph 3 (…………..)
Many people do not like watching basketball because they have to give
up their clothes and jewels to the winning team.
4. Paragraph 4 (…………..)
Basketball is played only in America.
II. Find words in the story nearest in meaning to these phrases.
1. A round object to play with. …………………………..

2. Something that people play. …………………………..
3. Look at for a time.
…………………………..
4. Not heavy. …………………………..
III. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
Teams Invented Popular easily

Winning Rules Bat change
Exciting
Invented the game of basketball.
1. Dr. Naismith …………….….
2. All games have ………….…….
Rules .
Bat
3. Nobody uses a …………….…. in basketball.
Teams
4. Dr. Naismith wanted to invent a game for two………….……. of
players.
Popular
5. Football is a very …………….…. game in most countries.
Exciting
6. I saw an …………….…. football game yesterday.
Change
7. We cannot …………….…. the rules of a game just because we
want to.
Winning
8. It is playing the game that is important, not just …………….…. .
IV. Choose the correct word.
1. The (captain – player) asked the sailors to work at night.

2. I like playing with oilier people in a (basketball – team).
3. She is a very (light – nice) person. She is good, and kind, and
friendly.
4. A ship is a (small – large) boat.
V. Choose the correct word from the following pairs of words and write
each one in the correct blank.
everyone/someone game/basketball groups/teams

made/invented dangerous/safe
Everyone
1. Basketball is a game for …………….…. .
Invented
2. It is quite a new game – it was ………………. in 1891.
3. It was invented by Dr. Naismith who wanted to start a
……………….
Game for people to play at any time of the day and
anywhere.
Teams
4. Players play in …………….…. and try to throw a large ball into a
high basket.
5. Basketball is very like an old game played in Mexico but that
Dangerous
game was quite ………………. .
Football World Cup
A very interesting event happened during the 1986 football World Cup
in Mexico. On June 22 Argentina and England played against each
other in the semifinals. Fans and players for both teams felt very
strongly about this match. Only four years earlier, England and
Argentina fought a war over the Falkland Islands. Since England had
prevailed in the conflict many Argentinians saw this game as a chance
for revenge, English football fans were equally passionate about
winning the game because they saw it as a good chance to win the
World Cup.
The first half of the match was closely contested, and at half-time the
score was 0-0. Only six minutes into the Second half, however, an
Argentine star player named Maradona was running with the ball
towards the goal at the same time as the English goalkeeper was
running out of his goal. The tall English goalkeeper put his arm up to
hit the ball away but the shorter Maradona jumped up towards the ball
with his arm up. The ball suddenly changed direction and went into the
English goal. To everyone watching the game, it looked as if Maradona
had illegally hit the ball with his hand or arm.
However, the referee claimed that he did not see it and so he allowed the
goal. After the game, Maradona famously told porters the goal was
scored "a little by the head of Maradona and a little by the hand of
God." England ended up losing the game to Argentina 2-1. English fans
were furious but it was too late. The Argentines eventually went on to
beat West Germany on June 29th to win the World Cup.
1. According to the article, where was the World Cup held?
A) In Mexico B) in Argentina C) in England D) in America
2. The word "conflict" is closest in meaning to:

A) Game B) battle C) context D) contact
3. "They" refers to:

A) English players B) English football fans C) Argentinian football fans
D) Argentinian players
4. The word "suddenly" is closest in meaning to :

A) Slowly B) softly C) stupidly D) instantly
5. The phrase "looked as if" is closest in meaning to:

A) Enjoyed B) appeared C) cared D) behaved
6. The word "claimed" is closest in meaning to.

A) Rejected B) watched C) insisted D) shouted
7. According to the article, who won the World Cup in 1986?

A) West Germany B) it does not say C) Argentina D) England.
8. According to the article, who was running towards the goal?

A) The referee B) Maradona C) The English goalkeeper D) The
Argentinian goalkeeper
Sports
There are many different kinds of sports that are undertaken by a wide
variety of different people. Some people do sport for their career and
other people purely do sport for enjoyment and recreation. Some
sports, like cricket, require the use of a lot of equipment, while others
need very little in order to successfully play a game in that sport. Some
people use public playing fields to play sport for free, while other sports
such as squash, tennis and table tennis are usually paid for on an hourly
basis in the comfort of a local leisure centre.
Most sports are played with a round object often known as a ball. Some
sports use more than one ball and snooker is one of the unique sports
that make use of a number of balls while being played. The game itself
is often controlled by an impartial individual known as an umpire in
cricket and a referee in sports like football and rugby. Most sports have
a duration of not more than a few hours, however some athletic
tournaments can last for up to a week and a game of cricket can be five
days in duration before a winner is announced. Some people prefer to
watch sport. This can either be done by going to a stadium, a local
leisure centre, park or on the television. It is often cheaper to watch
sport from the comfort of a person’s home than to visit the stadium or a
special event. Some sports, such as football and cricket, are really
popular in the United Kingdom but not in the USA. In the USA people
play basketball and baseball.
However, most countries put aside time to compete in world sporting
events such as the football world cup or the Olympics, which occur
every four years. Nowadays, people who suffer from any kind of
disability are also encouraged to participate in sport and most sport
equipment is adapted to suit the needs of a disabled person. This means
sport is something that can be enjoyed no matter the physical ability of
the person. The para-olympics takes place a week after the main event
and it is equally popular. Participation in sporting activity is
encouraged by doctors and at schools given the beneficial impact it has
on the health of the individual that participates, and it is for this reason
and the competitive nature of individuals that sport remains a very
popular activity worldwide.
1) Which sport requires the use of a lot of equipment?

A) Football B) Athletics C) Cricket D) Rugby
2) What sport is popular in the United Kingdom?
A) Baseball B) Cricket C) Basketball D) Athletics
3) What sport is popular in the United States?
A) Cricket B) Baseball C) Football D) Squash
4) What sport can last longer than a day in duration?
A) Football B) Baseball C) Rugby D) Cricket
5) How often is the Olympics held?
A) Every year B) Every two years C) Every four years D) Every day
The Importance of Sport for the Children's Health
Sport helps children to develop both physically and mentally. Physical

activity should be part of our daily life. Practicing any kind of sport
from an early age helps children in many ways, for example, group
activities improve interaction and social integration. It also improves
the mental level and promotes a healthy lifestyle in adulthood, as the
habits we acquire as children are often to stay. Sports have multiple
healthy benefits. If we talk on a psychological or personality level,
sports activities (especially those done in groups) help children to
strengthen their social self-esteem, and allow them to understand the
importance of having and respecting the rules.
Another aspect to consider is what type of sport or activity will suit best
the child considering his/her conditions and abilities. A more timid and
shy child is likely to get better at a sport where she/he has to relate to
peers*. To a more active one, an individual sport such as tennis can help
better develop her/his ability to concentrate. One of the perhaps most
relevant issues is the importance of physical exercise, not only in
children but also in young and old people, because moderate daily
physical exercise helps prevent overweight and obesity.
Taking into account the growth of the percentage of children and young
people with obesity and overweight in the Western world, the inclusion
of sport in the family routine becomes almost mandatory. Sport can also
have the power to help us rest. For all those fathers and mothers of
active children, try to get them to run every day playing soccer, or
swimming or any other activity that keeps them physically active. They
will fall asleep in bed in a matter of seconds and you, dads and moms,
too.
1. Children who practice sports ________.
a) Are more likely to understand why something can't be done.
b) Tend to reinforce the social abilities of the team.
c) Know more about their own self-esteem than children who don't.
2. Which of these statements is NOT true?
a) Playing tennis can help children focus their attention.
b) Practicing sports during childhood will encourage good health
decisions later in life.
c) The positive experiences that sports bring play an important role only in
a young person's life.
3. The author believes that _________.
a) Children should be obliged to participate in sports at school.
b) Parents should be forced to include sports with their children in their
schedules.
c) Parents with obese children must practice sports.
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a) Practicing sports together can help all the members of the family sleep
better.
b) Parents of active children should consider participating in sports in
order to relax appropriately.
c) Active children will be able to sleep more easily if they play sports daily.
5. According to the text,__________.
a) By playing sports, children understand the power of hard work.
b) When practicing sports, children learn that in order to achieve their
goals they have to obey their coach.
c) Sports are particularly helpful for children who have no discipline.
The Bermuda Triangle (Part I)
The Bermuda Triangle occupies a disturbing and almost unbelievable

place in the world's catalog of unexplained mysteries. More than a
hundred planes and ships have vanished in this area into the air since
1945, and more than a thousand lives have been lost, without a single
body or even a piece wreckage from the vanishing planes or ships
having been found. Many of the planes concerned have vanished while
in normal radio contact with their base until the very moment of their
disappearance, while others have radioed the most extraordinary
messages, implying that they could not get their instruments to function,
that their compasses were spinning, that the sky had turned yellow and
hazy on a clear day, and the ocean, which was calm nearby, didn't look
right without further clarification of what was wrong.
1. One can infer from the reading that ----.

A) The wreckages of some ships and planes have been found in the
Bermuda Triangle
B) The number of incidents involving lost ships is no larger than that of
any other heavily traveled region of the world
C) The ships and the planes couldn't contact with their base due to the
lack of equipment.
D) The weather in Bermuda Triangle is always stormy
E) The first mention of disappearances in the area was made in 1945
2. It is pointed out in the passage that ----.
A) Thousands of people lost their lives in the Bermuda Triangle in 1945
B) All of the disappearances happened during the day time
C) The Bermuda Triangle mystery was solved in 1945
D) Most of the missing planes could contact with their base by their own
special means until the very moment of disappearing
E) The ocean floor near Bermuda, highly unexplored, is host to many
strange phenomena
The Bermuda Triangle (Part II)
On December 5, 1945, nineteen Navy airplanes took off from Fort

Lauderdale, Florida, on a training mission were last known to
haveflown east out into the Atlantic Ocean. These planes, however, were
never seen again.
This incident is just one of many disappearances that occurred in "The
Bermuda Triangle," a triangular region in the Atlantic marked by
Florida, Puerto Rico, and Bermuda. You cannot find this name on a
mapbecause is not official. However, many people believe that there is
something strange about this triangle because so many boats and
airplanes have disappeared without a trace in the past century. The
number of such mysterious disappearances was such that some people
came to call this place "Devil's Triangle."
Maybe all of these accidents were just a result of coincidence. Perhaps
there really was a reasonable explanation for all these disappearances.
But some still argue that there must be some othersupernatural reason
for all this because the number of ships and planes that got lost in this
region is too large to be thought of as mere "accidents."
1. The main idea of this passage is that the Bermuda Triangle is
.
a. famous for its beaches
b. known for many disappearances
c. a very nice place to visit
2. The best title for this passage would be .
a. Lost in the Bermuda Triangle
b. A Visit to the Bermuda Triangle
c. Taking a Look at Devil's Triangle
3. The nineteen planes that took off from Florida on December 5,
1945. .
a. successfully completed their mission
b. were never seen again
c. flew to the west of the Atlantic
4. The reason for the disappearances in the Bermuda Triangle
.
a. is not known for sure
b. was because of the devil
c. was due to supernatural causes
5. The Bermuda Triangle is .
a. listed on official map
b. different from the Devil's Triangle
c. known for many strange disappearances
Foreign language
Did you ever wonder why it is so difficult for adults to learn a new
language? Every year, millions of grownups around the world spend a
handsome amount of money to learn a foreign language. But not many
of them succeed in becoming fluent speakers. This is because it is
difficult to pick up a new language after a certain age. On the other
hand, little children learn foreign languages without much difficulty.
This is because they have a special ability that helps them to learn
languages fast. This ability weakens as people grow old. Think of how
little time it takes for children to learn their native language. If you
have the desire to learn another language, you should begin as soon as
possible. Remember: the longer you wait, the harder it will become.
1. The main idea of this passage is that the Bermuda triangle is …..
a. Very easy for adults to learn languages.
b. Better to learn a foreign language when you're young.
c. Languages are very hard to learn.
2. The best title for this passage would be ….
a. Built-in abilities.
b. Children and grownups.
c. Languages: the younger the better.
3. Children learn languages fast because they ….
a. Are smaller than adults.
b. are smarter than grownups.
c. have a special ability.
4. Every year, adults spend a lot of money to …
a. Learn a foreign language.
b. become younger.
c. speak their native language.
5. If you wish to learn a foreign language, you should ….
a. Become younger.
b. learn from children.
c. begin as soon as possible.
Improving my English
I started (1) ______ English when I was 14 years old after five years of
studying Russian. In the (2) ______ I encountered some difficulties
learning the language, but I tried my (3) ______ to overcome them.
Firstly, my English pronunciation was (4) ______ by the way I spoke
Russian. To solve this problem, I practised by listening to tapes in
English every day. I played the tape, stopped after each sentence, and
(5) ______ the sentence several times.
At school, I joined an English speaking club (6) ______ was organized
by a teacher from Britain. She understood my difficulty and helped me
very much in improving my pronunciation. Secondly, I found it really
hard to learn English vocabulary.
In Russian, the way you write the word is the way you pronounce it.
However, English spelling is often (7) ______ from its pronunciation. To
get over this difficulty I started using the dictionary. Whenever I learnt
a new word, I looked it (8)______ carefully in the dictionary. Then I
tried to remember the way to read and write the word. After that, I
wrote the word down several (9) ______ in a notebook. Gradually, I got
(10) ______ to the spelling system of the language. Now I'm confident
that my English has become much better.
1. A. getting B. learning C. writing D. reading

2. A. start B. beginning C. end D. begin
3. A. most B. self C. best D. hard
4. A. effected B. given C. affected D. reflected
5. A. said B. told C. spoke D. repeated
6. A. which B. it C. and D. but
7. A. different B. the same C. far D. differ
8. A. down B. on C. out D. up
9. A. ways B. times C. minutes D. lines
10. A. used B. remembered C. well D. attracted
Harry Potter
Harry Potter is an orphan who lives with his aunt and uncle. They don't
treat him very well. He has to sleep in a small closet under the stairs.
His life is quite boring and uneventful. Then one day on Harry's
birthday, a letter arrives for Harry, but his uncle destroys it. Yet the
letters keep coming. Finally, 100 letters arrive. They are all invitations
to study at Hogwarts’s Wizard School. Harry’s uncle just does not have
enough energy to destroy them. So he finally gives one to Harry. Harry
accepts the invitation. He leaves his aunt and uncle's house. He comes to
a wonderful place. At the school he learns many things. He hatches a.
Dragon, plays the aerial sport Quidditch, and casts spells. He makes
many friends .Finally, he meets his destiny. His life is exciting and
eventful.
1. The main idea of this passage is that …..
a. Harry experiences two different ways of living. b. Harry Potter will
save the world. c. Harry is a brilliant wizard who learns much.
a. The coming of a New Day. b. Harry Potter, the Wizard King .
c. The two lives of Harry Potter.
3. Harry's aunt and uncle probably…..
a. don't take good care of him. b. love Harry as much as their own
children. c. pretend he doesn't live with them .
4. One day Harry gets 100 letters. This seems to be because …
a. it is his birthday. b. his uncle would destroy the letter
c. his parents died.
5. Hogwart's Wizard School is ….
a. a place where students become geniuses. b. a place where students
learn to be wizards. c. a place where students learn to cook.
Why do we yawn?
Bears yawn. Camels yawn. Most mammals yawn. Why do we yawn? No

one really knows the answer. We do know that everyone yawns in the
same way. First you open your mouth slowly. Your mouth stays open
for about five seconds. Then you quickly close your mouth. We also
know that yawning is contagious, or catching. When you see someone
yawn, you yawn, too. Many people say that they yawn because they are
bored or tired. This might be true. However, we know that people also
yawn when they are excited or nervous. Olympic runners, for example,
often yawn before a race. Why is that? Some scientists believe that
yawning makes you more alert. When you yawn, you breathe more
deeply. You also stretch the muscles in your face and neck. Maybe this
makes you feel more alert. Scientists don't spend much time studying
yawning. That is probably because yawning doesn't hurt. It is just
something we do.
1. Some people yawn quickly, and some people yawn very slowly.
a. True b. false. c. not given in the passage.
2. You can't yawn when you are excited.

3. When you yawn, your breathing changed.

4. People only yawn, when they are bored.

5. Many different kinds of mammals yawn.

The other Hollywood
Say the word 'Hollywood' and we think of the movies, long limousines
and famous people living in luxury on Beverly Hills. But there's another
Hollywood which we don't hear about, it's the part of Hollywood where
the homeless live. Hollywood is America's unofficial homeless capital
and between 4,000 and 10,000 homeless teenagers sleep on Hollywood
Boulevard every night, that's about one tenth of Los Angeles' homeless
population.
Over half of the people aged under 25 and living on the streets leave
their family homes because of abuse. They might feel frightened, or
even think they are responsible for it. Many teenagers don't know
where to look for help, and the only way out of the situation may seem
to be to run away from it.
For many teenagers Hollywood seems like an escape from their difficult
home life. They arrive with the dream that they will become movie stars
and lead the glamorous lifestyle that they see in the movies. However,
the reality is that thieves steal their money in the first week, and many
soon become involved in buying and selling drugs in order to survive.
Some teenagers become gang members and either end up in prison, or
dead because gang culture is very violent in America. So the dream that
teenagers arrive with, and the reality they find, are very different.
Movies create the image of Hollywood which we all have. Are they
responsible for what happens to homeless teenagers on Hollywood
Boulevard? Some campaigners for the homeless believe that they are
and have organized protests at Hollywood studios. London's Big Issue
magazine recently asked Steven Spielberg's office, Warner, and
Colombia Studios to comment on the problem of homeless teenagers in
Hollywood, but none of them believed that they were responsible. Every
day the studios continue to make movies and teenagers keep coming to
Hollywood full of hope and dreams.
I. Match the words with their definitions.
Word Definition
1. Homeless A. attractive and exciting
2. teenager B. a group of young people who are often
involved in crime or drugs
3. abuse C. without a home
4. frightened D. to leave a place when someone is trying to
catch or stop you
5. escape E. scared
6. glamorous F. to continue to live after an accident, war, or
illness
7. lifestyle G. someone who is between 13 and 19 years old
8. survive H. cruel or violent treatment of someone
9. gang I. the way a person or a group of people live
II. Read the article and write answers to the following questions
1. How many homeless teenagers live in Hollywood?
2. What is the reason that many young people run away from home?
3. What attracts young people to Hollywood?
4. What are the dangers for homeless people in Hollywood?
The number thirteen
Many people believe that the number 13 is not a lucky number. This is
why many hotels do not have a 13th floor. The floors go from 2 to 14,
and there is no number 13. Some people will never sit at a table with 12
other people. They will tell someone to go or ask another person to sit
with them at their table.
No one really knows why people in so many countries do not like the
number 13. Perhaps one reason is that when people began to count, they
used ten fingers and two hands. This made 12. They could not count
higher than this.
Some Christians say that 13 is not lucky because there were 13 people at
a meal the day before Jesus was killed. In a story about the old Greek
gods, 12 gods were asked to a meal but one more came. This made 13
gods. The story says that this is why the god Balder, who was at the
meal, was killed.
I. Fill in the circle of the correct answer.
1. The story is about ………. .
Ⓐ the death of Jesus
Ⓑ the person who killed the Greek god Balder
Ⓒ the way people count with their fingers
Ⓓ why 13 is not a lucky number
II. Find words in the story that you can use to complete these sentences.
1. I'm going to stay in a ……...…. for my holidays.

2. We have ten …………………...…. on our hands.
3. I won a holiday. I'm a very ……………. person.
4. The baby tried to climb up on to the ………….
III. Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. Why do many hotels not have a 13th floor?

2. How many people at a table is not lucky?
3. What did people use to count with?
4. What happened to the god Balder?
5. How many reasons does the writer give for people not liking the
number 13?
6. What does the word ‘This’ refer to in line 8?
Math
Ask any student which subject he or she hates most. 9 out of 10 students
will probably answer "math." No matter which country you visit, no
matter which grade you are in, you may not learn art, geography,
chemistry, or biology, but you always learn math. Why is this so? How
come so many students hate math, and yet cannot avoid learning in
school? Jenny Sanders, a high school student in California, asks,
"what good do we get from learning math? We can use calculators to
compute numbers, and we can use computers to crunch data. I think
learning math at school is a waste of time." However, there is much
more to math than just learning to add and subtract numbers. In fact,
math is not so much about calculation as it is about learning to think
logically and solving problems. of course , jenny was right that we can
use computers to do calculations, but how would we even know how to
use the computer if we can't think logically? In short, computers are-
only tools when solving problems. For example, imagine you are a cook
and must serve dinner to 100 guests. How should you divide your
resources so that you can get the job done most efficiently? in situations
like this, the ability to think logically will get you to a reasonable
answer and solve your problem.
1. The main idea of this passage is that …..

a. We learn math to think logically. b. people use computers to calculate
numbers. c. students do not like to learn math.

a. Why do we learn Math? b. computers and Math.
b. cooking and Math.
3. According to the passage, Jenny Sanders…..

a. can use the calculator and computer very well. b. loves to learn
math at school. c. doesn't understand why we learn math.
4. Math is important because …

a. it helps us solve problems. b. we learn to calculate numbers.
c. everyone should know how to serve dinner.
5. According to the passage, math is about ….

a. adding numbers. b. thinking logically. c. serving food.
Weight-loss camps
The first weight-loss camp for young people in the UK opened in July
1999. So, is a stay at a weight-loss camp frightening or fun? Darren
Debono is sweet-natured and doing well at school. He wants to be an
actor or a police officer. Unfortunately, most people are more interested
in his size than his personality. Darren is 5 feet 10 inches (1.75 metres)
tall and weighs 20 stone (127 kilograms). He is twice his ideal weight. He
is teased about his weight by children at his school so he has decided to
attend Britain's first weight-loss camp for obese children.
Weight problems among children in Britain are increasing. In 1996

about 5 per cent of children in Britain were overweight. In the year
2000, 10 per cent of British children were obese and 20 per cent or more
were over their ideal weight. Obese children are often bullied at school
and may have health problems when they become adults. Most doctors
blame the problem on too much junk food, computer games and TV.
Each morning at the camp, the children do three hours of activities like
football, hockey and rugby. After lunch they do another sport like
basketball. They have lessons on nutrition and cooking as well as
discussions where they talk about how they're feeling and progressing.
Everyone is equal and gets a lot of help. Most kids leave the camp with
lots of new friends and feeling healthier and happier than before.
I. Match the words with their definitions.
Word Definition
1. sweet-natured A. too heavy or fat
2. size B. a dish made of lamb with mashed potatoes on
top
3. to tease C. to frighten or hurt a weaker person
4. obese D. how big someone or something is
5. overweight E. a small amount of food that you eat between
meals
6. to bully F. to make fun of someone
7. nutrition G. a portion of food at a meal
8. to progress H. so fat that it may cause health problems
9. shepherd's pie I. nice, kind
10. helping J. to develop or improve
11. snack K. the study of human diet
II. Read the text and answer the questions.
1. Why isn't Darren popular?

2. Why has Darren decided to go to a weight-loss camp?
3. What does Darren want to do when he leaves school?
4. Why is being obese bad for teenagers?
5. What do doctors think has caused the increase in obesity in
Britain?
Computers in everyday life
Computers are part of our everyday lives. They have an effect on
almost everything you do. When you buy groceries at a supermarket, a
computer is used with laser and barcode technology to scan the price of
each item and present a total. Barcoding items (clothes, food, and
books) requires a computer to generate the barcode labels and maintain
the inventory. Most television advertisements and many films use
graphics produced by a computer. In hospitals, beside terminals
connected to the hospital’s main computer allow doctors to type in
orders for blood tests and to schedule operations. Banks use computers
to look after their customers’ money. In libraries and bookshops,
computers can help you to find the book you want as quickly as
possible.
I. Tick ( ) the computer uses mentioned in the article.
home ( _____ ) art ( _____ )
hospitals ( _____ ) banking ( _____ )
engineering ( _____ ) libraries ( _____ )
shopping ( _____ ) film-making ( _____ )
advertising ( _____ ) schools ( _____ )

II. Match the places in column A with the computer uses in column B.
A B
1. Banks A. control machines
2. factories B. calculate the bill
3. homes C. look after patient records and
medicines
4. hospitals D. provide entertainment and
information
5. shops E. control our money
Language work: Articles
Study theses nouns:
a supermarket – technology – a computer – money
Supermarket and computer are countable nouns.
We say a supermarket and supermarkets.
Technology and money are uncountable nouns. They have no plural and
you cannot use them with a or an.
Study this paragraph:
Computers have many uses. In shops a computer scans the price of each
item. Then the computer calculates the total cost of all the items.
We use a plural noun with no article, or an uncountable noun, when we

talk about things in general.
Computers have many uses.
Information technology is popular.
We use a/an when we mention a countable noun for the first time. When
we mention the same noun again, we use the.
In shops a computer scans the price of each item. The computer then
calculates the total cost.
We use the with countable and uncountable nouns to refer to specific

things.
The price of each item.
The total cost of all the items.
The speed of this computer.
IV. Fill in the gaps in this paragraph with a/an or the where necessary.
The Walsh family have ________ computer at home. Their son uses
________ computer to help with ________ homework and to play
________ computer games. Their student daughter uses ________
computer for ________ Projects and for ________ email. All ________
family use it to get ________ information from ________ internet.
Laughter is the Best Medicine
At least nine out of every ten illnesses are caused — or at least made
worse — by stress, pressure and anxiety. It seems that the way we
respond to problems and troubles can produce many symptoms of ill
health. But although our minds can make us ill, they can also make us
better and help us to stay healthy. There are a number of ways in which
you can use your mind to improve your health:
1. Laugh as much as you can. Laughter is a positive, natural
phenomenon which helps by improving respiration, lowering blood
pressure and ‘toning up’ the heart.
2. Put purpose into life. By adding ambition, hope and purpose, you’ll
give yourself new powers with which to combat the stresses and strains
associated with frustrations, boredom and pressure
3. If you feel sad, then cry. Research has shown that tears don’t just
provide an important stress relief valve — they help the body get rid of
harmful chemical wastes
4. Anger is a killer. Diseases such as high blood pressure, strokes and

heart disease are all common consequences of uncontrolled anger. Find
a positive way to release it, such as through physical exercise or talking
about your problems.
5. A lack of confidence can be very destructive, so build it up. You can

do this by imagining that you are creating an advertisement for
yourself, writing down all your good points. You’ll probably be
surprised to find out how many virtues you have.
Choose the correct answer:

1- Nine out of every ten illnesses are caused by (a- microbes b- Stress c-
cold weather)
2- Stress means (a- influenza b- stomach ache c- anxiety)
3- Laughter is a positive, natural phenomenon which helps by

improving (a- respiration b- hair and nails c- bones)
4-Laughter (a. causes b- adds to c- combats) stresses and strains

associated with frustrations, boredom and pressure.
5- . If you suppress your natural feeling to cry, then you are

(aincreasing b- decreasing c- freezing) your chances of acquiring stress.
6- Diseases such as high blood pressure, strokes and heart disease are
all common consequences of uncontrolled (a- appetite b-anger
claughing)
7- A lack of (a- money b- friends c- confidence) can be very destructive.
Choose (T) or (F)
1- Laughter is a negative, natural phenomenon.

2- Put purpose ambition, hope into life.
3- If you feel sad, then laugh.
4- Tears help the body get rid of harmful extra fats.
5- Physical exercise or talking about your problems release anger.
Akhnaton
In the mysterious land of Egypt - with its pyramids and Pharaohs,

there was once a pharaoh whose life became an archetype of many men
throughout time. He was known by different names - Amenophis IV,
Amenhotep IV, but most popularly as Akhnaton. He lived during a
powerful time in Egypt's history; at the height of its wealth and worldly
influence. Akhnaton has become known as "the most remarkable
individual figure in the history of Egyptian religion". This is likely due
to his teaching a "one god" religion. The god was called Aton.
Akhnaton was the son of Amenhotep the Third and Queen Tiy. Queen
Tiy was believed to be of Hebrew decent, as was Akhnaton's bride
Nefertiti. Perhaps this was the source of the *one god* ideas later found
in Akhnaton's beliefs. The Egyptians were always interest in the
Hebrew religion. He shut down the previous temples and worship. He
removed the images and names of old gods from the temples,
monuments, wherever they were represented. The new forms of
humans in art became more life-like, as opposed to previous artwork,
which often portrayed humans as unreal or as the Egyptians believed -
godlike. Even Akhnaton's images were known to be the most accurate
known in Egyptian history. He built a new city for this new god and
moved the capital there. Man's talents were believed to be direct gifts
from Aton whom they called the god of life.
The worship of Aton took the form of nature and sun worship. But
there were people from the previous believers that continued to oppose
Akhnaton. Akhnaton was eventually removed from his position as
pharaoh, leaving his son, the now famous (boy) King Tut to reign. Tut's
death and short reign was followed by his military leader, General
Horemheb. Horemheb decidedly removed nearly every recognition of
Akhnaton's existence from Egyptian history.
Choose the correct answer:
1- Pyramids and Pharaohs existed in (a- Mexico b- Sudan c- Egypt)
2- Akhnaton was known by different names such as (a- Amenophis

IV b- Ramses II c- Cleopatra) 3- Akhnaton believed in the "one god"
religion. The god was called ( a-Aton. B- Amon c- Zeus)
4- Queen Tiy was believed to be of (a- Hebrew b- Roman c- Arabic)

decent.
5- Soon after his rise to power, he began teaching his ( a- polytheistic

b- monotheistic c- atheistic) religion dedicated to Aton.
6- Akhnaton’s mother’s name was ( a- Ti b- Tiy c- Nefertiti)

7- The worship of Aton took the form of nature and (a- sun b- moon
c- scorpion) worship. Choose (T) or (F)
1- Amenhotep IV, is another name for Akhnaton
2- Akhnaton lived during the downfall time in Egypt's history
3- He dedicated his new religion to Amon
4- He built a new city for this new god and moved the capital there.
5- Akhnaton's images were known to be the most deformed known in
Egyptian art
6- Horemheb immortalized every recognition of Akhnaton's existence
in Egyptian history.
Healthy Diet
Keeping healthy means doing things that are good for your body –
things like eating nutritious foods, exercising, brushing your teeth and
getting enough sleep.
A balanced diet means that your body is getting all the nutrients it
needs. Brushing your teeth at least twice a day helps prevent tooth
decay. Exercising for around 30-60 minutes each day means that you'll
stay fit and burn the right amount of calories. Keeping healthy means
caring for your body so you have enough energy to learn, play and
grow. All foods contain nutrients that your body needs to stay active
throughout the day. Some foods have more nutrients than others.
Everyone should have their '5 a day' – this means five portions of fruit
and vegetables, to get the right amount of nutrients.
A 'portion' means the amount of food that fits in your hand. When you
eat more than what your body needs to keep healthy and energized
during the day, you can put on too much weight. In addition to your 5 a
day, you also need portions of other food groups like carbohydrates,
water, fiber, minerals and fats. It's important that you get the right
amount of each food group, which is called a balanced diet. Your diet is
another word for the food that you eat – too much of one food group
and too little of another food group can mean that your body isn't
healthy.
It's important not to eat too much sugar and salt: sugary foods are bad
for your teeth and can be fattening, and salty foods can lead to heart
disease. Keep your mouth happy by brushing and flossing to have
healthy teeth and gums.
Adults can keep healthy by avoiding things like alcohol and nicotine
from cigarettes. Both of these can cause dangerous diseases.
It's important to have 30-60 minutes of exercise every day. This can be
little things like running around your back garden, playing games with
your friends or even doing chores at home! It's important to drink
plenty of water during the day. Your body is mostly made of water!
Keeping healthy isn't just about eating the right foods – it's about
getting exercise too. This doesn't have to mean becoming an Olympic
athlete – it just means playing a game of tag outside with your mates, or
walking up stairs instead of taking the elevator, or trying out for sports
at school. You should get 30-60 minutes of exercise every day.
True or false.
1- Keeping healthy means doing things that are not good for your
body.
2- Exercising for around an hour each day means that you'll stay fit.
3- Everyone should have their '3 a day' – this means three portions
of fruit and vegetables, to get the right amount of nutrients.
4- It's important to eat too much sugar and salt.
5- Adults can keep healthy by avoiding things like alcohol and
nicotine from cigarettes.
6- Our body is mostly made up of water .
Complete the sentences.
7- Keeping healthy means______________.

a- drinking alcohol
b- eating a lot of sweets
c- exercising
d- eating junk food
8- You need_________ portions of fruit and vegetables every day to

get the right amount of nutrients.
a- Five b- three c- four d- two
9- Getting the right amount of each food group is called a
_________.
a- Meal
b- Breakfast
c- fast food
d- balanced diet
10- Our body is mostly made up of___________.

a- Nutrients
b- Water
c- Food
d- vegetables
11- Keeping healthy – it's _______________________ too.

a- sleeping the whole day
b- playing computer games
c- getting exercise
d- eating a lot of sugar
12- You can put on too much weight when _____________

a- you do sports
b- you eat more than your body needs
c- keep the diet
d- exercise every day
Flossing
It is bad to have food stuck between your teeth for long periods of time.
This is because food attracts germs, germs produce acid, and acid hurts
your teeth and gums. Flossing helps to remove the food that gets stuck
between your teeth. This explains why flossing helps to keep your
mouth healthy, but some doctors say that flossing can be also good for
your heart.
It may seem strange that something you do for your teeth can have any
effect on your heart. Doctors have come up with a few ideas about how
flossing works to keep your heart healthy. One idea is that the germs
that hurt your teeth can leave the mouth and travel into your blood.
Germs that get into the blood can then attack your heart. Another idea
is based on the fact that when there are too many germs in your mouth,
the body tries to fight against these germs. For some reason, the way the
body fights these mouth germs may end up weakening the heart over
time.
Not every doctor agrees about these ideas. Some doctors think that the
link between good flossing habits and good heart health is only a
coincidence. A coincidence is the occurrence of two or more events at
one time apparently by mere chance. The incidence of these events is
completely random, as they do not admit of any reliable cause and
effect relationship between them. For example, every time I wash my
car, it rains. This does not mean that when I wash my car, I somehow
change the weather. This is only a coincidence. Likewise, some doctors
think that people who have bad flossing habits just happen to also have
heart problems, and people who have good flossing habits just happen
to have healthy hearts.
The theory that flossing your teeth helps to keep your heart healthy
might not be true. But every doctor agrees that flossing is a great way to
keep your teeth healthy. So even if flossing does not help your heart, it is
sure to help your teeth. This is enough of a reason for everyone to floss
their teeth every day.
Questions
1) Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A. Why Doctors Disagree about Flossing
B. How to Keep Your Teeth Healthy
C. Flossing Your Way to a Healthy Heart
D. Flossing by Coincidence
2) Flossing effectively helps to keep your mouth healthy by preventing
A. germs from producing acid
B. food from entering your body
C. germs from entering into your blood
D. acid from contacting your teeth and gums
3) In paragraph 2, the author introduces ideas about how flossing works

to keep your heart healthy.
Exactly how many of these ideas does the author put forth in this
paragraph?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
4) Based on information in paragraph 2, it can be understood that

germs in the mouth may harm your
heart by
I. getting into the blood that flows to the heart
II. forcing the body to fight against too many of them

III. causing food to get stuck in the arteries
A. l only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, and III
5) In paragraph 2, the author explains how having too many germs in

your mouth can "end up
weakening the heart." Using the passage as a guide, it can be

understood that with respect to the
actual way in which this occurs, doctors are
A. reluctant to hypothesize
B. confident in their estimations
C. extremely knowledgeable
D. uncertain but speculative
6) In paragraph 3 the author writes, "Not every doctor agrees about

these ideas." The author's purpose
in writing this sentence is to
A. provide an example
B. introduce a new topic
C. change a previous statement
D. clarify an earlier assertion
7) Using information in paragraph 3 as a guide, which of the following

is the best example of a
coincidence?
A. Jim wakes up with a sore throat. He eats a piece of bacon for
breakfast. By noon, he feels much
better. Jim decides that the bacon has cured his sore throat.
B. Laura remembers to brush her teeth every day, but she only
remembers to floss once a week.
She writes a note to herself, reminding herself to floss and sticks it to

her bathroom mirror.
C. Mario is not very good at baseball. He practices playing every day.

After a several months of
practice, he is a much better baseball player.
D. Jai has a bad heart. Her doctor tells her to eat more vegetables and
less junk food. After nearly a
year of doing this, the doctor tells Jai that her heart is doing much
better.
8) Based on its use in the final paragraph, it can be inferred that theory
belongs to which of the
following word groups?
A. query, question, interrogation
B. assertion, declaration, affirmation
C. hypothesis, supposition, belief
D. idea, thought, notion
9) Which of the following best states the main idea of the final
paragraph?
A. Because doctors do not agree that flossing will help your heart, it is
useless to floss.
B. It is a fact that flossing can help your heart as well as your teeth.
C. Even if flossing is only good for your teeth, you should still do it
every day.
D. There is no good reason to believe that flossing will help your heart,
but it is still a good idea to do
it every day.
Answers
1) C
2) D
3) B
4) B
5) D
6) D
7) A
8) C
9) C
Computers
Computers are capable of doing extremely complicated work in all

branches of learning. They can solve the most complex mathematical
problems or put thousand unrelated data in order. These machines can
be put to varied uses. For instance, they can provide information on the
best way to prevent traffic accidents.
They work accurately and at high speed. They save research workers’
years of hard work. This whole process by which machines can be used
to work for us has been called ‘automation’. In future, automation may
enable human beings to enjoy more leisure than they do today.
The coming of automation is bound to have important social

consequences. Some years ago, an expert on automation, Sir Leon
Bagrit pointed out that it was a mistake to believe that these machines
could think. There is no possibility that human beings will be controlled
by machines. Though computers are capable of learning from their
mistakes and improving on their performances, they need detailed
instructions from human beings to be able to operate. They can never
lead independent lives or rule the world by taking decisions of their
own.
Sir Leon said that in future, computers would be developed which

would be small enough to be carried in one’s pocket. Ordinary people
would then be able to use them to obtain valuable information.
Computers could be plugged into a wireless network and can be used
like radios. For instance, people going on holiday, could be informed
about weather conditions. Car drivers can be given an alternative route,
when there is a traffic jam. It will also be possible to make tiny
translating machines. This will enable people, who do not share a
common language, to talk to each other without any difficulty or to read
foreign publications.
It is impossible to assess the importance of a machine of this sort, for

many international misunderstandings are caused simply due to our
failure to understand each other. Computers will also be used in
ordinary public hospitals. By providing a machine with a patient’s
system, a doctor will be able to diagnose the nature of his illness.
Similarly machines could be used to keep a check on a patient’s health
record and bring it up-to-date. Doctors will, therefore, have immediate
access to great many facts which will help them in their work.
Bookkeepers and accountants too could be relieved of dull clerical
work. For the tedious task of compiling, and checking lists or figures
could be done entirely by machines. Computers are the most efficient
servant man has ever had and there is no limit to the way they can be
used to improve our lives.
Q. Answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate

options:
1. Tick the correct option:

1. There is no possibility that human beings can be
on their own with no need of machines.
2. Human beings are likely to be controlled by
machines one day.
3. There is no possibility that human beings will ever
be controlled by machines.
4. Machines can replace humans.
2. Tick the correct option:
1. Computers can solve only certain mathematical
problems.
2. Computers can’t solve any mathematical
problems.
3. Computers can solve the most complex
mathematical problems.
4. Computers can solve only simple mathematical
problems.
3. Computers can be used:
1. to find treatment for the patient’s illness.
2. to prescribe a medicine for the patient.
3. to diagnose the nature of patient’s illness.
4. to keep the patient in good mood.
4. Many international misunderstandings are caused due to
our failure to understand
1. ourselves.
2. other nations.
3. our friends.
4. each other.
5. The antonym of the word ‘complicated’ is
1. difficult
2. simple
3. easy
4. strange
6. The verb form of the word ‘alternative’ is
1. alternate
2. alter
3. late
4. elate
Robots
A robot is a machine. But it is not just any machine. It is a special kind

of machine. It is a machine that moves. It follows instructions. The
instructions come from a computer. Because it is a machine, it does not
make mistakes. And it does not get tired. And it never complains.
Unless you tell it to!
Robots are all around us. Some robots are used to make things. For
example, robots can help make cars. Some robots are used to explore
dangerous places. For example, robots can help explore volcanoes.
Some robots are used to clean things. These robots can help vacuum
your house. Some robots can even recognize words. They can be used to
help answer telephone calls. Some robots look like humans. But most
robots do not. Most robots just look like machines.
Long ago, people imagined robots. Over 2,000 years ago, a famous poet
imagined robots. The poet’s name was Homer. His robots were made of
gold. They cleaned things and they made things. But they were not real.
They were imaginary. Nobody was able to make a real robot. The first
real robot was made in 1961. It was called Unimate. It was used to help
make cars. It looked like a giant arm.
In the future, we will have even more robots. They will do things that
we can’t do. Or they will do things that we don’t want to do. Or they
will do things that are too dangerous for us. Robots will help us fight
fires. They will help us fight wars. They will help us fight sickness. They
will help us discover things. They will help make life better.
1) As used in paragraph 1, we can understand that something special is

NOT
A. normal
B. expensive
C. perfect
D. tired
2) According to the author, robots may be used to
I. make cars
II. explore volcanoes
III. answer telephone calls
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, and III
3) What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?
A. to show how easy it is to make a robot
B. to tell what a robot is
C. to describe the things a robot can do
D. to explain the difference between a robot and a machine
4) According to the passage, when was the first real robot made?
A. 1961
B. 1900
C. 2003
D. 2000 years ago
5) Using the information in the passage as a guide, which of these gives

the best use of a robot?
A. to help make a sandwich
B. to help tie shoes
C. to help read a book
D. to help explore Mars
6) Which of these statements correctly summarizes how the author of

this passage feels about robots? A. Robots are old.
B. Robots are confusing.
C. Robots are helpful.
D. Robots are dangerous.
7) Near the end of the passage, the author says that "In the future, we
will have even more robots." The author concludes by telling us that
robots "will help make life better." What do you think about this? Do
you think this is true? Will robots help make life better? Why or why
not? Explain.
English in India
India has two national languages for central administrative purposes:

Hindi and English. Hindi is the national, official, and main link
language of India. English is an associate official language. The Indian
Constitution also officially approves twenty-two regional languages for
official purposes.
Dozens of distinctly different regional languages are spoken in India,

which share many characteristics such as grammatical structure and
vocabulary. Apart from these languages, Hindi is used for
communication in India. The homeland of Hindi is mainly in the north
of India, but it is spoken and widely understood in all urban centers of
India. In the southern states of India, where people speak many
different languages that are not much related to Hindi, there is more
resistance to Hindi, which has allowed English to remain a lingua
franca to a greater degree.
Since the early 1600s, the English language has had a toehold on the
Indian subcontinent, when the East India Company established
settlements in Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai, formerly Madras,
Calcutta, and Bombay respectively.
In India, English serves two purposes. First, it provides a linguistic tool

for the administrative cohesiveness of the country, causing people who
speak different languages to become united. Secondly, it serves as a
language of wider communication, including a large variety of different
people covering a vast area. It overlaps with local languages in certain
spheres of influence and in public domains.
English has special national status in India. It has a special place in the
parliament, judiciary, broadcasting, journalism, and in the education
system. One can see a Hindi-speaking teacher giving their students
instructions during an educational tour about where to meet and when
their bus would leave, but all in English. It means that the language
permeates daily life. It is unavoidable and is always expected, especially
in the cities.
The importance of the ability to speak or write English has recently

increased significantly because English has become the de facto
standard. Learning English language has become popular for business,
commerce and cultural reasons and especially for internet
communications throughout the world. The call centre phenomenon has
stimulated a huge expansion of internet-related activity, establishing the
future of India as a cyber-technological super-power. Modern
communications, videos, journals and newspapers on the internet use
English and have made ‘knowing English’ indispensable.
The "prevailing view" seems to be that unless students learn English,

they can only work in limited jobs. Those who do not have basic
knowledge of English cannot obtain good quality jobs. They cannot
communicate efficiently with others, and cannot have the benefit of
India’s rich social and cultural life. Men and women who cannot
comprehend and interpret instructions in English, even if educated, are
unemployable. They cannot help with their children’s school everyday
homework or decide their revenue options of the future.
A positive attitude to English as a national language is essential to the

integration of people into Indian society. There would appear to be
virtually no disagreement in the community about the importance of
English language skills. Using English you will become a citizen of the
world almost naturally. English plays a dominant role in the media. It
has been used as a medium for inter-state communication and
broadcasting both before and since India’s independence. India is,
without a doubt, committed to English as a national language. The
impact of English is not only continuing but increasing.
Choose the best answer:
1- According to the writer, the Indian constitution recognises
a- 22 official languages. b- Hindi as the national language.
c- 2 national, official languages. d- only one national language.
2- English's status as a lingua franca is helped by
a- its status in northern India.
b- the fact that it is widely understood in urban centres.
c- the fact that people from the south speak languages not much related
to Hindi.
d- it shares many grammatical similarities with Hindi.
3- 'toehold' means that English
a- dominated India.
b- changed the names of some cities in India.
c- has had a presence in India.
d- has been in India longer than any other language.
4- Hindi-speaking teachers
a- might well be heard using English.
b- only use English.
c- only use English for instructions.
d- do not use English.
5- 'the prevailing view', suggests that
a- the view is correct.
b- the view is held by the majority

c- the view is incorrect.
d- the view is held by the minority.
6- English in India
a- is going to decrease.
b- has decreased since independence.
c- causes disagreement.
d- is going to have a greater importance.
7- The homeland of Hindi is mainly in:
a- the north of India b- the east of India
c- the south of India d- the west of India
8- In the southern parts of India
a- Hindi is well assimilated
b- People tend to use English more
c- Hindi is completely prohibited
d- Both English and Hindi are replaced by a different language
9- English has started to exist in India
a- since the early 1400s.
b- since the early 1500s
c- since the early 1600s
d- since the early 1700s
10- Indians who do not have basic knowledge of English
a- get better jobs

b- receive salaries in foreign currency
c- work for longer hours
d- are usually unemployed
Dirty Britain
Before the grass has thickened on the roadside verges and leaves have
started growing on the trees is a perfect time to look around and see just
how dirty Britain has become. The pavements are stained with chewing
gum that has been spat out and the gutters are full of discarded fast
food cartons. Years ago I remember travelling abroad and being
saddened by the plastic bags, and discarded bottles at the edge of every
road. Nowadays, Britain seems to look at least as bad. What has gone
wrong?
The problem is that the rubbish created by our increasingly mobile lives
lasts a lot longer than before. If it is not cleared up and properly thrown
away, it stays in the undergrowth for years; a semi-permanent
reminder of what a withered little country we have now.
Firstly, it is estimated that 10 billion plastic bags have been given to

shoppers. These will take anything from 100 to 1,000 years to rot.
However, it is not as if there is no solution to this. A few years ago, the
Irish government introduced a tax on non-recyclable carrier bags and
in three months reduced their use by 90%. When he was a minister,
Michael Meacher attempted to introduce a similar arrangement in
Britain. The plastics industry protested, of course. However, they need
not have bothered; the idea was killed before it could draw breath,
leaving supermarkets free to give away plastic bags.
What is clearly necessary right now is some sort of combined initiative,

both individual and collective, before it is too late. The alternative is to
continue sliding downhill until we have a country that looks like a vast
municipal rubbish tip. We may well be at the tipping point. Yet we
know that people respond to their environment. If things around them
are clean and tidy, people behave cleanly and tidily. If they are
surrounded by squalor, they behave squalidly. Now, much of Britain
looks pretty squalid. What will it look like in five years?
Vocabulary
Verge: border, edge
Stain: smirch
Gutter: ditch for flow of water
Discard: get rid of
Undergrowth: a dense growth of plants, especially under trees
Withered: in a poor condition
Rot: decay
Protest: express objection
Initiative: action
Collective: done by a group
Alternative: another possibility
Slide downhill: decline
Squalor: filth
Squalid: filthy
Choose the best answer
1- The writer says that it is a good time to see Britain before the trees
have leaves because
a- Britain looks perfect
b- you can see how gorgeous Britain is now.
c- you can see how dirty Britain is now.
d- the grass has thickened on the verges.
2- According to the writer, things used to be
a- worse abroad.
b- the same abroad.
c- better abroad.
d- worse, but now things are better abroad.
3- For the writer, the problem is that

a- rubbish is not cleared up
b- rubbish last longer than it used to
c- our society is increasingly mobile
d- Britain is a tatty country.
4- Michael Meacher
a- followed the Irish example with a tax on plastic bags.
b-tried to follow the Irish example with a tax on plastic bags.
c- made no attempt to follow the Irish example with a tax on plastic

bags.
d- had problems with the plastics industry who weren't bothered about
the tax.
5- The writer thinks

a- it is too late to do anything.
b-we are at the tipping point.
c-there is no alternative.
d-we need to work together to solve the problem
6- The writer thinks that

a-people are squalid.
b-people behave according to what they see around them.
c-people are clean and tidy.
d-people are like a vast municipal rubbish tip
7- "squalor" is an antonym for
a- dirtiness
b- filth
c- rubbish
d- cleanliness
8- the opposite of collective is
a- individual
b- group
c- collateral
d- congregational
9- the phrase " sliding downhill" suggests that things are

a- getting worse
b- getting better
c- coming to a halt
d- flourishing
10- Michael Meacher was a/an
a- parliament member
b- prime minister
c- minister
d- ambassador
Cheating and Plagiarism
Students are responsible for familiarizing themselves with the

University Code of Student Conduct, as on enrollment with the
University, the student has placed themselves under the policies and
regulations of the University and all of its duly constituted bodies.
Academic dishonesty is never condoned by the University. This includes

cheating and plagiarism, which violate the Student Conduct Code and
could result in expulsion or failing the course.
Cheating includes ,but is not limited to, obtaining or giving

unauthorized help during an examination, getting unauthorized
information about the contents of an examination before it is
administered, using unauthorized sources of information during an
examination, altering or falsifying the record of any grades, altering or
supplying answers after an examination has been handed in, falsifying
any official University record, and misrepresenting the facts to get
exemptions from or extensions to course requirements.
Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to, submitting any paper or other
document, to satisfy an academic requirement, which has been copied
either in whole or in part from someone else’s work without identifying
that person; failing to identify a documented idea that has not been
thoroughly assimilated into the student's language and style, or
paraphrasing a passage so closely that the reader could be misled as to
the source; submitting the same written or oral material in different
courses without obtaining authorization from the lecturers involved; or
'dry-labbing', which includes obtaining and using experimental data
from fellow students without the express consent of the lecturer,
utilizing experimental data and laboratory write-ups from other parts
of the course or from previous terms during which the course was
conducted, and fabricating data to fit the expected results.
Vocabulary
Duly: in due manners
Constituted: established by law
Condone: allow (behavior) to continue
Plagiarism: academic piracy, falsification, or dishonest copying
Violate: breach
Code: a systematic collection of laws or regulations
Expulsion: dismissal
Unauthorized: illegitimate
Alter: change
Exemption: being free from obligations
Assimilated: absorbed
Paraphrase: express the meaning using different words

Dry labbing: The act of supplying fictional yet plausible results in lieu
of performing an assigned experiment
Consent: permission
Utilize: make effective use of.
Fabricating: make up typically with deceitful intent
Choose the best answer:
1- Cheating and plagiarism could lead to
a- awarding students b- dismissal from the class
c- failing the course d- b&c
2- The word "Code" in the passage refers to a set of
a- laws b- characters
c- symbols d- cyphers
3- The following are considered cheating except:
a- giving unauthorized help during an examination
b- falsifying the record of any grades
c- altering answers after an examination has been handed in
d- using a book in an open book examination
4- The act of supplying fictional yet plausible results in lieu of

performing an assigned experiment is considered
a- paraphrasing b- condoning
c- dry labbing d- assimilating
5- "violate" can be best replaced by

a- breach b- conform
c- obey d- comply
6- Submitting the same written or oral material in different courses

without obtaining authorization from the lecturers involved is
a- cheating b- academic honesty
c- straightforwardness d- plagiarism
7- The synonym of "unauthorized" is
a- illegitimate b-legitimate
c- acknowledged d- lawful
8- to" express the meaning using different words" is to
a- utilize b- condone
c- expel d- paraphrase
9- to avoid plagiarism, students should
a- submit any copied document without identifying the source
b- not identify a documented idea that has not been thoroughly

assimilated into the student's language and style
c- paraphrase a passage so closely that the reader could be misled as to

the source
d- submit the same material in different courses after

obtaining authorization from the lecturers involved
10- The antonym of "consent" could be
a- rejection b-approval
c- permission d- authorization
No time for READING
This is an age of speed! Technological advance has brought jet

airplanes and streamlined trains whizzing over transportation lines,
helicopters carrying the mail, missiles hurtling through space;
telegraphs, long-distance phones, radio, television, telstar and flashing
communications. These are just a few examples of the Revolution in
Speed, which is hastening us along in its breathless velocity.
As for reading, thousands of newspapers, hundreds of magazines

and dozens of books roll from the presses daily, speeded by
technological invention. Yet no one has enough time to read as much as
he would wish. We hurry all day long - workers hurry to their jobs in
the morning and they hurry through the working hours in an attempt to
accomplish as much as possible. After work they hurry home to hurry
out in the evening to a business dinner, a social function, or one of
many fascinating diversions. There is more reading to be done than ever
before and less time in which to do it! What is the answer? Not more
time in which to read, but the ability to read more in the time we have.
It is advisable for parents to read to their children at preschool

and early primary levels. When they read to a child from story books,
comic strips, and children's magazines, he becomes aware that books,
magazines, and newspapers hold something of interest and amusement
for him. He also comes to realize that this "something" which he enjoys
is tightly locked within symbols, and that these symbols can be unlocked
only when one knows how to read. This awareness and interest form a
springboard from which he can leap into learning to read in school, and
into the voluntary reading of self-selected books.
Parents, however, should not continue reading to their child year

after year as he passes through the elementary grades. If the child can
only get his reading pleasure through his parents' efforts, he may not
have much incentive for doing the reading himself. Parents should
decrease their reading to the child as he learns to read and put him on
his own as soon as possible
EXERCISE 1:Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the

same as:
moving forward in a purposeful way.
move quickly with a whistling sound
speed
out of breath
achieve
a recreation or pastime.
having knowledge or perception
entertainment
closely and firmly
jump
acting of one's own free will
motive
EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1-Technological advance
a-made people's lives easier, but caused many of them to feel anxious
because of its speed
b-made speed the characteristic of our age, reflecting it onto our everyday
life as well
c-left people no time to read, and as a result television viewing became so
commonplace
d-decreased interest in reading though reading materials increased in
number enormously
2-At work, as well as in their personal lives, people

a-have to acquire different skills to use the new machinery
b-should set aside more time for reading than they do for recreation
c-have to learn as much about the new technology as possible
d-have to act hurriedly so as to succeed in as many things as possible
3-The writer suggests that

a-people should find a way to increase the amount of their reading in the
limited time they are left
b-whatever the person's job is, he has to read to keep pace with the speed of
our age
c-the time spent on social functions and recreation can be reduced in order
to spare more time for reading
d-people should learn to make a good selection of what to read in the little
time they have
4- the following are examples of the Revolution in Speed except

a- streamlined trains
b- bicycles
c- helicopters
d- missiles
5- according to the passage, technology

a- caused the number of newspapers to increase
b- decreased the number of printed newspapers
c- had no influence on the number of newspapers
d- delayed the issuing of newspapers
6- Starting to read to a child at an early age

a-enables him to amuse himself with the comic strips
b-stimulates his wish to read by himself
c-makes it possible for him to select his own books
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d-is essential during the preschool period
7- If parents go on reading to the child despite his acquiring this ability

a-they may direct him, even if unconsciously, to appreciate what they
themselves do
b-the child can't learn to make a good selection of what to read
c-the child is likely to lack the motivation to read on his own
d-he can never be fluent in reading
8- Parents are advised

a- to teach the child to read before he starts elementary school
to start reading with amusing stories so that the child becomes more
interested in reading
b- to leave the child on his own when he no longer gets any pleasure from
being read to
c- to stop reading to the child when he starts elementary school so that they
don't interfere with the teacher's instructions
d- to stop reading to their child once he has sufficiently acquired reading
ability
9- "advisable" can be best replaced by

a- desirable
b- unwise
c- reversible
d- improper
10- the antonym of "voluntary" is

a- deliberate
b- obligatory
c- willful
d- unforced
TO BRING BACK LOST MEMORIES
Our unconscious mind contains many millions of past experiences

that, so far as our conscious mind knows, are lost forever. By means
of several devices, we now know how to bring back lost memories.
One method is "free association", used by psychiatrists. If a patient
lets his conscious mind wander at will, it can give him clues to
forgotten things which, if skilfully pursued by the doctor, will bring up
whole networks of lost ideas and forgotten terrors. There are certain
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drugs which also help in this process; hypnosis, too, can be of
tremendous value in exploring a patient's unconscious.
Many of the things you call memory problems, like forgetting your car
keys etc, are quite normal and can be solved with a bit of attention and
a better memory strategy. To keep your memories you need to store
them effectively and if you follow these few principles then you will be
able to remember more:
1.Believe in your memory — Too many people become members of the

‘Bad Memory Club’ and focus on the 5% of the time that their
memory fails them. If you think you have a bad memory, it means you
have a good one because you can remember where your memory has
gone wrong. Think about how much data you already have stored in
your memory. Think about what an incredible memory you need just
to have a conversation.
2. Get interested — As you get older you narrow your focus of

attention. You know what you are interested in and therefore focus
more on those things. Uninteresting things are not attended to and
therefore not remembered.
3. Practice single tasking. In this day and age we are filling our lives
up with interruptions, like social media. When you multitask, you
divide your attention and you will never be as effective as focusing on
only one thing at a time. Multitasking is a myth!
4. Bring information to life — We want to make information ‘sticky’
and the only way to do that is to surprise the mind by turning
information into an exciting movie or image. Just because you have
seen or heard something doesn’t mean it will stick, but if you use your
imagination the information will become more outstanding.
5. Connect to what you already know —If you connect the new
information to what you already know, you will strengthen your
memory network. If you consciously do this then the more you know
the easier it will be to get to know more. The older you get the more
general knowledge and references you acquire.
6. Review — As we get older we don’t review enough. The average

person will only remember about 18% of information just 28 days
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after studying it. That is why it’s important to go over information
that is stored in your memory in order to keep it fresh in your mind.
Exercise 1: Find words or phrases in the passage that mean the same as:
a- for all time
b- method for doing something, or getting an intended result
c- allow your thoughts to go from subject to subject: stop concentrating.
d- whenever, however, and as much as you want to
e- something which suggests the answer to, or gives information about a
problem
f- try to find more through questioning
g- large number of things that are connected to each other
h- something which causes very great fear
i- very great, very important
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer:

1- According to the passage, it is possible
a- to use drugs to cure patients of their past terrors.
b- to bring our lost memories to the surface through several methods
c- that psychological problems develop through the inability to forget
certain things.
d- that hypnotism can cause a patient to forget past terrors.
2- In the method of "free association"
a- unpleasant memories are pushed into the unconscious mind.
b- certain drugs are more effective than hypnotism.
c- all one's millions of past experiences are easily recalled
d- the patient's co-operation is needed.
3- We can conclude from the passage that
a- most psychological disorders are caused by the inability to forget certain
things.
b- only a skilful doctor can open up one's unconscious mind.
c- our unconscious mind only contains the things we don't want to
remember
d- many of one's past experiences are stored in one's unconscious mind.
4- Social Media is mentioned in the passage
a- because it helps connect people.
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b- as it is considered as an interruption of people's thoughts
c- for its ability to strengthen memory.
d- because it helps people multitask
5- The average person will only remember about.......of information
just 28 days after studying it
a- 18% b-5% c- 28% d- 30%
6- A medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of
mental illness is a/an
a- ophthalmologist b- orthodontist c-social worker d- psychiatrist
7- To move aimlessly is to
a- wander b- wonder c- haunt d- settle down
8- Something which suggests the answer to, or gives information about a
problem is a/an
a- clue b- memory c- means d- glue
9- To follow in order to obtain is to
a- ensue b- let go c- pursue d- give up
10- The following can be similar in meaning to "conscious" except
a- absentminded b- mindful c- aware d- attentive
11- The induction of a state of consciousness in which a person loses the
power of voluntary action and is responsive to direction is
a- psychiatry b- hypnosis c- anesthetization d- illusion
12- The opposite of "narrow" is to
a- decrease b- increase c- constrict d- limit
13 – The writer suggests that multitasking
a- is a myth
b- helps people retrieve memories
c- is extremely difficult
d- has a tremendous impact on one's mental state
14- Turning information into an exciting movie or image will
a- make information prone to forgetting
b- result in a foggy memory
c- cause someone to recall information easily
d- be mentally exhausting
15- memory problems, like forgetting your car keys
a- are a sign of a deteriorated memory
b- require quick medical interference
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c- are a result of multitasking
d- are nothing to worry much about
Exercise 3: complete the sentences by selecting words from EXERCISE 1.
1- I've decided not to the matter just now, but don't

think I've forgotten about it.
2-All of you have put effort into the campaign, so it's
thanks to you that everything is going so well.
3- The chairman has given us no as to what he's going to
say at the meeting, so we'll just have to wait and see.
4- The language teacher has a number of which she can employ
in order to get her students to speak.
5- The lecture was so boring that on several occasions I realized that my
attention had started to.........
mobile phone
Can talking on a mobile phone be hazardous to your health? It is difficult

to know for sure. Some research suggests that heavy users of mobile phones
are at a greater risk of developing cancerous brain tumours. However,
many other studies suggest there are no links between cancer and mobile
phone use.
The main problem with the current research is that mobile phones have
only been popular since the 1990s. As a result, it is impossible to study long-
term exposure to mobile phones. This concerns many health professionals
who point out that certain cancers can take over twenty years to develop.
Another concern about these studies is that many have been funded by the
mobile phone industry or those who benefit from it.
Over five billion people now use mobile phones on a daily basis, and many
talk for more than an hour a day. Mobile phone antennas are similar to
microwave ovens. While both rely on electromagnetic radiation (EMR), the
87
radio waves in mobile phones are lower in frequency. Microwave ovens
have radio wave frequencies that are high enough to cook food, and they
are also known to be dangerous to human tissues like those in the brain.
The concern is that the lower-frequency radio waves that mobile phones
rely on may also be dangerous. It seems logical that holding a heat source
near your brain for a long period of time is a potential health hazard.
Some researchers believe that other types of wireless technology may also
be dangerous to human health, including cordless phones, wireless gaming
consoles, and laptop or tablet computers with wireless connections. They
suggest replacing all cordless and wireless devices with wired ones where
possible. They also say that many cordless phones can emit dangerous
levels of Electromagnetic Radiation even when they are not in use. They
even suggest keeping electronic devices such as desk-top and tablet
computers out of the bedroom, or at least six feet from the head while we're
sleeping.
A growing number of health professionals worldwide are recommending

that mobile phone users err on the side of caution until
more definitive studies can be conducted. They use the example
of tobacco to illustrate the potential risks. Many years ago, people smoked
freely and were not concerned about the effects of cigarettes on their
health. Today, people know that cigarettes cause lung cancer, though it is
still unknown exactly how or why. Some doctors fear that the same thing
will happen with mobile phones. In May 2016, the UK's Independent
newspaper reported on research by the US government's National
Toxicology Program that showed a slight increase in brain tumours among
rats exposed to the type of radio frequencies commonly emitted by mobile
phones. This doesn't prove that mobile phones can cause brain tumours in
humans, but it does show that it's possible. As a result, many experts now
recommend texting or using head sets or speaker phones instead of holding
a mobile phone to the ear.
Vocabulary
Word Meaning
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Word Meaning
conduct verb to carry out an activity like a survey,

experiment, musical performance, etc.
definitive adj. certain; unlikely to be challenged or improved

upon
device noun a piece of technology with a specific purpose
electromagnetic electromagnetic energy that spreads in waves,

radiation (EMR) noun incl. light waves, radio waves, microwaves, X-
rays, etc.
err on the side of to not take a risk, esp. when you're unsure of
caution idiom the level of danger
fund verb to provide money or a budget for something
gaming console noun a hand-held device used for playing video games
hazardous adj. likely to cause health problems; dangerous
illustrate verb 1. to use examples, evidence, records, etc. to

explain something
2. to draw
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Word Meaning
logical adj. rational, reasonable or making good sense
long-term close proximity to a hazard for a long time

exposure phrase
mobile phone noun a wireless telephone with a network connection
potential adj. possible, esp. in the future
tissue noun a group of cells in the body that work together
tobacco noun dried leaves smoked in cigarettes, cigars and

pipes
1. According to the text, do mobile phones lead to brain tumours?
a. Yes, definitively
b. Definitively not
c.Too early to say
2. The text mentions the 1990s because this was when mobile phones
a. were invented
b.caused cancer
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c. became popular
3. Why does the article mention microwave ovens?
a. They also use EMR

b. They cause tumours
c. They can be wireless
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the article?
a. video game consoles

b. digital televisions
c. laptop computers
5. If mobile phones are shown to be hazardous, the mobile phone industry's

profits will
a. increase
b. decrease
c. stay the same
6. Which are NOT a form of electromagnetic radiation?
a. sound waves
b.radio waves
c. microwaves
7. Many experts say electronic devices should be at least six feet from our
heads when we're
a. keeping them
b. using them
c. sleeping
8. Many health professionals say we should be careful until _______ studies

on safety are done.
a. definitive
b. logical
c. scientific
9. How is mobile phone use compared to tobacco use in this article?
a. Both cause brain tumours

b. Both need long-term studies
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c. They are equally hazardous
10. Which is recommended when using a mobile phone?
a.Holding it to your ear

b.Doing a handstand
c.Using a headset
1. My grandparents walk _____ twenty minutes a day.

a) for b) since
2. How long is it _____ you visited your grandparents?
a) for b) since
3. We have been dating _____ a long time.
a) for b) since
4. That lady has been waiting for the bus _____ noon.
a) for b) since
5. I studied for this test _____ three days straight.
a) for b) since
6. My family has lived here _____ last March.
a) for b) since
7. She has worked there _____ she finished college.
a) for b) since
8. I have been calling you _____ half-an-hour.
a) for b) since
9. Lisa and Jill have been at the library _____ a long time.
a) for b) since
10. My teacher has been sick _____ last Monday.
a) for b) since
Driverless Cars Coming Soon
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You are driving to school. You look up to see a pretty, hot air balloon.
Whoa! You almost went through a stop sign! In a driverless car, you can
look at the balloon. The car sees the stop sign without your help and stops
the car. Car makers and others are already testing driverless cars or AVs
(automated vehicles) in the U.S. and other countries. Some companies are
working together on driverless technology. Intel (USA) is working with
BMW (Germany) and Mobileye (Israel) on a driverless car. Google (USA)
and Nissan (Japan) are making their own driverless cars. In the U.S. car
makers can test AVs in Florida, California, Nevada, and the District of
Columbia. Driverless cars may be for sale by 2025!
Google’s name for its driverless system is “chauffeur.” It’s a good

name because a chauffeur is a person who drives your car and takes you
places. Google’s chauffeur system drives your car and takes you places, but
it is not a person! The Google chauffeur system takes the place of the
human chauffeur.
Most cars already have some driverless technology like the Anti-Lock
Braking System (ABS). When a car is slipping on an icy road, the ABS can
tap the brakes quickly. The wheels turn slowly but do not stop. The driver
can then steer the car to safety.
Many cars also have parallel parking technology. These cars can park
themselves along a street. No driver is needed. As cars get more driverless
technology, they will be safer than cars with a driver. Driverless cars can
move closer together on the road than cars with drivers. This may make
driving on busy roads safer. Also, AVs don’t get sleepy or text on their
phones while driving. Google’s driverless cars have been on the road since
2009 without a major crash.
A driverless car can see the road better than people with the help of
radar, cameras, and lasers. Radar helps the car see things up to 100 meters
away even in darkness or rain. Cameras help the car see objects that are
close. Lasers that work like radar, called lidar, spin on the roof and build a
3D model of the world around the car.
Automated vehicles use a GPS to find the best way from one place to
another. All the information from the radar, cameras, lasers, and the GPS
goes to the Controller Area Network bus. A bus is a network that lets all
those devices talk to one another. The CAN bus uses the information to
steer the car and to tell the car to go or stop.
There are some problems with AVs. Hackers may take over the car.
There will probably be fewer jobs for people who drive taxis and trucks. A
93
robo taxi can find you and take you to your destination without a taxi
driver. AV trucks may roll along highways without a truck driver.
In the future, both vehicles with drivers and vehicles without drivers
may share the road. You will have a choice. You can be the driver of your
car, or you can look out the window while the car drives you.
1. _______ is the name of Google’s driverless system.
a. Driven
b. Balloon
c. Chauffeur
2. _______ technology like ABS is already in many cars.
a. Dumb
b. Parallel
c. Driverless
3. Cameras, radar and _______ work together to let a driverless car "see"
the road.
a. 3D
b. ABSd
c. lasers
4. Thanks to _______ , AVs can see up to 100 meters away even at night.
a. ABS
b. radar
c. phones
5. AVs could be taken over by
94
a. Google
b. hackers
c. balloons
The connection between too much sugar and not sleeping well
If you find yourself eating too much added sugar and unhealthy fats, it
might be because you're not getting enough sleep, according to a study
published Monday in the Journal of the American Heart Association.
Researchers from Columbia University's Irving Medical Center

examined the associations between measures of sleep quality and the
dietary patterns of nearly 500 women who participated in the AHA Go Red
for Women program, a year-long study of sleep patterns and
cardiovascular risk in women. What they found was that the poorer their
quality of sleep, and the less they slept, the more the women consumed
added sugars, saturated fats and caffeine.
According to the researchers, the findings are important because

women are at high risk for obesity and sleep disorders, which can both be
driven by a high intake of food. Foods high in added sugars and unhealthy
fats are also linked to health conditions and diseases, including type 2
diabetes, heart disease and obesity.
"In our modern society, we oftentimes work late, we eat our meals late
and sometimes sleep is kind of put by the wayside in terms of how
important it is to our overall healthy lifestyle," said Dr. Brooke Aggarwal,
senior author of the study and assistant professor of medical sciences at
Columbia University's Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.
"Our study really highlights the importance of good, quality sleep for the
management of body weight as well as potentially preventing heart disease
among women."
Nearly 500 women between the ages of 20 and 76 were examined for their
95
sleep patterns and the quality and quantity of their food intake.
Participants self-reported how they were sleeping and eating using

questionnaires. They were asked how frequently each item was consumed
over the past year in addition to how much they usually ate according to
portion size guidelines. Over a third of the women studied had poor sleep
quality or some level of insomnia. Nearly 30% slept less than seven hours
per night and nearly 25% slept less than seven hours per night but also
struggled with insomnia. The average sleep time among all the women was
less than seven hours.
1. What percentage of the women in the study had some form of bad
sleep or insomnia?
a.about 35%
b.about 10%
c. about 50%
2. Did the women who slept badly consume more meat?

a. The article doesn't say
b. Yes
c. No
3. Foods high in added sugars and unhealthy fats ____________.

a.were not consumed by any of the participants b.were consumed
more by women who slept well
c.can contribute to several illnesses
4. According to the study, those who didn't sleep well

______________.
a. ate less sugar
b. ate more sugar
c. ate less fat
5. The study was done as part of research on ______________.

a. mental health
b. heart health
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c. digestive health
Arabic
Arabic is a Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries
CE. It is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the
Arabs. There are nearly thirty varieties of Arabic, including Classical
Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and local dialects. Arabic, in its
standard form, is the official language of 26 states, as well as the liturgical
language of Islam, since the Quran was written in Arabic. During the
Middle Ages, Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in
science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European
languages have also borrowed many words from Arabic which has
influenced many other languages around the globe throughout its history.
Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Urdu,
Kurdish, Pashto, Albanian, Armenian, Sicilian, Spanish, Greek, Bulgarian,
Hausa and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has
borrowed words from other languages, including Hebrew, Greek, Aramaic,
and Persian in medieval times and languages such as English and French in
modern times. Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims, and
Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of
Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers
(native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken
language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet from
right to left. Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters.
*Choose the correct answer:
1- Arabic is a (Semitic – Hamitic – Babylonian) language.
2- Arabic is the (first- third- fifth) most spoken language in the world.
3- In paragraph two, the word "which" refers to ( A European language –
Arabic – philosophy )
4- Arabic alphabet has (22 – 28 – 29) letters.
97
5- In paragraph one the term "lingua franca" means ( a common language
–difficult language – an old language ).
7- Another word for "major" is (officer – minor – main).

8- "influenced" in paragraph two can be replaced by ( infuriated-
affected- infected)
9- (lent – extracted – exchanged) is the opposite of " borrowed".
10- "combined" is an antonym for ( gathered- accumulated –
separated).
11- Arabic is written from right to left ( like – unlike – unlikely) English.
Diabetes
(1) There are two types of diabetes, insulin dependent and non-insulin-
dependent. Between 90–95% of the estimated 13–14 million people in the
United States with diabetes have noninsulin-dependent, or Type II,
diabetes. Because this form of diabetes usually begins in adults over the age
of 40 and is most common after the age of 55, it used to be called adult-
onset diabetes. Its symptoms often develop gradually and are hard to
identify at first; therefore, nearly half of all people with diabetes do not
know they have it. For instance, someone who has developed Type II
diabetes may feel tired or ill without knowing why. This can be particularly
dangerous because untreated diabetes can cause damage to the heart, blood
vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. While the causes, short-term effects, and
treatments of the two types of diabetes differ, both types can cause the
same longterm health problems.
(2) Most importantly, both types affect the body’s ability to use
digested food for energy. Diabetes does not interfere with digestion, but it
does prevent the body from using an important product of digestion,
glucose (commonly known as sugar), for energy. After a meal, the normal
digestive system breaks some food down into glucose. The blood carries the
glucose or sugar throughout the body, causing blood glucose levels to rise.
In response to this rise, the hormone insulin is released into the
bloodstream and signals the body tissues to metabolize or burn the glucose
for fuel, which causes blood glucose levels to return to normal. The glucose
that the body does not use right away is stored in the liver, muscle, or fat.
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(3) In both types of diabetes, however, this normal process
malfunctions. A gland called the pancreas, found just behind the stomach,
makes insulin. In people with insulin-dependent diabetes, the pancreas does
not produce insulin at all. This condition usually begins in childhood and is
known as Type I (formerly called juvenile-onset) diabetes. These patients
must have daily insulin injections to survive. People with non-
insulindependent diabetes usually produce some insulin in their pancreas,
but their bodies’ tissues do not respond well to the insulin signal and,
therefore, do not metabolize the glucose properly, a condition known as
insulin resistance.
(4) Insulin resistance is an important factor in non-insulin-dependent

diabetes, and scientists are searching for the causes of insulin resistance.
They have identified two possibilities. The first is that there could be a
defect in the insulin receptors on cells. Like an appliance that needs to be
plugged into an electrical outlet, insulin has to bend to a receptor in order
to function. Several things can go wrong with receptors. For example, there
may not be enough receptors to which insulin may bind, or a defect in the
receptors may prevent insulin from binding. The second possible cause of
insulin resistance is that, although insulin may bind to the receptors, the
cells do not read the signal to metabolize the glucose. Scientists continue to
study these cells to see why this might happen.
(5) There’s no cure for diabetes yet. However, there are ways to
alleviate its symptoms. In 1986, a National Institute of Health panel of
experts recommended that the best treatment for non-insulin-dependent
diabetes is a diet that helps one maintain a normal weight and pays
particular attention to a proper balance of the different food groups. Many
experts, including those in the American Diabetes Association, recommend
that 50–60% of daily calories come from carbohydrates, 12–20% from
protein, and no more than 30% from fat. Foods that are rich in
carbohydrates, like breads, cereals, fruits, and vegetables, break down into
glucose during digestion, causing blood glucose to rise. Additionally, studies
have shown that cooked foods raise blood glucose higher than raw,
unpeeled foods. A doctor or nutritionist should always be consulted for
99
more of this kind of information and for help in planning a diet to offset the
effects of this form of diabetes.
Questions:
1.According to the passage, what may be the most dangerous aspect of Type
II diabetes?
a. Insulin shots are needed daily for treatment of Type II diabetes.
b. Type II diabetes may go undetected and, therefore, untreated.
c. In Type II diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin.
d. Type II diabetes interferes with digestion.
2. Which of the following are the same for Type I and Type II diabetes?
a. treatments
b. long-term health risks
c. short-term effects
d. causes
3. According to the passage, one place in which excess glucose is stored is

the…..
a. stomach.
b. insulin receptors.
c. pancreas.
d. liver.
4. A diet dominated by which of the following is recommended for non-

insulin-dependent diabetics?
a. protein b. fat c. carbohydrates d. raw foods
5. Which of the following is the main function of insulin?
a. It signals tissues to metabolize sugar.
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b. It breaks down food into glucose.
c. It carries glucose throughout the body.
d. It binds to receptors.
6. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main theme of

the passage?
a. Type I and Type II diabetes are best treated by maintaining a high-

protein diet.
b. Type II diabetes is a distinct condition that can be managed by

maintaining a healthy diet.
c. Type I diabetes is an insidious condition most harmful when the

patient is not taking daily insulin injections.
d. Adults who suspect they may have Type II diabetes should

immediately adopt a high carbohydrate diet.
7. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a possible problem

with insulin receptors in insulin-resistant individuals?
a. Overeating causes the receptors to function properly.
b. There may be an overabundance of receptors present.
c. A defect causes the receptors to bind with glucose.
d. A defect hinders the receptors from binding with insulin.
8. According to the passage, in normal individuals, which of the following

processes occur immediately after the digestive system converts some
food into glucose?
a. The glucose is metabolized by body tissues.
b. Insulin is released into the bloodstream.
c. Blood sugar levels rise.
d. The pancreas manufactures increased amounts of insulin.
9. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following best

describes people with Type I diabetes?
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a. They do not need to be treated with injections of insulin.
b. They comprise the majority of people with diabetes.
c. Their pancreases do not produce insulin.
d. They are usually diagnosed as adults.
10. What is the closest meaning of the underlined word offset in the final
sentence of the passage?
a. counteract b. cure c. soothe d. erase
Listening Practice:
Listen to the following conversation about the human body then do the
exercises to practice and improve your listening skill.
Retrieved from: Infographic shares Sunfiber’s health and formulation

benefits (taiyointernational.com)
1. What do you understand from this conversation?

2. What do they speak about?
3. How many cells you have in your body?
4. Did you know that you probably have mites in your eyelashes?
Open the MP3 file and listen once again to this conversation:
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B1_amazing_facts (1).mp3
Give the meaning of the following words:
mites - loads – cells – bacteria - digest – mathematical - weird – nothingness

- a tiny cube – eyelashes- harmless
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. Only about one tenth of the cells in your body are ...
A. alive. B. really you c. bacteria.
2. Bacteria are mostly ... A. really helpful. B. bad for humans. C.

neither good nor bad.
3. Animals need bacteria to ... A. fight diseases ---b. provide energy. c.
digest food.
4. You have …… cells in your body.
a. 7 million --- b.7 trillion ---c.7 octillion
Conversation transcript:
A: Hey, I’m reading this really interesting article about the human body.
B: Yeah? Well, we know all about that from biology lessons.
A: No, we didn’t learn much at all at school! They’re discovering loads
more things all the time. Really amazing things! Did you know that only
about one tenth of the cells in your body are really you? The rest are
bacteria.
B: What? I’m not really me?
A: No, of course you are you, but you also have millions, or trillions, of
bacteria in you.
B: Eeeeuuugh!
A: No, they’re mostly really helpful. Someone did an experiment to see if
animals can live without bacteria, and he found that a lot of them died or
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had to have a special diet. Animals need bacteria to digest food, you see. So
we’re better off with bacteria.
B: Unless the bacteria are bad.
A: Unless they are bad, but they’re nearly all good. Oh yeah, and going
back to cells, do you know how many cells you have in your body?
B: Quite a lot, I’d say. A good few.
A: Yeah, but how many?
B: I don’t know. I’m not mathematical.
A: 7 octillion! That’s 7 plus 27 noughts.
B: I knew it was a lot.
A: OK, that’s an amazingly huge number, almost impossible to imagine. But
the really weird thing is that most of the atoms are empty space, just air or
nothingness. And if you took out the empty space, you could fit your body
inside a tiny cube which measures one 500th of a centimetre on either side.
That’s a box measuring 0.002 of a centimetre on each side. You’d be much
too small to see.
B: Mmm, I can imagine that. It sounds like something that would happen in
a really bad Hollywood movie. You know, a mad scientist goes: (funny voice)
‘I’m going to extract all the air from your body’. OK, enough facts for one
day.
A: Don’t go! One last thing, did you know …
B: No.
A: Did you know that you probably have mites in your eyelashes?
B: Mites in my eyelashes? What are mites exactly anyway?
A: Yeah, they’re very small creatures, like insects, only not insects. They’re
about a third of a millimetre long, so you can’t really see them. These
particular mites live in eyelashes and eyebrows.
B: But in mine?
A: Well, maybe not. Only about 50% of people have them, and more older
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people. So you might not have any. Anyway, they’re completely harmless,
they just eat dead skin.
B: Yeah, right, harmless. I really would have preferred not to know that.
A: Sorry.
B: I mean, really!
Vocabulary Test
1. “I can’t ___ my passport. Have you seen it?”

a) fill c) find
b) order d) offer
2. “The weather is ___ today. Let’s stay inside.”
a) simple c) rich
b) awful d) close
3. The man ___ the basketball into the air.
a) threw c) checked
b) cleared d) lent
4. Every year, many ___ travel to Paris to visit its
famous places.
a) schedules c) instructions
b) churches d) tourists
5. Masa put the pot on the ___ to warm it up.
a) sauce c) stove
b) screen d) scarf
6. It might rain today, so bring your ___ .
a) umbrella c) entrance
b) jewelry d) telephone
7. They live two kilometers ___ from the train
station.
a) outside c) around
b) away d) along
8. You must have a ___ to drive a car.
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a) license c) concert
b) video d) uniform
9. It was ___ outside so we could not see well.

a) regular c) empty
b) noisy d) foggy
10. “It’s a ___ that Peter can’t come to the party. I
wanted to see him.”
a) type c) pity
b) sign d) wish
11. We used the ___ to go to the tenth floor of the
building.
a) elevator c) ceiling
b) closet d) traffic
12. Mandeep often borrows books from the ___ .
a) scissors c) library
b) occupation d) telephone
13. If we don’t ___ , we’ll be late.
a) worry c) visit
b) hurry d) shout
14. While the teacher spoke, her students listened
and took ___ .
a) shorts c) office
b) place d) notes
15. The child was ___ because his toy was broken.
a) tidy c) upset
b) thin d) modern
Decide if the following pairs of words are synonyms or antonyms

1- worthy – precious
2- snooty – overweening
3- sassy – decent
4- gist – core
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5- comely – ugly
6- inn – pub
7- steer – lead
8- braid – pigtail
9- verge – heart
10- cruise – fixed
11- cordial – tough
12- wiseacre – pedantic
13- meager – potent
14- defunct – vibrant
15- cozy – chilling
16- gorgeousness - glamour
17- amicable – violent
18- dipstick – idiot
19- fertile – sterile
20- rareness – abundance
21- outlandish – bizarre
22- threshold - sill
23- competence - deficiency
24- purge – dross
25- expiration - initiation
26- expatriation – homeland
27- abominate – abhor
28- fluffy – thick
29- cadence – rhythm
30- gall - ulcerate
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Grammar
Sentence pattern
The Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains one independent clause; that is to say one

verb and one subject. The most natural sentence structure is the simple
sentence: it is the first kind which children learn to speak, and it remains
by far the most common sentence in the spoken language of people of all
ages.
The most basic type of sentence is the simple sentence, which contains only
one clause. A simple sentence can be as short as one word:
Run!
Usually, however, the sentence has a subject as well as a predicate and both
the subject and the predicate may have modifiers. All of the following are
simple sentences, because each contains only one clause:
Melt!
Ice melts.
The ice melts quickly.
The ice on the river melts quickly under the warm March sun.
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The Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses

(or simple sentences) joined by co-ordinating conjunctions like "and,"
"but," and "or":
Simple
Canada is a rich country.
Simple
Still, it has many poor people.
Compound
Canada is a rich country, but still it has many poor people.
I came early and I was able to prepare lunch.
The First year Students made it and they all got excellent grades.
Questions:
Identify the sentence pattern in the following:
1. Ottawa is the capital of Canada, but Toronto is the capital of

Ontario.
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
2. Democracy is a noble goal; it is important, however, to protect the
minority from the tyranny of the majority.
1. Simple Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
3. I do not own a Porsche.
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1. Simple Sentence
4. Call your father as soon as you arrive in Antigonish.
1. Simple Sentence
Prepositions of Time - at, in, on
We use:
• at for a PRECISE TIME

• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES
at in on
PRECISE MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES DAYS and
TIME and LONG PERIODS DATES
at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
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at sunrise in the next century on Independence
Day
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the in the past/future on New Year's

moment Eve
Look at these examples:
• I have a meeting at 9am.

• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard

expressions:
Expression Example
at night The stars shine at night.
at the weekend* I don't usually work at the weekend.
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at Christmas*/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
at present He's not home at present. Try later.
*Note that in some varieties of English people say "on the weekend" and
"on Christmas".
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common

expressions:
In On
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the mornings on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoon(s)
in the evening(s) on Monday evening(s)
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
• I went to London last June. (not in last June)

• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
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Choose the correct prepositions:
1. "Let's meet _______ midday _______ Saturday."

a. at, at
b. in, on
c. at, on
2. Choose the correct prepositions: "The manager isn't here _______
present, but she'll be back _______ half an hour."
a. at, in
b. at, at
c. in, in
3. Which are correct? "You won't be working _______ Saturday nights
_______ the future, will you?"
a. at, in
b. on, in
c. on, at
4. Which are correct? "I'm busy _______ moment, but I'll be free
______ evening."
a. at the, in this
b. in the, at this
c. at the, this
Parts of Speech Quiz
1. I bought a beautiful dress at the mall.
a. preposition
b. adjective
c . noun
2.What did she ask you to do?
a. conjunction.
b. preposition
c. pronoun
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3. I left my shoes under the kitchen table.
a. adjective
b. preposition
c. pronoun
4. If we finish our work quickly we can go to the movies.
a. adverb
b. conjunction
c. verb
5. On Saturdays I work from nine to five.
a. verb
b. preposition
c. adverb
6. I want to go to a university in the United States.
a. adjective
b. preposition
c. noun
7. I'm sure I've met your girlfriend before.
a. verb
b. preposition
c. interjection
8. Well, I don't think I'll be home before
a. interjection
b. preposition
c. pronoun
9. Andy knocked on the door but nobody answered
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.a. adverb b. adjective c. conjunction
10. After lunch let's go out for a coffee.
a. verb
b. preposition
c. pronoun
11. Which question word is used for asking about time?
a. where
b. how
c. when
12. Choose the correct question word: "I can't find my glasses. _______ are
they?"
a. What
b. How
c. Where
13. "I wasn't listening. _______ did she say?"
a. How
b. What
c. Why
14. "Why did they go there?" means the same as "What did they go there
_______?"
a. for
b. with
c. to
15. I pointed at the phone I wanted to buy and said, "_______ is that one?"
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a. How many
b. How much
c. What cost
16. After they'd checked the cinema listings, Mario said, " _______ one do
you want to see?"
a. How
b. What
c. c.Which
17. To find out the reason for something, we usually ask a question that
begins with
a. How
b. Why
c. What
18. made a suggestion. She said, "_______ we go for a walk?"
a.Why didn't
b. Why don't
c.Why do
19. There was a phone on the floor, so I picked it up and said, "_______
phone is this?"
a.Whose
b. Whom
c. Who
20. "How come?" is a more informal way of saying

a. Why?
b. What?
c. Which?
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prefixes
The origins of words are extremely complicated. You should use this list as
a guide only, to help you understand possible meanings. But be very
careful, because often what appears to be a prefix is not a prefix at all. Note
also that this list does not include elements like "auto-" or " bio-", because
these are "combining forms", not prefixes.
prefix meaning Examples
a- also an- not, without atheist, anaemic
a- to, towards aside, aback
in the process of, a-hunting, aglow

in a particular
state
a- Of Anew
completely Abashed
ab- also abs- away, from abdicate, abstract
ad- also a-, ac-, movement to, advance, adulterate, adjunct,

af-, ag- al-, change into, ascend, affiliate, affirm,
an-, ap-, at- addition or aggravate, alleviate, annotate,
as-, at- increase apprehend, arrive, assemble,
attend
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ante- before, preceding antecedent, ante-room
anti- also ant- opposing, against, anti-aircraft, antibiotic,

the opposite anticlimax, Antarctic
be- all over, all bespatter, beset

around
completely bewitch, bemuse
having, covered Bejeweled

with
affect with (added Befog

to nouns)
cause to be (added Becalm

to adjectives)
com- also co-, col-, with, jointly, combat, codriver, collude,

con-, cor- completely confide, corrode
contra- against, opposite Contraceptive
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counter- opposition, counter-attack, counteract

opposite direction
de- down, away descend, despair, depend,

deduct
completely denude, denigrate
removal, reversal de-ice, decamp
dia- also di- through, across Diagonal
dis- also di- negation, removal, disadvantage, dismount,

expulsion disbud, disbar
en- also em- put into or on engulf, enmesh
bring into the enlighten, embitter

condition of
intensification entangle, enrage
ex- also e-, ef- Out exit, exclude, expand
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upward exalt, extol
completely excruciate, exasperate
previous ex-wife
extra- outside, beyond Extracurricular
hemi- Half Hemisphere

Semi
hyper- beyond, more hypersonic, hyperactive

than, more than
normal
hypo- Under hypodermic, hypothermia
in- also il-, im- not, without infertile, inappropriate,

impossible
also il-, im-, in, into, towards, influence, influx, imbibe

ir- inside
infra- Below infrared, infrastructure
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inter- between, among interact, interchange
intra- inside, within intramural, intravenous
non- absence, negation non-smoker, non-alcoholic
ob- also oc-, of-, blocking, against, obstruct, occult, offend,

op- concealing oppose
out- surpassing, Outperform

exceeding
external, away outbuilding, outboard

from
over- excessively, overconfident, overburdened,

completely overjoyed
upper, outer, over, overcoat, overcast

above
peri- round, about Perimeter
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post- after in time or Postpone

order
pre- before in time, pre-adolescent, prelude,

place, order or precondition
importance
pro- favouring, in pro-African

support of
acting for Proconsul
motion forwards Propulsion

or away
before in time, Prologue

place or order
re- Again repaint, reappraise, reawake
semi- half, partly semicircle, semi-conscious
sub- also suc-, suf- at a lower position submarine, subsoil
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, sug-, sup-,
sur-, sus- lower in rank sub-lieutenant
nearly, sub-tropical
approximately
syn- also sym- in union, acting synchronize, symmetry

together
trans- across, beyond transnational, transatlantic
into a different Translate

state
ultra- Beyond ultraviolet, ultrasonic
extreme Ultramicroscopic
un- Not unacceptable, unreal,

unhappy, unmanned
reversal or unplug, unmask

cancellation of
action or state
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under- beneath, below underarm, undercarriage
lower in rank Undersecretary
not enough Underdeveloped
1. A prefix is placed at the _______ of a word to modify or change its

meaning.
a) beginning b) centre c) end
2. Which part of the word impossible is the prefix?
a) im b) poss c) ible
3. In verbs like repaint and rewrite, the prefix "re-" means to do the action
a) better b) after c) again
4. In adjectives like overcooked and overpriced, the prefix "over-" means
a) less than usual b) more than usual c) better than usual
5. The nouns non-smoker and non-payment are _______ the nouns smoker
and payment.
a) the same as b) the opposite of c) sub-definitions of
6. People or governments that want to stop or limit people from migrating
to their country are said to be
a) anti-immigration b) pro-immigration c)
de-immigration
7. The destruction of large areas of forest by machines like bulldozers is
called
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a) undeforestation b) reforestation c) deforestation
8. What does the prefix "sub" in words like subheading, subtitles and sub-
zero mean?
a) below b) before c) after
9. What does the prefix "pre" in words like prepaid, pre-teen and
prehistoric mean?
10. What does the prefix "post" in words like postpaid, postgraduate and
post-war mean?
Everyday Conversations
Dialogue 1: Formal Greetings
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JAMES: Good morning, Professor Austin, how are you doing?
PROFESSOR AUSTIN: Good morning, James. I am doing well. And you?
JAMES: I’m great, thank you. This is my friend Emma. She is thinking
about applying to this college. She has a few questions. Would you mind
telling us about the process, please?
PROFESSOR AUSTIN: Hello, Emma! It’s a pleasure to meet you. I’m
more than happy to speak with you. Please stop by my office next week.
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EMMA: It’s a pleasure to meet you, professor. Thank you so much for
helping us.
PROFESSOR AUSTIN: Don’t mention it. Hopefully, I will be able to
answer your questions!
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Dialogue 2: Informal Greetings and Farewells
JANE: Hi, Helen! How’s it going?
HELEN: Fine, thanks — and you?
JANE: Just fine. Where are you off to?
HELEN: To the library. I’ve got a history exam next week and need to
start studying. Ugh.
JANE: Oh, no. Well, I’ll see you later then. Good luck!
HELEN: Thanks. See you later
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Dialogue 3: Ordering a Meal
WAITER: Hello, I’ll be your waiter today. Can I start you off with
something to drink?
RALPH: Yes. I’ll have iced tea, please.
ANNA: And I’ll have lemonade.
WAITER: OK. Are you ready to order, or do you need a few minutes?
RALPH: I think we’re ready. I’ll have the tomato soup to start, and the
roast beef with mashed potatoes and peas.
WAITER: How do you want the beef — rare, medium, or well done?
RALPH: Well done, please.
ANNA: And I’ll just have the fish, with potatoes and a salad.
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GRAMMAR REVIEW
NOUNS: 1) Nouns can be classified as either common nouns or proper
nouns:
A) Common nouns are used to refer to people, animals, things and
places in general.
Student
Cat
Umbrella
Beach
B) Common nouns can be singular or plural. Singular nouns are used
when there is one person, one animal or one thing.
One week
An umbrella
Plural nouns are used when more than one person, more than one
thing or more than one place are mentioned. To form a plural noun,
simply add -s to the end of the word.
Two weeks
Many umbrellas
Exceptions:
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1) For nouns that end with -ch, -s, -sh, -x and -z; add -es to form
plural nouns. Peach, peaches Bus, buses
2) For nouns that end with a consonant followed by -y, change -y to
-i, and then add -es. Body, bodies Party, parties
3) For nouns that end with a vowel followed by -y, add -s to form
plural nouns. Toy, toys Boy, boys
4) For nouns that end with -fe or - f, change - f to -v, and then add -
es. Life, lives Leaf, leaves Note: Some nouns do not follow this rule.
Example: roof, roofs; chief, chiefs.
5) For nouns that end with -o preceded by a vowel, simply add -s.
However, if -o is preceded by a consonant, add -es. Patio, patios
Note: Some nouns do not follow this rule. Example: piano, pianos;
photo, photos.
6) Some nouns completely change when they become plural. Child,
children Mouse, mice Foot, feet.
7) Some nouns are singular even though they end in -s. The news is
very depressing. Mathematics is not easy to understand sometimes.
8) Some nouns are always plural. My pants are very comfortable.
The scissors are very sharp
9) Some nouns are the same in singular and plural form. Fish, fish
Equipment, equipment
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10) Some nouns come from adjectives, and are considered plural
nouns. They are always preceded by the. The rich have many
expensive hobbies. Sometimes the young have a lot of wild ideas.
B) Proper nouns are used to name specific persons, things or places,
and are always capitalized. Some examples are: Mary Aspen
California
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GRAMMAR REVIEW
VERBS
Verbs are words that describe the action or state of being in a sentence. 36
My parents were at Mimi’s Café. My work schedule was neither convenient
nor easy. I will talk to you later about the trip.
Characteristic of verbs 1) Verbs have three basic forms from which the
different tenses are formed. A) Base form: this is the original form of the
verb. For example: want, look, play. B) Present participle form: this form
is created by adding -ing to the base form. For example: wanting, looking,
playing. Present participles can be used with different helping verbs to
express certain tenses. Exceptions: - For verbs that end with –e, drop –e
and add –ing. For example: hope, hoping; love, loving. - For one-syllable
verbs containing one vowel and ending with a consonant, add another
consonant before adding –ing. For example: stop, stopping; drop,
dropping. - For verbs that end with –ie, change –ie to –y and add –ing. For
example: die, dying; lie, lying. C) Past participle form: this form is
generally created by adding -ed to the base form. For example: wanted,
looked, played. Past participles are used with different helping verbs to
express certain tenses. Exceptions: - For verbs that end with –e, only add –
d. For example: hope, hoped; love, loved. - For one-syllable verbs
containing one vowel and ending with a consonant, add another consonant
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before adding –ed. For example: stop, stopped; drop, dropped. 2) Some
verbs are called auxiliary verbs or helping verbs. These verbs usually
accompany action verbs to show the tense or time of action. They include:
be, have, do, may, might, can, could, shall, will. I have done a little training.
I am planning a snowboarding trip.
3) Verbs can be classified as transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb
needs an object to complete its meaning while an intransitive verb does not.
Transitive Intransitive I open the windows. The rooster crows. John asked
his friend to close the door. Lisa walks to school every day.
Verbs not only describe the action but also the time of the action. The time
of occurrence is expressed through six tenses: the present, the past, the
future, the present perfect, the past perfect and the future perfect. Present
tense
1) The present tense is used to show that the action is happening now. I
want you to get a blood test. I do not see any problems.
2) The present tense is also used to indicate a true fact. The sun is bright. It
is cold in the winter.
3) The present tense is also used to indicate habits or customary actions.
Susan always bites her nails. (Susan bites her nails in the past, today and
she will continue to bite her nails in the future)
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I go to the supermarket every Saturday. (In the past, now, and in the future,
I always go to the supermarket every Saturday)
4) The present tense can be used to replace the future tense after words
that indicate time such as when, until, as soon as, before or words that
indicate condition such as if or unless.
I will do further tests if the symptoms persist.
The doctor will see you when he is done with Ms. Anderson.
Present progressive tense
The progressive tenses are used to indicate that an action is ongoing at a
particular time. The action begins at some earlier time, is in progress at the
indicated moment, and probably continues for some time after that.
The present progressive tense is used to indicate that an action is currently
in progress.
BE IN PRESENT TENSE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE
I am taking vitamin C.
Doctor Clark is seeing Laura at the moment.
Past tense
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The past tense is used to indicate an action that happened and ended at a
particular time in the past or a habit in the past. In general, the past tense
is formed by adding -ed to the end of the verb.
VERB + ED
Mom asked me to go grocery shopping this morning.
She wanted me to buy enough groceries for the whole week this morning.
For certain verbs, past tense are not formed by merely adding -ed. These
types of verbs are called irregular verbs. Some verbs have the same form as
the present form, others completely change to express past tense.
Verb Present Past Tense Past Participle
Hit Hit Hit Hit
Cut Cut Cut Cut
Read Read Read Read
Do Do Did Done
Tell Tell Told Told
Begin Begin Began Begun
Drive Drive Drove Driven
Past Progressive tense

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The past progressive tense is used to indicate that an action was in progress
at a particular time in the past or that an action was ongoing when another
action happened in the past. Generally, the past progressive tense is formed
by using the verb be in the simple past and the present participle of the
verb.
BE IN PAST TENSE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE
I was talking to Christine after dinner last night.
Paul was exercising when his mother got home from work yesterday.
Present perfect tense
The present perfect tense is used when an action happened at an
unspecified time in the past. The present perfect tense is formed by adding
have or has to a past participle.
HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE
I have done my homework.
She has cooked dinner.
However, when the present perfect tense is accompanied by since or for, it
shows that the action started in the past, is currently happening and will
continue in the future.
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I have been with Multi-Max since November 1st . (I started to work for
Multi-Max on November 1st, I am still working there today and will
continue to work there in the future) Note: give an exact date after since I
have worked in this field for ten years. (I started working in this field ten
years ago. I am still working in this field now, and I will continue to work
in this field in the future. Note: give a duration of time after for)
Past perfect tense
The past perfect tense is used to indicate that an action occurred before
another action in the past. The past perfect tense is formed by adding had
to a past participle.
HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE
I had finished my homework when John came last night. (Last night I
finished my homework first, and then John came over)
Future tense
The future tense is used to indicate that an action will happen at a
particular time in the future. The future tense is formed by adding shall or
will in front of the verb.
SHALL/WILL + VERB
I will build a better doll house for her later on.
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The results will be available in two weeks.
Note: Shall and Will: Shall is used with the first person personal pronouns
I and we, while will is used with the second and third person personal
pronouns you, he/she/it, they. However, recently people tend to use will
with all three persons. Still, in questions and requests, shall is used with the
first persons and will with the second and third persons.
I shall do it tomorrow.
I will do it tomorrow.
Shall I call you at nine o’clock tomorrow?
Will you call me tomorrow?
We can also express the future with verb be + going to instead of shall or
will.
He will build a doll house with no windows.
He is going to build a doll house with no windows.
We use might to express possibility in the future when we are not sure.
They might go to Mary’s party tonight.
Negative form of verbs
139
To indicate that an action does not happen, we use the negative form of
verbs. To express the negative form of verbs:
1) Add do not or does not when the present tense is used.
I need a place big enough for my bed and my desk.
I do not need a place big enough for my bed and my desk.
She wants breakfast in bed. She does not want breakfast in bed.
2) Add did not to the base form of the verb when the past tense is used.
I started looking for an apartment last weekend. I did not start looking for an
apartment last weekend.
I decided to stay at the dormitory. I did not decide to stay at the dormitory.
3) If the verb is in a progressive mode, in the future tense, or in a perfect
tense; add not in between the two parts of the verb. My brother is sleeping.
My brother is not sleeping.
I will go to the movies tonight. I will not go to the movies tonight. I have been
to Paris.
I have not been to Paris.
Imperative form of verbs
140
Verbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence to express a command,
a piece of advice or an instruction.
Wait!
Shut your eyes!
Go this way!
141
ADJECTIVES
Use of adjectives in comparison Adjectives can be used in the comparison
of people or things.
1) Comparative form
When the comparison involves two persons or objects, we usually add
more…than, as…as or less…than. More…than is used to show a greater
degree of the condition or characteristic 84 expressed in the sentence,
as…as for the same degree, and less…than for a lesser degree. Less…than
can be replaced by not as…as.
This facility is more spacious than the other facility.
Mary is as intelligent as Steve.
John is less active than James.
John is not as active as James.
However, if the adjective is a short word, we usually replace more with -er
at the end of the adjective. John is taller than James. Mary is older than
Liz. Notes:
1) If the adjective ends with -e, just add -r. nice, nicer large, larger
2) If the adjective ends with a consonant which is preceded by a vowel,
double the consonant and add -er. big, bigger fat, fatter
142
3) If the adjective ends with -y, change -y to -i before adding -er. Pretty,
prettier Easy, easier
4) Sometimes adjectives do not follow the above rules. For example, good
becomes better, bad becomes worse.
2) Superlative form
When the comparison involves more than two persons or objects, the
superlative form is used. If the adjective is a short word, the superlative
form is usually formed by adding -est to the adjective and placing the
before it.
John is the tallest boy in our neighborhood. (There are many boys in our
neighborhood, but John is taller than all the other boys. He is the tallest boy)
Mary is the kindest volunteer in our group.
If the adjective is a long word, the superlative form is usually formed by
adding the most or the least before the adjectives. The most is used to show
the highest degree of the condition or characteristic expressed in the
sentence while the least is used to express the lowest degree.
Preparing the budget is the most tedious job at the moment.
This is the least expensive gift.
Notes:
143
1) If the adjective ends with –y, change -y to -i before adding -est
She is the friendliest person in our group.
Kimberly is the loveliest baby in this contest.
2) Sometimes adjectives do not follow the above rules. For example, good
becomes best, bad becomes worst.
ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs, while adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns.
Is Jessica well? (Well is an adjective because it describes Jessica)
Does Jessica play the piano well? (Well is an adverb because it describes the
verb play)
My Quality Control group works very closely with our suppliers. (Very
describes closely which is an adverb)
My kids are rarely sick during the cold seasons. (Rarely describes sick which
is an adjective)
Adverbs usually specify how, when, where, and how much when they are
used with verbs.
The baby screams loudly. (how)
144
He will come soon. (when)
He will be here. (where)
He eats a lot. (how much)
Formation of adverbs
1) Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. close, closely
different, differently perfect, perfectly
2) When an adjective ends in -ly, the adverb retains the same form. daily,
daily early, early
3) Other adverbs are formed from adjectives ending with -le by changing -
le into -ly. simple, simply ample, amply
4) Other adverbs are formed from adjectives ending with -y by changing -y
into -i then add -ly. easy, easily. busy, busily.
5) Other adverbs are formed from adjectives ending with a vowel and -l by
adding another -l and -y. beautiful, beautifully cultural, culturally
6) Other adverbs are simply adverbs by nature. Some of them are: Again. I
will do it again with no regret. Almost. I am almost done with my
homework. Also. I will also eat the strawberry cake. Already. I already ate
my lunch. Enough. I have enough problems for today. Just. The plane just
landed
145
7) Other adverbs are classified as interrogative adverbs because they are
used to ask questions. They are: Where. Where are you going? 91 Why.
Why do you put so much sugar in your coffee? When. When did you go to
France?
Questions
1- ) I will … it tomorrow.
a-did b-done c-doing d-do
2- Can you hear what he is …?
a-saying b-speaking c-telling d-talking
3- He is going to … a doll house with no windows.
a-build b-built c-building d-is building
4- I will see you …
a-late b-later c-sooner d-earlier
5- Sometimes I … what the teacher says to me.
a-am not understanding b-don't understand
c-doesn't understand d-understand not
6- Next time you … to my house, you must bring that book.
a-came b-come c-is coming d-are coming
146
7- Which of these is a noun? It is …
a-think b-thing c-there d-that
8- Which of these is a gerund? It is …
a-goes b-go c-going d-gone
9- If you have a question, please feel … to ask.
a-well b-good c-best d-free
10- I often read short articles … pets in my favourite magazine.
a-at b-for c-in d-about
11- Hi Ahmed! ……… your holiday?

a-Does he enjoy b-Do you enjoy
c-Are you enjoying d- Are you enjoy
12- Nowadays, the world population ……… rapidly.

a-have increased b-has increased
c- is increasing d-are increasing
13- Mohamed has three sons. ……… is an engineer.

a-The older b-The oldest
c-The most older d-The most oldest
14- The excuse you gave me for not doing your assignment is
……… It is small and unimportant.
a-logical b-significant
c-uninteresting d-trivial
15- The boy ……… the glasses which were on the table.
a-was broken b-breaks
c-had been broken d-has broken
147
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