PHYSICS INN ACADEMIA M.A.

JAVED CLASS 12 PHYSICS-II

D

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 PHYSICS INN ACADEMIA M.A. JAVED CLASS 12 PHYSICS-II
CHAPTER NO: 12 ELECTROSTATICS

LONG QUESTIONS
I. State and Explain Coulomb’s law and write its vector form. OR State and Explain Coulomb’s law.
(BWP-G-1-23) 04-TIMES
II. What are electric lines of force? Sketch field lines in different cases. Also, write the characteristics of field
lines.
III. Describe the principle, construction, and working of Xerography (photocopier).
IV. What is Electric Flux? Explain. Give its unit. OR Define Electric flux. Find electric flux through a
surface enclosing charge. 03-TIMES OR shows that electric flux due to point charge ’q’ placed at
𝑞
the center of a sphere is equal to ∈ . 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)
𝑜
V. State Gauss’s law and find electric intensity between two oppositely charged parallel plates. 03-TIMES
VI. State Gauss’s law. Calculate the electric field intensity due to an infinite sheet of charge. OR
state Gauss’s law. Find out the electric intensity due to an infinite sheet of charge. (BWP-G-2-23) OR
state Gauss’s law and apply it to find electric field intensity due to an infinite sheet of charge by pointing out
the importance of the Gaussian surface. (FSD-G-2-23) 9-TIMES-(P.P.P.)
VII. Evaluate the electric intensity between two oppositely charged parallel plates.
VIII. Derive a relation for the electric potential (or absolute potential) at a certain point due to s point charge.
06-TIMES(P.P.P.)
IX. Define absolute potential energy and derive the expression of absolute potential due to a point charge.
(GUJ-G-2-23)
X. Define electric intensity and electric potential. Derive a relation between them. (LHR-G-1-23)
XI. Define electric potential and derive its relation at a certain point charge.
XII. Make a comparison between Electric and Gravitational Forces.
XIII. Write a detailed note on Millikan’s oil drop method for determining the charge on an electron. OR
Describe Millikan’s oil drop experiment to determine the charge on an electron. (LHR-G 2-23)
07-TIMES(P.P.P.)
XIV. What is the capacitor and capacitance of a capacitor? Give SI unit of capacitance.
XV. Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor. 06-TIMES(P.P.P.) OR Derive
the relation for the capacitance of parallel plate capacitor and hence define a dielectric constant. (MLTN-G-1-
23) 06-TIMES(P.P.P.)
XVI. Derive an expression for energy stored in the capacitor. OR derive an expression for energy
stored in the electric field of a capacitor. (RWP-G-2-23) OR Derive an expression for energy
stored in the capacitor. (Fed-23) OR Derive the relation for energy stored in a capacitor in terms of electric
field intensity. (GUJ-G-1-23) 11-TIMES(P.P.P.)
XVII. Describe the charging and discharging of a capacitor. What is a time constant?

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
EXAMPLES PROBLEMS
i) Charges 𝑞1 = 100 μC and 𝑞2 = 50 μC are located in xy-plane at positions 𝒓𝟏 = 3.0 𝑗̂ and 𝒓𝟐 = 3.0 𝑖̂
respectively, where the distances are measured in meters. Calculate the force on 𝑞2 .

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ii) Two positive point charges 𝑞1 = 16.0 μC and 𝑞2 = 4.0 μC are separated by a distance 0f 3.0 m, as
shown in Fig. Find the spot on the line joining the two charges where the electric field is zero.

iii) Two opposite charges, each of magnitude q are separated by a distance 2d. What is the electric
potential at a point P mid-way between them? 03-TIMES(P.P.P.)

iv) A particle carrying a charge 2e falls through a potential difference of 3.0V. Calculate the energy
acquired by it. 4-TIMES(P.P.P.)

v) In the Millikan oil drop experiment, an oil drop of mass 4.9 ×10−15 kg is balanced and held
stationary by the electric field between two parallel plates. If the potential difference between the
plates is 750 V and the spacing between them is 5.0 mm, calculate the charge on the droplet.
Assume g = 9.8 ms-2

vi) The time constant of a series RC circuit is t = RC. Verify that an ohm time’s farad is equivalent to
a second.

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
i) Compare magnitudes of electrical and gravitational forces exerted on an object (mass = 10.0 g, charge = 20.0
μC) by an identical object that is placed 10.0 cm from the first. (G= 6.67×10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2).

ii) Calculate vectorially the net electrostatic force on q as shown in the figure.

iii) A point charge q = -8.0×10−8 C is placed at the origin. Calculate electric field at a point 2.0 m from
the origin on the z-axis. 2-TIMES

iv) Determine the electric field at the position r = (4𝑖̂+3j)m caused by a point charge q = 5.0×10−6 C
placed at the origin. (MLTN-G-2-23)(RWP-G-1-23)(SGD-G-1-23) 10-TIMES(P.P.P.)

v) Two-point charges 𝑞1 = -1.0×10−6 C and 𝑞2 = +4.0×10−6 C, are separated by a distance of 3.0 m.

find and justify the zero-field location. (FSD-G-1-23)(SHW-G-2-23) 05-TIMES(P.P.P.)

vi) Find the electric fields strength required to hold suspended a particle of mass 1.0×10−6 kg and charge
1.0 μC between two plates 10.0 cm apart. 03-TIMES

vii) A particle having a charge of 20 electrons on it falls through a potential difference of 100 volts.
Calculate the energy acquired by it in electron volts (eV). (SGD-G-2-23) 10-TIMES(P.P.P.)

viii) In Millikan’s experiment, oil droplets are introduced into the space between two flat horizontal
plates, 5.00 mm apart. The plate voltage is adjusted to exactly 780V so that the droplet is held
stationary. The plate voltage is switched off and the selected droplet is observed to fall a measured

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distance of 1.50 mm in 11.2 s. Given that the density of the oil used is 900 kgm -3, and the viscosity
of air at laboratory temperature is 1.80 ×10−5 𝑁𝑚2 𝑠, calculate

(a) The mass, and

(b) The charge on the droplet (Assume g = 9.8 ms-2)

ix) A proton placed in a uniform electric field of 5000 NC-1 directed to right is allowed to go a distance
of 10.0 cm from A to B. Calculate.

(a) Potential difference between the two points

(b) Work done by the field
(c) The change in P.E. of proton
(d) The change in K.E. of the proton
(e) Its velocity (mass of proton is 1.67 ×10−27 kg)

x) Using zero reference point at infinity, determine the amount by which a point charge of 4.0×10−8 C
alters the electric potential at a point 1.2 m away, when

(a) Charge is positive

(b)Charge is negative.

xi) In Bohr’s atomic model of hydrogen atom, the electron is in an orbit around the nuclear proton at a
distance of 5.29 ×10−11 𝑚 with a speed of 2.18 ×106 ms−1 .

(e = 1.60 ×10−19 𝐶, mass of electron 9.10 ×10−31 kg). Find

(a) The electric potential that a proton exerts this distance

(b) Total energy of the atom in eV

(c) The ionization energy for the atom in eV

xii) The electronic flash attachment for a camera contains a capacitor for storing the energy used to
produce the flash. In one such unit, the potential difference between the plates of a 750 μF capacitor
is 330V. Determine the energy that is used to produce the flash.

xiii) A capacitor has a capacitance of 2.5 ×10−8 F. In the charging process, electrons are removed from
one plate and placed on the other one. When the potential difference between the plates is 450 V,
how many electrons have been transferred? (e = 1.60 ×10−19 𝐶) (SHW-G-1-23)
02-TIMES(P.P.P.)

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CHAPTER NO: 13 Current Electricity
LONG QUESTIONS
I. Define conventional current. How current passes through a metallic conductor. Also, explain the drift velocity
of electrons in a metal. (SGD-G-I-23)
II. Describe various effects of the current. Also, write their applications.
III. State and explain Ohm’s law. Also, explain the behavior of ohmic and non-ohmic devices with the help of
graphs. 5-TIMES(P.P.P.)
IV. Define resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature. Also, derive a relation for temperature co-
efficient in terms of resistivity. OR Define resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature.
(FSD-G-I-23) OR Define resistivity and write its unit. And derive the temperature coefficient
in terms of resistivity. (RWP-G-1-23) 4-TIMES(P.P.P.)
V. Determine the electric power dissipated in a resistor carrying current. OR Define electric
power. Also, explain how power is dissipated in a resistor. 3-TIMES
VI. What is Rheostat? How it can be used as a variable resistor and as a potential divider?
VII. Define emf and terminal potential difference. Derive a relation between them. Interpret the equation E=IR+Ir.
(SHW-G-II-23)
VIII. State Kirchhoff’s rules and explain the voltage rule. OR Define Kirchhoff’s 2nd rule, by
applying this rule derive an expression for unknown resistance by Wheatstone bridge.
IX. What is the Wheatstone Bridge? Describe its construction and working. How can it be used to find the
unknown resistance of a wire? (SHW-G-1-23) OR What is wheat stone bridge? Explain
and prove the principle of the Wheatstone Bridge. OR What is the Wheatstone Bridge? Explain and
prove the principle of the Wheatstone Bridge. (MULTAN-G-II-23) OR derive the equation of
a balanced Wheatstone Bridge with a diagram. (SGD-G-II-23) 14-TIMES(P.P.P.)
X. What is a potentiometer? Give its construction and how can it be used to find unknown emf. OR
Describe the construction and working of the potentiometer. OR What is a potentiometer?
How it can be used as (a) Potential divider (b) Measuring of emf of a cell 5-TIMES(P.P.P.)

EXAMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

I. 1.0 × 107 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 pass through a conductor in 1 μs. Find the current in the ampere flowing through the
conductor. An electronic charge is 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶. (BWP-G-1-23)
II. 0.75 A current flows through an iron wire when a battery of 1.5 V is connected across its ends. The length of
the wire is 3.0 m and its cross-sectional area is 2.5 × 10−7 𝑚2 . Compute the resistivity of iron. (BWP-G-II-
23)
III. A platinum wire has a resistance of 10 Ω at 0ºC and 20 Ω at 273ºC. Find the value of the temperature
coefficient of resistance of platinum. (MULTAN-G-I-23)(RWP-G-II-23)
IV. The potential difference between the terminals of battery in open circuit is 2.2 V. when it is connected across a
resistance of 5.0 Ω, the potential falls to 1.8 V. calculate the current and the internal resistance of the battery.

EXERCISE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

I. How many electrons pass through an electric bulb in one minute if the 300 mA current is passing through it?
(FSD-G-II-23)
II. A charge of 90 C passes through a wire in 1 hour and 15 minutes. What is the current in the wire?
III. A rectangular bar of iron is 2.0 cm by 2.0 cm in cross section and 40 cm long. Calculate its resistance if the
resistivity of iron is 11 x 10-8 Ω m. (GUJ-G-I-23) (LHR-G-I-II-23)
IV. The resistance of an iron wire at 0 oC is 1 x 104 Ω. What is the resistance at 500 oC if the temperature
coefficient of resistance of iron is 5.2 x 10-3 K-1? (GUJ-G-II-23)

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CHAPTER NO: 14 ELECTROMAGNETISM
LONG QUESTIONS

I. Determine the expression for the force on a current-carrying conductor in the uniform magnetic field. Also,
define magnetic induction. 5-TIMES(P.P.P.) OR Derive an
expression for force acting on a current-carrying conductor of length L placed in a uniform magnetic field B.
03-TIMES(P.P.P.)
II. Define Ampere’s law. Calculate the magnetic field due to the current-carrying solenoid using Ampere’s law.
08-TIMES (2023-FSD-G-1) OR what is a solenoid? Derive an expression for magnetic field
inside the current carrying long solenoid. (2023-BWP-G-2)(SHW-G-2)
III. State Ampere’s law. Derive the expression for the force on a charged particle moving in the magnetic field.
10-TIMES(P.P.P.) OR derive an expression of force on a moving Charge in a magnetic field.
(2023-MULTAN-G-1)(SGD-G-2)
IV. Describe, how can we determine the e/m ratio of an electron. 05-TIMES(P.P.P.) (2023-LHR-G-2)
OR Define Lorentz force. Determine the e/m ratio of an electron. 02-TIMES (P.P.P.)
OR Determine the e/m ratio of an electron in terms of B and V. (Accelerating Voltage)
(2023-FSD-G-2) 0R Determine the e/m ratio of an electron. How the path of electrons is made
visible? (2023-LHR-G-1)
V. What is a cathode ray oscilloscope? Discuss the principle, construction, and working of a cathode ray
oscilloscope. Mention its uses. 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)
VI. Derive the expression for torque on a current-carrying coil in the uniform magnetic field. (2023-GUJ-G-2)
05-TIMES(P.P.P.)
VII. Discuss the principle, construction, and working of a galvanometer. OR
What is a galvanometer? Discuss its principle and the methods to measure the angle of deflection of a moving
coil galvanometer.
VIII. What is an ammeter? Explain how a galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter. 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)
IX. What is voltmeter? How galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter?
X. What is ohmmeter? How galvanometer can be converted into an ohmmeter?
XI. What is an AVO meter? Explain the different functions of an AVO meter.

EXAMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

I. A 20 cm wire carrying a current of 10.0 A is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.30 T. if the wire makes
an angle of 40º with the direction of the magnetic field, find the magnitude of the force acting on the wire.
II. The magnetic field in a certain region is given by B= (40𝑖̂ - 18𝑘̂ ) 𝑊𝑏𝑚−2. How much flux passes through a
5.0 𝑐𝑚2 area loop in this region if the loop lies flat in the xy-plane?
III. A solenoid 15.0 cm long has 300 turns of wire. A current of 5.0 A flows through it. What is the magnitude of
magnetic field inside the solenoid? 04-TIMES (P.P.P.) (2023-SHW-G-1)
IV. Find the radius of an orbit of an electron moving at a rate of 2.0 × 107 𝑚𝑠 −1 𝑖𝑛 a uniform magnetic field of
1.20 × 10−3 T. 03-TIMES(P.P.P.)
V. What shunt resistance must be connected across a galvanometer of 50.0 Ω resistance which gives full scale
deflection with 2.0 mA current , so as to convert it into an ammeter of range of 10.0 A. 03-TIMES(P.P.P.)
VI. Alpha particles ranging in speed from 1000 𝑚𝑠 −1 to 2000 𝑚𝑠 −1 enter into a velocity selector where the
electric intensity is 300 V𝑚−1 and the magnetic induction 0.20 T. which particle will move undeviated
through the field? 03-TIMES(P.P.P.)

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EXERCISE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
I. Find the value of the magnetic field that will cause a maximum force of 7.0 x 10-3 Non a 20.0 cm straight wire
carrying a current of 10.0 A.
II. How fast must a proton move in a magnetic field of 2.50 x 10-3 T such that the magnetic force is equal to its
weight? 10-TIMES(P.P.P.) (2023-SGD-G-1)
III. A velocity selector has a magnetic field of 0.30 T. If a perpendicular electric field of 10,000 V m-1 is applied,
what will be the speed of the particle that will pass through the selector?
IV. A coil of 0.1 m x 0.1 m and of 200 turns carrying a current of 1.0 mA is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
0.1 T. Calculate the maximum torque that acts on the coil. 06-TIMES(P.P.P.) (2023-GUJ-G-1)
V. A power line 10.0 m high carries a current 200 A. Find the magnetic field of the wire at the ground.
19-TIMES(P.P.P.) (2023-RWP-G-1-2)
VI. You are asked to design a solenoid that will give a magnetic field of 0.10 T, yet the current must not exceed
10.0 A. Find the number of turns per unit length that the solenoid should have.
VII. What current should pass through a solenoid that is 0.5 m long with 10,000 turns of copper wire so that it will
have a magnetic field of 0.4 T? (2023-BWP-G-1) 08-TIMES(P.P.P.)
VIII. A galvanometer having an internal resistance Rg = 15.0 Ω gives full-scale deflection with current Ig = 20.0
mA. It is to be converted into an ammeter of range 10.0 A. Find the value of shunt resistance RS.
02-TIMES(P.P.P.)
IX. The resistance of a galvanometer is 50.0 Ω and reads full-scale deflection with a current of 2.0 mA. Show by a
diagram how to convert this galvanometer into a voltmeter reading 200 V full scale. 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)
(2023-MULTAN-G-2)

CHAPTER NO: 15 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

LONG QUESTIONS
I. Describe the different experiments to produce induced emf and currents.
II. Define motional emf. Derive an expression for it. (2022-LHR-G-2)(2022-SGD-G-1)(2023-BWP-G-1)
(2023-FBISE)(2023-GUJ-G-1) 08-TIMES(P.P.P.) OR Define motional emf. Explain how emf
is induced by the motion of the conductor across the magnetic field. (2023-RWP-G-1)
III. State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. 06-TIMES(P.P.P.)
IV. State and explain the Lenz’s law. Show that Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of conservation of
energy. (2022-BWP-G-2)(2022-LHR-G-2)(2022-RWP-G-2)
V. Explain the phenomena of mutual induction and mutual inductance and define its unit. (2022-SWL-G-2)
(2022-DGK-G-2)(2023-SGD-G-1) 08-TIMES(P.P.P.)
VI. Explain the phenomena of self-inductance. Define self-inductance. Give its unit. (2023-RWP-G-2)
VII. Derive an expression for energy stored in an inductor. OR Find an expression for the magnetic energy
density of the solenoid. (2023-SHW-G-1) 06-TIMES(P.P.P.) OR what is an inductor?
Derive an expression for energy stored in an inductor. OR Define Energy Density?
Prove that energy density is directly proportional to the square of the magnetic field. OR
Why is energy stored in an inductor when a current flows in it? Derive a relation for the energy density of
magnetic field.
VIII. Discuss the principle, construction, and working of an alternating generator. Also, find expression for induced
emf and current. (2022-GUJ-G-1) 08-TIMES(P.P.P.)
IX. What is a D.C. generator? Describe its construction and working. (2022-FSD-G-2)
X. What is a D.C. motor? Describe its principle construction and working. (2022-BWP-G-1)
XI. What is a Transformer? Describe its principle construction and working in detail. What is an ideal
transformer? Write about types of transformers. Explain the power losses and power transmission of a
transformer. (2023-MULTAN-G-2) 08-TIMES(P.P.P.)

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EXAMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
I. A metal rod of length 25 cm is moving at a speed of 0.5 m𝑠 −1 in a direction perpendicular to a 0.25 T
magnetic field. Find the emf produced in the rod. 06-TIMES(P.P.P.)
II. A loop of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field that is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The strength
𝛥𝐴
of the magnetic field is 0.6 T. The area of the loop begins to shrink at a constant rate of 𝛥𝑡 = 0.8 𝑚2 𝑠 −1 .
What is the magnitude of emf induced in the loop while it is shrinking?
III. An emf of 5.6 V is induced in a coil while the current in a nearby coil is decreased from 100 A to 20 A in 0.02
s. What is the mutual inductance of the two coils? If the secondary has 200 turns, find the change in flux
during this interval.
IV. The current in a coil of 1000 turns is changed from 5 A to zero in 0.2 s. if an average emf of 50 V is induced
during this interval, what is the self-inductance of the coil? What is the flux through each turn of the coil
when a current of 6 A is flowing?
V. A solenoid coil 10.0 cm long has 40 turns per cm. When the switch is closed, the current rises from zero to its
maximum value of 5.0 A in 0.01 s. find the energy stored in the magnetic field if the area cross-section of the
solenoid be 28 𝑐𝑚2 . 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)
VI. An alternating current generator operating at 50 Hz has a coil of 200 turns. The coil has an area 120 𝑐𝑚2 .
What should be the magnetic field in which the coil rotates in order to produce an emf of maximum value of
240 Volts?
VII. A permanent magnetic D.C. motor is run by a battery of 24 volts. The coil of motor has a resistance of 2
ohms. It develops an emf of 22.5 volts when driving the load at normal speed. What is the current when
motor is just started? Also find the current when motor is running at normal speed.
VIII. The turn ratio of a step-up transformer is 50. A current of 20 A passes through its primary coil at 220 volts.
Obtain the value of the voltage and current in the secondary coil assuming the transformer to be ideal one.
(2023-BWP-G-2)
EXERCISE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
i) An emf of 0.45 V is induced between the ends of a metal bar moving through a magnetic field of 0.22 T.
What field strength would be needed to produce an emf of 1.5 V between the ends of the bar, assuming that
all other factors remain the same? 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)
ii) The flux density B in a region between the poles faces of a horse-shoe magnet is 0.5 Wb m-2 directed
vertically downward. Find the emf induced in a straight wire 5.0 cm long, perpendicular to B when it is
moved in a direction at angle of 60o with the horizontal with a speed of 100 cm s-1.

iii) A coil of wire has 100 loops. Each loop has an area of 1.5 x 10-3 m2. A magnetic field is perpendicular to
the surface of each loop at all times. If the magnetic field is changed from 0.05 T to 0.06 T in 0.1 s, find the
average emf induced in the coil during this time.

iv) A circular coil has 15 turns or radius 2 cm each. The plane of the coil lies at 40o to a uniform magnetic field
of 0.2 T. If the field in increased by 0.5 T in 0.2 s, find the magnitude of induced emf. (2023-LHR-G-1)
03-TIMES(P.P.P.)

v) Two coils are placed side by side. An emf of 0.8 V is observed in one coil when the current is changing at
the rate of 200 A s-1 in the other coil. What is the mutual inductance of the coils? (2023-SHW-G-2)
04-TIMES(P.P.P.)

vi) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 0.75 H. If the current in the primary changes from 0 A to
10 A in 0.025 s, what is the average induced emf in the secondary? What is the change in flux in it if the
secondary has 500 turns? 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)

vii) A solenoid has 250 turns and its self-inductance is 2.4 mH. What is the flux through each turn when the
current is 2 A? What is the induced emf when the current changes at 20 A s-1? 04-TIMES(P.P.P.)

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2
viii) A solenoid of length 8.0 cm and cross-sectional area 0.5 cm has 520 turns. Find the self-inductance of the
solenoid when the core is air. If the current in the solenoid increases through 1.5 A in 0.2 s, find the
magnitude of induced emf in it. (µo = 4π x 10-7 Wb A-1 m-1)

ix) When current through a coil change from 100 mA to 200 mA in 0.005 s, an induced emf of 40 mV is
produced in the coil. (a) What is the self-inductance of the coil? (b) Find the increase in the energy stored in
the coil. 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)

x) Like any field, the earth’s magnetic field stores energy. Find the magnetic energy stored in the space where
strength of earth’s magnetic field is 7 x 10-5 T, if the space occupies an area 10 x 108 m2 and has a height of
750 m.

xi) A square coil of side 16 cm has 200 turns and rotates in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.05 T. If
the peak emf is 12 V, what is the angular velocity of the coil? (2023-FSD-G-1)(2023-MULTAN-G-1)
08-TIMES(P.P.P.)

xii) A generator has a rectangular coil consisting of 360 turns. The coil rotates at 420 rev per min in 0.14 T
magnetic field. The peak value of emf produced by the generator is 50 V. If the coil is 5.0 cm wide, find the
length of the side of the coil.

xiii) It is desired to make an ac generator that can produce an emf of maximum value 5 kV with 50 Hz
frequency. A coil of area 1 m2 having 200 turns is used as armature. What should be the magnitude of the
magnetic field in which the coil rotates?

xiv) The back emf in a motor is 120 V when the motor is turning at 1680 rev per min. What is the back emf
when the motor turns 3360 rev per min? (2023-GUJ-G-2) 05-TIMES(P.P.P.)
xv) A DC motor operates at 240 V and has a resistance of 0.5 Ω. When the motor is running at normal speed,
the armature current is 15 A. Find the back emf in the armature. (2023-FSD-G-2)

xvi) A copper ring has a radius of 4.0 cm and resistance of 1.0 mΩ. A magnetic field is applied over the ring,
perpendicular to its plane. If the magnetic field increases from 0.2 T to 0.4 T in a time interval of 5 x 10-3 s,
what is the current in the ring during this interval?

xvii) A coil of 10 turns and 35 cm2 area is in a perpendicular magnetic field of 0.5 T. The coil is pulled out of the
field in 1.0 s. Find the induced emf in the coil as it is pulled out of the field. (2023-SGD-G-2)
06-TIMES(P.P.P.)

xviii) An ideal step-down transformer is connected to main supply of 240 V. It is desired to operate a 12 V, 30 W
lamp. Find the current in the primary and the transformation ratio. (2023-LHR-G-2)
05-TIMES(P.P.P.)

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CHAPTER NO: 16 ALTERNATING CURRENT

LONG QUESTIONS
I. Differentiate between direct current and alternating current. Discuss the variation of alternating
voltage with the phase and time.
II. Discuss the following terms a) Time-period of A.C. b) Frequency of A.C. c) Instantaneous value,
peak value, and peak to peak value d) root mean square values of alternating voltage and current e)
phase of alternating current (phase lead, phase lag, in-phase, out of phase f) Write conditions of
rotating vectors.
III. Explain A.C. through a resistor in detail.
IV. Explain A.C. through a capacitor in detail. (2023-FSD-G-II) OR Explain the
phase relationship between voltage and current when an A.C. source is connected across a capacitor.
Also, derive the relation for the reactance of a capacitor.
V. Explain A.C. through an inductor in detail. OR Discuss the working of an
inductor by A.C. Source. Find its reactance. OR Explain the behavior of A.C.
through an inductor. Also, show that the reactance of a coil depends upon the frequency of the A.C.
and inductance L. OR Describe the behavior of the A.C. Signal through an
inductor with a vector diagram and graphical representation. (2023-SHW-G-II)
OR what is the behavior of A.C. current and Voltage in an inductor? Discuss power
loss through an inductor over a period. 04-TIMES(P.P.P.)
VI. How power is calculated in A.C. Circuit? Draw a circuit diagram for the R-L-C Series resonating
circuit. Discuss the behavior of this circuit for A.C. and also write down its properties.
VII. Discuss A.C. through an R-C series circuit in detail. OR What is an R-C Series circuit?
Derive an expression for the impedance and phase angle of the R-C series circuit. 06-TIMES(P.P.P.)
VIII. Discuss A.C. through an R-L series circuit in detail.
IX. Discuss the series resonance circuit in detail. OR what is impedance? Describe
the series resonance circuit and give its two results. OR Discuss R-L-C series feeding by
A.C. Source. Find out its resonance frequency. 02-TIMES(P.P.P.) OR Describe
R-L-C Series circuit and derive the relation for resonance frequency and write down at least two of
its properties. 07-TIMES(P.P.P.) (P.P.P.) (2023-RWP-G-II) (2023-SGD-G-II)
OR Describe an R-L-C series circuit. Draw its impedance diagram and derive expression for
its resonance frequency. Also write down its FOUR properties. 08-TIMES(P.P.P.)
(2023-LHR-G-II)(2023-SHW-G-1)
X. Define Impendence and derive a relation for impedance and phase angle for R-L and R-C series
circuits. OR Describe the behavior of R-C and R-L series circuits with an A.C. source.
Calculate the impedance of both circuits by drawing their impedance diagram. 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)
XI. Discuss the parallel resonance circuit in detail. OR What is RLC parallel circuit? Find
its impedance diagram and resonance frequency. Give its two properties. (2023-GUJ-G-1)
XII. Explain three phases of A.C. supply in detail.
XIII. Discuss the principle of Metal detectors.
XIV. What are electromagnetic waves? Explain the principle, generation, Transmission, and Reception.
06-TIMES(P.P.P.)
XV. Define and explain the phenomenon of modulation. 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)

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EXAMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

i) An A.C. voltmeter reads 250 V. What are its peak and instantaneous values if the frequency of
alternating voltage is 50 Hz?
ii) A 100 μF capacitor is connected to an alternating voltage of 24 V and a frequency 50 Hz.
Calculate
a. The reactance of the capacitor, and
b. The current in the circuit 04-TIMES(P.P.P.)
iii) When 10 V is applied to an A.C. circuit, the current flowing in it is 100 mA. Find its impedance.
(2023-BWP-G-II)
iv) At what frequency will an inductor of 1.0 H have a reactance of 500 Ω? 10-TIMES(P.P.P.)
v) An iron core coil of 2.0 H and 50 Ω is placed in series with a resistance of 450 Ω. An A.C. of 100
V, 50 Hz is connected across the circuit. Find
a. The current flowing in the circuit
b. The phase angle between the current
vi) A circuit consists of a capacitor of 2μF and a resistance of 1000Ω connected in series. An
alternating voltage of 12 V and frequency 50 Hz is applied. Find
a. The current in the circuit, and
b. The average power supplied.
vii) Find the capacitance required to construct a resonance circuit of frequency 1000 kHz with an
inductor of 5 mH. 5-TIMES(P.P.P.)

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
i) An alternating current is represented by the equation I = 20 sin 100πt. Compute its frequency and
the maximum and rms values of current.
ii) A sinusoidal A.C. has a maximum value of 15 A. What is its rms value? If the time is recorded from
the instant the current is zero and is becoming positive, what is the instantaneous value of the current
after 1/300 s, given the frequency is 50 Hz.
iii) Find the rms value of current and the inductive reactance when A.C. voltage of 220 V at 50 Hz is
passed through an inductor of 10 H. 15-TIMES(P.P.P.) (2023-GUJ-G-II)(2023-
MULTAN-G-I)
iv) A circuit has an inductance of 1/π H and resistance of 2000 Ω. A 50 Hz A.C. is supplied to it.
Calculate the reactance and impedance offered by the circuit. 05-TIMES (2023-
SGD-G-1)
v) An inductance of pure inductance 3/π H is connected in series with a resistance of 40.0 Ω. Find (i)
the peak value of the current (ii) The rms value, and (iii) the phase difference between the current
and the applied voltage V = 350 sin (100 πt).
vi) A 10 mH, 20 Ω coil is connected across a 240 V and 180/π Hz source. How much power does it
dissipate? 14-TIMES(P.P.P.) (2023-LHR-G-1)(2023-MULTAN-G-II)
vii) Find the value of current flowing through a capacitor 0.5 µF when connected to a source of 150 V
at 50 Hz. 05-TIMES(P.P.P.) (2023-FSD-G-I)
viii) An alternating source of emf 12 V and frequency 50 Hz is applied to a capacitor of capacitance 3 µF
in series with a resistance of 1 kΩ. Calculate the phase angle. 03-TIMES(P.P.P.)
ix) What is the resonant frequency of a circuit which includes a coil of inductance 2.5 H and capacitance
40 µF? 06-TIMES(P.P.P.) (2023-BWP-G-I)(2023-RWP-G-1)

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x) An inductor of inductance 150 µH is connected in parallel with a variable capacitor whose
capacitance can be changed from 500 pF to 20 pF. Calculate the maximum frequency and minimum
frequency for which the circuit can be tuned. 08-TIMES(P.P.P.)
CHAPTER NO: 17 PHYSICS OF SOLIDS
LONG QUESTIONS
I. Distinguish between the structure of Crystalline, Glassy, amorphous, and polymeric solids.
II. What is deformation? Discuss its types with examples. What is stress and strain? Discuss its types.
III. What is the modulus of elasticity? Discuss its types. OR Define stress and strain. Write a
note on Young’s modulus and shear modulus.
IV. What is an elastic limit and yield strength?
V. What is meant by strain energy? Derive a relation for strain energy from the force-extension graph.
OR What is meant by strain energy? Derive the relation for strain energy in a deformed material from
the area under the force-extension graph. 12-TIMES(P.P.P.) 2023-MULTAN-G-2 OR
Define strain energy? Derive a relation for strain energy in deformed materials. 06-TIMES(P.P.P.)
2023-BWP-G-2 2023-GUJ-G-1 2023-SHW-G-1 OR Explain strain energy in deformed
material. Use a graphical method to determine work done by force. Does this method suit a linear and non-
linear extension?
VI. Describe the formation of energy bands in solids. Explain the difference between the electrical behavior of
conductors, insulators, and semiconductors in terms of energy band theory. 2023-FSD-G-2 OR
What is the energy band theory? How behaviors of electrical conductors, insulators, and semiconductors can
be explained based on energy band theory. 21-TIMES (P.P.P.) 2023-SGD-G-1
VII. What are semiconductors? Discuss the formation of p-type and N-type material with their schematic diagram.
OR What is doping? Discuss the formation of p-type and N-type material with their schematic
diagram. 03-TIMES (P.P.P.) 2023-SHW-G-2 OR Define extrinsic and intrinsic
semiconductors. How can we obtain P-type and N-type substance? 06-TIMES(P.P.P.) 2023-GUJ-G-2
VIII. What are superconductor? Discuss its types and uses.
IX. Discuss different views about the cause of magnetic field in an atom.
X. Discuss types of solids on the basis of magnetic properties.
XI. What is Hysteresis loop? Discuss in detail. OR What is Hysteresis loop? Describe the
different features of hysteresis loop for a ferromagnetic material. 2023-LHR-G-1
OR What is Hysteresis loop? Explain different terms saturation, remanence and
coercivity. 2023-LHR-G-2
EXAMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
i) A steel wire 12 mm in diameter is fastened to a log and is then pulled by tractor. The length of the
steel wire between the log and the tractor is 11 m. a force of 10,000 N is required to pull the log.
Calculate
(a) The stress in the wire, and
(b) The strain in the wire.
(c) How much does the wire stretch when the log is pulled? (E=200 x 109 𝑁𝑚−2 .)
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
A 1.25 cm diameter cylinder is subjected to a load of 2500 kg. Calculate the stress on the bar in mega pascals.
i)
24-TIMES(P.P.P.) 2023-BWP-G-1 2023-RWP-G-1
ii) A 1.0 m long copper wire is subjected to stretching force and its length increases by 20 cm. Calculate the
tensile strain and the percent elongation which the wire undergoes. 08-TIMES(P.P.P.)
2023-FSD-G-1 2023-MULTAN-G-1
iii) A wire 2.5 m long and cross-sectional area 10-5 m2 is stretched 1.5 mm by a force of 100 N in the elastic
region. Calculate (i) the strain (ii) Young’s modulus (iii) the energy stored in the wire.
08-TIMES(P.P.P.) 2023-RWP-G-2 2023-SGD-G-2

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iv) What stress would cause a wire to increase by 0.01 % if the Young’s modulus of the wire is 12 x 10 10 Pa.
What force would produce this stress if the diameter of the wire is 0.56 mm?
The length of a steel wire is 1.0 m and its cross-sectional area is 0.03 x 10-4 m2. Calculate the work done in
v)
stretching the wire when a force of 100 N is applied within the elastic region. Young’s modulus of steel is
3.0 x 1011 N m-2. 04-TIMES(P.P.P.)
vi) A cylindrical copper wire and a cylindrical steel wire each of length 1.5 m and diameter 2.0 mm are joined at
one end to form a composite wire 3.0 m long. The wire is loaded until its length becomes 3.003 m. Calculate
the strain in copper and steel wires and the force applied to the wire. (Young’s modulus of copper is 1.2 x
1011 Pa and for steel is 2.0 x 1011 Pa).

CHAPTER NO: 18 ELECTRONICS

LONG QUESTIONS
i. What is pn-junction? Write about the biasing of pn-junction. OR what is pn-
unction? How it is forward and reverse-biased? Draw a circuit and give characteristics. 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)
ii. What is rectification? Discuss the working of different rectifier circuits. OR
Define rectification and describe the working of a half-wave and a full-wave rectifier. 02-TIMES(P.P.P.)
2023-RWP-G-1 2023-LHR-G-1 OR Define rectification. What are its types? Discuss half-
wave rectification. 05-TIMES(P.P.P.) OR Define rectification. Write a note on
full wave rectification with a diagram. O5-TIMES 2023-MULTAN-G-1 OR What is
rectification? Explain full wave rectification. How pulsating output voltage is made smooth?
iii. What are the different types of specially designed pn-junction diodes?
iv. What is a transistor? Discuss its construction and different types.
v. What is transistor? Describe the flow of current in n-p-n & p-n-p transistors. OR
Describe the flow of current in the n-p-n transistor with the help of a circuit diagram. Define the current gain
of a transistor. 02-TIMES (P.P.P.) OR Define depletion region, barrier
potential, and transistor. Discuss current through the n-p-n transistor.
vi. How can we use the transistor as an amplifier? 03-TIMES(P.P.P.) 2023-FSD-G-1 OR
What is transistor? Describe the use of transistor as an amplifier and calculate its voltage gain.
16-TIMES(P.P.P.) OR How can we use the transistor as an amplifier?
Explain with circuit and derive expression for voltage gain. 2023-BWP-G-1
vii. What is transistor? How can the transistors as a switch?
viii. What is operational amplifier? Describe its characteristics. OR What is
operational amplifier? Discuss the action of operational amplifier as inverting and non-inverting amplifier.
08-TIMES (P.P.P.) 2023-BWP-G-2
ix. Derive the expression for gain of inverting operational amplifier. OR What is
operational amplifier? Describe operational amplifier as inverting amplifier. 06-TIMES (P.P.P.)
OR What is operational amplifier? How does it work as inverting amplifier and also find its gain?
2023-GUJ-G-2
x. Derive the expression for gain of non-inverting amplifier. OR Define inverter.
Describe the circuit diagram of non-inverting amplifier and label it. Evaluate the relations for its gain.
09-TIMES(P.P.P.) 2023-MULTAN-G-2
xi. How can we use operational amplifier as a comparator?
xii. How can we use operational amplifier as a night switch? OR What is comparator circuit?
How can it be used as a night switch? 2023-SGD-G-1
xiii. What are logic gates? Discuss fundamental as well as exclusive logic gates.
xiv. How the combination of logic gates is used in the controlling systems?

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EXAMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

i. In a certain circuit, the transistor has a collector current of 10 mA and a base current of 40 μA.
What is the current gain of the transistor? 11-TIMES(P.P.P.) 2023-SGD-G-2
ii. Find the gain of the circuit as shown in Fig. 18.30.

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
i) The current flowing into the base of a transistor is 100 µA. Find its collector current IC, its emitter
current IE and the ratio IC/IE, if the value of current gain β is 100. 22-TIMES(P.P.P.)
2023-GUJ-G-1 2023-LHR-G-2 2023-SHW-G-1
ii) Fig.P.18.2 shows a transistor which operates a relay as the switch S is closed. The relay is energized
by a current of 10 mA. Calculate the value of RB which will just make the relay to operate. The
current gain β of the transistor is 200. When the transistor conducts, its VBE can be assumed to be
0.6 V.

iii) In circuit (Fig.P.18.3), there is negligible potential drop between B and E, if β is 100. Calculate (i)
base current (ii) collector current (iii) potential drop across RC (iv) VCE.

03-TIMES(P.P.P.) 2023-SHW-G-2
iv) Calculate the output of the op-amp circuit shown in Fig.P.18.4.

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v) Calculate the gain of non-inverting amplifier shown in Fig.P.18.5.

06-TIMES(P.P.P.)2023-FSD-G-2 2023-RWP-G-2

CHAPTER NO: 19 DAWN OF MODERN PHYSICS

LONG QUESTIONS
I. Write down the postulate of the special theory of relativity and also describe the four results of the special
theory of relativity. What is the NAVSTAR navigating system? OR
State the postulates of the special theory of relativity. Also, write the results of the special theory of relativity
without going into their mathematical derivations. OR Define and explain
the frame of reference. Also, discuss its types. And state the postulates of the special theory of relativity.
Discuss Planck’s Quantum theory. Also, explain the concept of photons.
II. What is the black body radiation? Explain intensity distribution diagram. OR
Explain black body also gives the explanation of intensity distribution diagram with facts.
III. Define photoelectric effect. Give its explanation on the basis of Quantum theory. OR
What is photoelectric effect? How its results were successfully explained by Einstein? 2023-MULTAN-G-1
OR Explain photoelectric effect. Write its experimental results, also the failure of classical theory.
OR Define photoelectric effect. What is the effect of frequency of light on photoelectric current and energy
of photoelectrons? OR Explain photoelectric effect on the basis of Einstein’s
Quantum theory. Also derive the Einstein’s equation. 2023-RWP-G-1 OR What is
photoelectric effect? Write down a note on construction, working and uses of photocell.
IV. Define Compton effect. Find expression for Compton shift. Draw its scattering diagram and label it.
V. What do you know about Pair-production? Explain
VI. What is Annihilation of matter? Explain.
VII. State de Broglie Hypothesis, give its formula. Also explain an electron microscope.
VIII. Explain de Broglie Hypothesis. How Davisson and Germer experimentally verified the de Broglie
Hypothesis?
IX. Describe Davisson and Germer experiment to confirm the wave nature of an electron. Also derive an
experiment for wavelength.
X. What is wave nature of particles? How Davisson and Germer experiment confirmed it? 2023-RWP-G-2
2023-BWP-G-1 OR Does particle possess wave like properties? Describe experiment giving
evidence of the wave nature. 2023-FSD-G-1
XI. What is uncertainty principle? Explain it. 2023-SGD-G-II

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EXAMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(i) The period of pendulum is measured to be 3.0 sec. in the inertial reference frame of the pendulum. What is
its period measure by an observer moving at a speed of 0.95 c with respect to the pendulum?

(ii) A bar 1.0 m in length and located along x-axis move with a speed of 0.75 c with respect to a stationary
observer. What is the length of the bar as measured by the stationary observer?

(iii) Find the mass “m” of a moving object with speed 0.8 c.
(iv) Assuming you radiate as does a black body at your temperature about 37ᴼC, at what wavelength do you
emit the most energy?

(v) What is the energy of a photon in a beam of infrared radiation of wavelength 1240 nm? 2023-FSD-G-2

(vi) A sodium surface is illuminated with light of wavelength 300 nm. The work function of sodium metal is
2.46 eV. Find
(a) Maximum energy of the ejected electron
(b) Determine the cutoff wavelength for sodium

(vii) A 50 KeV photon is scattered by a quasi-free electron. If the scattered photon comes off at 45ᴼ, what is its
wavelength.

(viii) A particle of mass 5 mg moves with speed 8.0 m/s. calculate its de-Broglie wavelength.
(ix) An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 50 V. calculate its de-Broglie wavelength.
2023-LHR-G-1-II

(x) The life time of an electron in an excited state is about 10−6 𝑠𝑒𝑐. What is its uncertainty in energy during
this time?
(xi) An electron is to be confined to a box of size of the nucleus (1 × 10−14 𝑚). What would the speed of an
electron be if it were so confined?

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
i) A particle called the pion lives on the average only about 2.6 x 10-8 s when at rest in the laboratory. It then
changes into another form. How long would such a particle live when shooting through a space at 0.95 c?

ii) what is the mass of 70 Kg man in a space rocket travelling at 0.8 c from us as measured from earth?
2023-GUJ-G-1 2023-SHW-G-2
iii) Find the energy of photon in (a) Radio-wave of wavelength 100 m (b) Green light of wavelength 50 nm (c)
X-ray with wavelength 0.2 nm.
iv) Yellow light of 577 nm wavelength is incident on a cesium surface. The stopping value is found to be 0.25
V. Find (a) maximum K.E of photoelectrons (b) the work function of cesium. 2023-BWP-G-2

v) X-ray of wavelength 22 pm are scattered from a carbon target. The scattered radiation being viewed at 85°
to the incident beam. What is Compton shift? 2023-SGD-G-1

vi) A 90 keV X-ray photon is fired at a carbon target and Compton scattering occurs. Find the wavelength of
the incident photon and wavelength of the scattered photon for scattering angle (a) 30° (b) 60°.

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vii) What is the maximum wavelength of the two photons produced when a positron annihilates an electron?
The rest mass energy of each is 0.51 MeV. 2023-GUJ-G-2 2023-SHW-G-1

viii) Calculate the wavelength of (a) a 140 g ball moving at 40 m s-1 (b) a proton moving at the same speed (c) an
electron moving at the same speed.

ix) What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron whose kinetic energy is 120 eV?
2023-MULTAN-G-II
x) An electron is placed in a box about the size of an atom that is about 1.0 x 10-10 m. What is the velocity of
electron?

CHAPTER NO: 20 ATOMIC SPECTRA

LONG QUESTIONS
I. What is atomic spectrum? Discuss different series in visible region of electromagnetic spectrum?
II. Give postulates of Bohr’s atomic model. How did de-Broglie deduce Bohr’s second postulate?
2023-LHR-G-1
III. Derive an expression for the quantized radii of the orbits of hydrogen atom. 2023-GUJ-G-2 OR
Using Bohr’s second postulate, find the value of (a) Quantized radii and (b) Quantized velocities in Hydrogen
atom. 2023-BWP-G-2
IV. Derive an expression for the energy of electron revolving in nth orbit of H-atom. OR What is
spectroscopy? Derive the expression that in Bohr’s Atomic model of Hydrogen atom, Bohr’s orbital energies
are quantized. 2023-BWP-G-1
V. Write postulates of Bohr’s model. Prove that radii and energy of electron is quantized in hydrogen atom.
2023-MULTAN-G-2
VI. What is meant by X-rays? Describe the production of X-rays. 2023-SHW-G-2
VII. Discuss the properties and uses of x-rays.
VIII. State Heinsberg Uncertainty principle. How does uncertainty principle explain that electrons cannot exist
inside the nucleus?
IX. What is LASER? Describe its principle and operation. OR Define Laser, explain laser operation.
Give some uses of laser. 2023-GUJ-G-1
X. What is Helium-Neon Laser? Explain. Also, write its uses. 2023-RWP-G-1
EXAMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
(i) Find the speed of the electron in the first orbit.

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
(i) A hydrogen atom is in its ground state (n=1). Using Bohr’s theory, calculate (a) the radius of the orbit.
(b) the linear momentum of the electron. (c) the angular momentum of the electron, (d) the kinetic
energy (e) the potential energy, and (f) the total energy.

(ii) What are the energies in eV of quanta of wavelength? Λ= 400, 500, and 700 nm. 2023-FSD-G-2
(iii) An electron jumps from a level 𝐸𝑖 = −3.5 × 10−19 𝐽 to level 𝐸𝑓 = −1.20 × 10−18 𝐽. What is the
wavelength of the emitted light? 2023-SGD-G-2

(iv) Find the wavelength of the spectral line corresponding to the transition in Hydrogen from n=6 state to
n=3 state. 2023-FSD-G-1

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(v) Compute the shortest wavelength radiation in the Balmer series. What value of n must be used?
2023-LHR-G-2

(vi) Calculate the longest wavelength of radiation for the Paschen series. 2023-RWP-G-2 2023-SGD-G-1

(vii) Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated through a potential difference of 3000 V. if these electrons
were slowed down in a target, what would be the minimum wavelength of X-rays produced?
2023-MULTAN—G-1
(viii) The wavelength of K x-ray from copper is 1. 377 × 10−10 𝑚. 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 is the energy difference between
the two levels from which this transition results? 2023-SHW-G-1

(ix) A tungsten target is struck by electrons that have been accelerated from rest through 40 kV potential
difference. Find the shortest wavelength of the bremsstrahlung radiation emitted?

(x) The orbital electron of a hydrogen atom moves with a speed of 5.456 × 105 m𝑠 −1 .
(a) Find the value of quantum number n associated with this electron.
(b) Calculate the radius of this orbit.
(c) Find the energy of the electron in this orbit?

CHAPTER NO: 21 NUCLEAR PHYSICS

LONG QUESTIONS
I. Describe principle, construction and working of mass spectrograph. OR Describe mass
spectrograph and how it can be used for detection of isotopes. 2023-FSD-G-1 OR
What is mass spectrograph? Describe an experimental arrangement of a spectrograph and derive relation
showing mass “m” and “ 𝐵2 " as in linear relation. 2023-SGD-G-1
II. Define and explain terms Mass Defect and Binding energy. Draw graph between binding energy per
nucleus and nucleon number. Also explain this curve. 2023-MULTAN-G-1
III. What do you understand by radioactivity? Give an account of three types of radiations.
IV. Explain the phenomenon of nuclear transmutation or radioactive decay. 0R What is
radioactivity and explain nuclear transmutation? 2023-FSD-G-2
V. What is meant by half-life of a radioactive element? How can it be determined by the decay of radioactive
element?
VI. Discuss the interaction of alpha, beta, and gamma and neutrons with matter.
VII. What are radiation detectors? Describe the principle, construction and working of Wilson Cloud chamber
for detecting nuclear radiations. 2023-RWP-G-2
VIII. Explain the principle, construction and working of Geiger Muller Counter.
IX. Describe the principle, construction and working of Solid-state detector. 2023-SGD-G-2
X. Write detailed note on nuclear reactions.
XI. Write detail note on Nuclear Fission.
XII. What is Fission chain reaction? Describe controlled and uncontrolled chain reaction. 2023-LHR-G-2
XIII. What is nuclear reactor? Describe function of its main parts. 2023-SHW-G-1
XIV. Describe different types of reactors.
XV. Explain nuclear fusion reaction. What are nuclear reaction in the sun.
XVI. Write a note on radiation exposure and biological effects of radiation.
XVII. Write a note on (a biological and medical uses of radiations (b) Medical Diagnostics and therapy.
XVIII. What are basic forces of nature explain.
XIX. What are building blocks of matter? Explain.

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EXAMPLE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
(i) Find the mass defect and binding energy of the deuteron nucleus. The experimental mass of
deuteron is 3.3435 × 10−27 𝐾𝑔. 2023-GUJ-G-2
(ii) Iodine-131 is an artificial radioactive isotope. It is used for the treatment of the human thyroid
gland. Its half-life is 8 days. In the drug store of the hospital, 20 mg of iodine-131 is present. It was
received from the laboratory 48 days ago. Find the quantity of iodine-131 in the hospital after this
period.
(iii) How much energy is absorbed by a man of mass 80 kg who receives a lethal body equivalent dose
pf 400 rem in the form of low-energy neutrons for which the RBE factor is 10? 2023-BWP-G-1
2023-RWP-G-1
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
xiv) Find the mass defect and binding energy of the tritium, if the atomic mass of the tritium is
3.016049u. 2023-LHR-G-1 2023-MULTAN-G-2

xv) The half-life of 38Sr91 is 9.70 hours. Find its decay constant.
xvi) The element 91Pa234 is unstable and decays by β-emission with a half-life 6.66 hours. State the
nuclear reaction and the daughter nuclei. 2023-BWP-G-2
xvii) Find the energy associated with the following reaction: (Mass of 1H1 = 1.00784u)
14
7N + 2He4 ---→ 8O17 + 1H1
What does negative sign indicate?

xviii) Find the energy associated with the following reaction: (Mass of C14 = 14.0077u)
14
6C --→ 7N14 + -1e0

xix) If 92U233 decays twice by α-emission, what is the resulting isotope? 2023-SHW-G-2

xx) Calculate the energy (in MeV) released in the following fusion reaction:
2
1H + 1H3 --→ 2He4 + 0n1

xxi) A sheet of lead 5.0 mm thick reduces the intensity of a beam of γ-rays by a factor 0.4. Find half-
value thickness of the lead sheet which will reduce the intensity to half of its initial value

xxii) Radiation from a point source obeys the inverse square law. If the count rate at a distance of 1.0 m
from the Geiger counter is 360 counts per minute, what will be its count rate at 3.0 m from the
source?

xxiii) A 75 kg person receives a whole-body radiation dose of 24 m-rad, delivered by α-particles for
which the RBE factor is 12. Calculate (a) the absorbed energy in joules, and (b) the equivalent does
in rem. 2023-GUJ-G-1

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