TUTORIAL 5 SOLUTIONS MAM1006H

Stewart’s Calculus contains solutions to all odd numbered exercises.

Be sure to lay your work out clearly and carefully. If you think what you are doing might
be confusing, write a sentence explaining what you have done.

Stewart 7.2

2.
Z Z
6 3
cos y sin y dy = cos6 y sin2 y sin y dy
Z
= cos6 y(1 − cos2 y) sin y dy

Let u = cos y to obtain the integral

Z Z
− u (1 − u ) du = u6 − u8 dy
6 2

u7 u9
=− + +C
7 9
cos7 y cos9 y
=− + +C
7 9

4.
Z π Z π
2 2
5
sin x dx = (1 − cos2 x)2 sin x dx
0 0

Let u = cos x. Then dudx

= − sin x. Our bounds change as follows: u(0) = cos 0 = 1,
π π
and u( 2 ) = cos 2 = 0. So our integral becomes
Z 0 Z 0
2 2
− (1 − u ) du = 2u2 − 1 − u4 du
1 1
 3 0
2u u5
= −u−
3 5 1
1 2
=1+ −
5 3
16.
cos3 θ
Z Z
5 3
csc θ cos θ dθ = dθ
sin5 θ
(1 − sin2 θ) cos θ
Z
= dθ
sin5 θ
1 − u2
Z
= du u-substitution with u = sin θ
u5
Z
= u−5 − u−3 du
u−4 u−2
=− + +C
4 2
1 1
=− + +C
4 sin θ 2 sin2 θ
4
18.
sin2 x
Z Z
2 3
tan x cos x dx = cos3 x dx
cos2 x
Z
= sin2 x cos x dx

From here, let u = sin x to solve.

26.
Z π Z π
4 4
6 6
sec θ tan θ dθ = tan6 θ sec4 θ sec2 θ dθ
0 0
Z π
4
= tan6 θ(1 + tan2 θ)2 sec2 θ dθ
0

Let u = tan θ. Then du dθ

= sec2 θ. Our bounds change as follows: u(0) = tan 0 = 0,
and u( π4 ) = tan π4 = 1. Our integral becomes:
Z 1
u6 (1 + u2 ) du
0

Which you can solve as usual.

28.
Z Z
5 3
tan x sec x dx = tan4 x sec2 x(sec x tan x) dx
Z
= (sec2 x − 1)2 sec2 x sec x tan x dx

du
Let u = sec x. Then dx
= sec x tan x, and the integral becomes
Z
(u2 − 1)2 u2 du

Which you can solve as always.

30.
Z π Z π
4 4
4
tan t dt = tan2 t tan2 t dt
0 0
Z π
4
= (sec2 t − 1) tan2 t dt
0
Z π Z π
4 4
2 2
= sec t tan t dt − tan2 t dt
0 0
Z π Z π
4 4
= sec2 t tan2 t dt − (sec2 t − 1) dt
0 0
Z π Z π Z π
4 4 4
2 2 2
= sec t tan t dt − sec t dt − 1 dt
0 0 0
 du
To integrate the first term, do a u-substitution with u = tan t, and dt
= sec2 t. This
R1
will give you the integral 0 u2 du.
To integrate the second term (sec2 t), use the fact that sec2 t is the derivative of
tan t: Z π
4 π
sec2 t dt = [tan t]04
0

40.
Z π Z π
2 2
4 4
csc θ cot θ dθ = csc2 θ(cot2 +1) cot4 θ dθ
π π
4 4

To solve the integral from here, let u = cot θ, and note that du
dθ
= − csc2 θ.
Rb Rb
42. To integrate csc3 x, we use integration by parts: a u dv = uv − a v du. Let u =
csc x, dv = csc2 x. Then du = − csc x cot x dx, and v = − cot x.
Z π Z π
3 π 3
3
csc x dx = [− csc x cot x] − 3
π cot2 x csc x dx
π 6 π
6 6
Z π
π 3
= [− csc x cot x] − 3
π (csc2 x − 1) csc x dx
6 π
6
Z π Z π
π 3 3
3
= [− csc x cot x] − 3
π csc x dx − csc x dx
6 π π
6 6

R π3
Now add π csc3 x dx to both sides to get:
6

Z π Z π
3 π 3
3
2 csc x dx = [− csc x cot x] + 3
π csc x dx
π 6 π
6 6
π π
= [− csc x cot x] π3 + [− ln | csc x + cot x|] π3
6 6

Divide both sides by 2, and evaluate, to get the answer.

Stewart 7.3

2. Apply the substitution x = 3 sin θ with domain θ ∈ [− π2 , π2 ]. This yields dx

dθ
= 3 cos θ.
The integral becomes:

x3 33 sin3 θ
Z Z
√ dx = p 3 cos θ dθ
9 − x2 9 − 9 sin2 θ

4. Apply the substitution x = 3 sin2

θ
with domain θ ∈ [− π2 , π2 ]. Note that dx
dθ
= 3
2
cos θ,
and our integral changes as follows:
3 3
sin3 θ


x3
Z Z  
2 3
3 dx = 3 cos θ dθ
(9 − 4x2 ) 2 9 − 9 sin2 θ 2 2


 R x3
6. We solve the integral I = √9+x 2 dx with the substitution x = 3 tan θ (when

− π2 < θ < π2 ). Note that dx

dθ
= 3 sec2 θ.

x3 33 tan3 θ
Z Z
√ dx = √ 3 sec2 θ
9 + x2 9 + 9 tan2 θ

We can simplify the denominator as follows:

p √ p √
9 + 9 tan2 θ = 9 1 + tan2 θ = 3 sec2 θ = 3| sec θ|

And since sec θ is non-negative when we have − π2 < θ < π2 , we get 3| sec θ| = 3 sec θ.
So our integral becomes:
33 tan3 θ
Z
I= 3 sec2 θ dθ
3 sec θ
Z
= 27 tan3 θ sec θ dθ
Z
= 27 (sec2 θ − 1) tan θ sec θ dθ
Z
= 27 u2 − 1 du substitute u = sec θ

= 9u3 − 27u + C
= 9 sec3 θ − 27 sec θ + C

To get the integral in terms of x, we draw a triangle using our original substitution
x = 3 tan θ. We can re-arrange this as tan θ = x3 . So we get a triangle with opposite
side x, and adjacent side 3. Since − π2 < θ < π2 , this triangle is in quadrant I or IV.
√ hyp
√
2
The hypotenuse will have length x2 + 9, so we get that sec θ = adj = x3 +9 .
√
2 √
Therefore I = x3 +9 − 9 x2 + 9 + C.
√
8. We make the substitution x = 2 sin θ (with − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 ), so sin θ = √x2 , and the
√
associated triangle has
√ hypotenuse 2, opposite side x, and lives in quadrants I or
dx
IV. Note that dθ = 2 sin θ, so we substitute to get:

Z √ Z p
2 − x2 2 − 2 sin2 θ √
dx = 2 cos θ dθ
x2 2 sin2 θ
| cos θ|
Z
= cos θ dθ
sin2 θ
On our domain, we get that | cos θ| = cos θ, so we can simplify further:

| cos θ| cos2 θ
Z Z
cos θ dθ = dθ
sin2 θ sin2 θ
1 − sin2 θ
Z
= dθ
Z sin2 θ
= csc2 θ − 1 dθ

= − cot θ − θ + C
 √
2
Looking at our triangle, we get that cot θ = 2−x
x
. We canexpress θ using inverse
√ 
trig functions: since x = 2 sin θ, we have that θ = arcsin √x2 (really, this is the
substitution we made in the first place!)
√  
2
So I = − 2−xx
− arcsin √x
2
+C

10. Let x = 3 sin θ, where − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 . After simplifying, the integral becomes:

Z
9 sin2 θ dθ

Use the fact that sin2 θ = 12 (1 − cos 2θ) to get

Z
9 9 9 sin 2θ
1 − cos 2θ dθ = θ − · +C
2 2 2 2

It’s difficult to get sin 2θ in terms of x, so we use the identity sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
to ”simplify”:

9 9 sin 2θ 9 9
θ− · + C = θ − · sin θ cos θ + C
2 2 2 2 2
x
and sin θ = x3 . Use the triangle


By our original substitution,
√
we get θ = arcsin 3
2
to get that cos θ = 9−x
3
. So our final answer is:
√  x  x√ 9 − x2
9 x
x 9 − x2
arcsin − · · + C = arcsin − +C
3 2 3 3 3 2
12. Let x = 6 sin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 . Note that dx dθ
= 6 cos θ. Our new lower bound θl is
given by solving 0 = 6 sin θl , which gives θl = 0. To find the upper bound θu , solve
3 = 6 sin θu , and get θu = π6 . Thus the integral becomes
Z π
6 6 sin θ
p 6 cos θ dθ
0 36 − 36 sin2 θ

Because we have − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 , we can simplify the denominator:

p √
36 − 36 sin2 θ = 6 cos2 θ = 6| cos θ| = 6 cos θ

The whole integral becomes

Z π
6 π
6 sin θ dθ = −6 [cos θ]06
0
π
= 6 cos 0 − 6 cos
√ 6
=6−3 3

(3)

a. Use the identity sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x. Then do a substitution with u = cos x
1
b. Rewrite csc t
= sin t, then to solve the integral, do a u-substitution with u = sin t.
 c. Use the log law ln(sin x) + ln(cos x) = ln(sin x cos
x). Then use the identity sin sin
2x =
2 sin x cos x to rewrite the numerator as ln 2 . Rewrite the denominator as cos 2x
sin 2x
2x
.
The integral then becomes:

ln sin22x
Z

cos 2x dx
sin 2x

sin 2x
Do a u-substitution with u = 2
, and du
dx
= cos 2x. Then our integral becomes
Z
ln(u)
du
u

dw
Do another substitution, let w = ln(u), with du
= u1 . Then we get
2
w2
Z 
1 1 sin 2x
w dw = + C = ln(u)2 + C = ln +C
2 2 2 2

2 θ−tan2 θ
d. The integrand
R simplifies to 2sec , and sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1. So the integral
becomes 2 dθ = 2θ + C.

(4)
√ √ √
a. Let x = 5 sin θ. To get the lower bound, solve 25 = 5 sin θl , which gives θl = π6 .
Similarly, the upper bound is θu = π2 . We then get the integral in the form:
π
Z
2 p √
5 − 5 sin2 θ 5 cos θ dθ
π
6

b. Completing the square, the denominator becomes 4x2 + 4x + 2 = (2x
+ 1)2 + 1. So

we want tan2 θ = (2x + 1)2 . So we let x = tan2θ−1 (for θ ∈ − π2 , π2 ). The lower
bound we get by solving − 12 = tan 2θl −1 , which gives θl = 0. We get the upper bound
of θu = π4 similarly.
So the integral becomes π
sec2 θ
Z
4 1
√ dθ
0 tan2 θ + 1 2
√
c. Let x = 3 sec θ. After changing all our bounds, the new integral is:
Z π √
6 3 sec2 θ − 3 √
3 sec θ tan θ dθ
0 9 sec4 θ

d. First make the substitution u = ln(x) to get

Z 1√
1 − u2 du
0

Then let u = sin θ to get π

Z
2 p
1 − sin2 θ cos θ dθ
0