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Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 6 (2021) 21–29

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Analytical solution for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of

saturated multi-layered soil under time-dependent loading
Pyol Kim∗, Hyong-Sik Kim, Chol-U Pak, Chung-Hyok Paek, Gun-Hyang Ri, Hak-Bom Myong
Faculty of Geology, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang 999093, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Received 11 December 2019; received in revised form 13 March 2020; accepted 20 April 2020
Available online 16 May 2020

Abstract
This paper presents analytical solutions for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of saturated multi-layered soil under time-dependent
loading. Analytical solutions are derived for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of multi-layered soil subjected to constant loading and
ramp loading. The proposed solutions are verified through the comparison with the existing solutions for double-layered soil and single-
layered soil, which shows the proposed solutions are more general ones for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of saturated soils
subjected to time-dependent loading. Based on the proposed solutions, nonlinear consolidation behavior of saturated multi-layered soil under
time-dependent loading is investigated.
© 2020 Shanghai Jiaotong University. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Keywords: Saturated soil; Multi-layered; Nonlinear consolidation; Analytical solution.

1. Introduction
In geotechnical and ocean engineering, a soil is often lay-
ered and has nonlinear characteristics during consolidation.
Therefore, it is very significant to analyze the one-dimensional
consolidation of saturated soil subjected to time-dependent
loading by taking both the nonlinearity and the layered char-
acteristics of the soil into account, which has drawn consider-
able attention and has become the focus of academic research.
Since Davis and Raymond [1] first proposed the nonlin-
ear consolidation theory based on the assumptions that the
decrease in permeability is proportional to the decrease in
compressibility during the consolidation process and the ini-
tial effective stress is constant with depth, many attempts have
been made to develop different one-dimensional consolidation
models considering the nonlinear variations in permeability
and compressibility [2,3]. Poskitt [4], Mesri and Rokhasar
[5], Lekha et al. [6], Zhuang et al. [7], Abbasi et al. [8] and
Zheng et al. [9] investigated one-dimensional nonlinear con-
solidation on the basis of the relationship between void ratio
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: 18846415254@163.com (P. Kim).
e-log effective stress and void ratio e-log permeability. Based
on Davis and Raymond’s theory, Xie et al. [10] and Conte and
Troncone [11] derived analytical solutions to one-dimensional
nonlinear consolidation of soil subjected to time-dependent
loading. More recently, Li et al. [12] and Kim et al. [13] pro-
posed analytical solutions for one-dimensional nonlinear con-
solidation of a saturated clay layer under ramp loading and
cyclic loadings with the consideration of variable consolida-
tion coefficient. All solutions mentioned above are for one-
dimensional nonlinear consolidation of single-layered soil.
In the past decades, numerous studies have been conducted
on one-dimensional consolidation of multi-layered soil. Based
on Terzaghi’s linear consolidation theory, Gray [14], Schiff-
man and Stein [15], Lee et al. [16], Xie and Pan [17], Huang
and Griffiths [18] investigated one-dimensional consolidation
of layered soil. Xie et al. [19] extended Davis and Ray-
mond’s nonlinear consolidation theory to double-layered soil
and time-dependent loading conditions. Chen et al. [20] and
Hu et al. [21] studied one-dimensional nonlinear consolida-
tion of multi-layered soil under time-dependent loading by
using numerical method with the same assumptions as pro-
posed by Davis and Raymond [1]. Besides, many researchers
have investigated multi-layered theories of structures by using

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2020.04.004
2468-0133/© 2020 Shanghai Jiaotong University. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
22 P. Kim, H.-S. Kim and C.-U. Pak et al. / Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 6 (2021) 21–29
  2 
∂ ui (z, t ) ∂ 2
u i (z, t ) 1 ∂ u i (z, t )
= cv i + i
∂t ∂ z2 σ (z, t ) ∂z
dq(t )
+ , (i = 1, 2, · · · , n) (1)
dt
where ui (z, t) and σ  i (z, t) are the excess pore water pressure
and the effective vertical stress in the ith soil layer, respec-
tively; z and t are the variables for space and time respectively.
According to the assumption that the decrease in perme-
ability is proportional to the decrease in compressibility dur-
ing the consolidation process of soil, the consolidation coef-
ficient cv i is given by cv i = kv i0 /(mv i0 γw ), in which, γ w is the
unit weight of water; mv i0 = 0.434Cc i /(1 + ei0 )/σ0 i , Cc i and
ei0 are the compression index and the initial void ratio in the
ith layer corresponding to the initial effective vertical stress
σ0 i respectively. By the assumption that the distribution of
initial effective stress is constant with depth, σ0 i = σ0 .
Fig. 1. Schematic model of multi-layered soil subjected to time-dependent Using Terzaghi’s principle of effective stress, σ  i (z, t) can
loading. be written as:
σ i (z, t ) = σ0 + q(t ) − ui (z, t ) (2)
numerical methods such as finite element solutions through By defining a new variable,
Carrea Unified Formulation [22].  
Compared with numerical solutions, analytical solutions σ  i (z, t )
ωi (z, t ) = ln (3)
can be more accurate and simple. In addition, analytical so- σ  0 + q(t )
lutions can be used for verification of numerical methods.
However, due to the complexity of the nonlinear consolidation Eq. (1) can be simplified in terms of ωi (z, t) as follows:
equations for multi-layered soil, none of researchers have ever ∂ ωi (z, t ) ∂ 2 ωi (z, t )
derived any analytical solutions for one-dimensional nonlin- = cv i + R(t ), (i = 1, 2, · · · ,n) (4)
∂t ∂ z2
ear consolidation of multi-layered soil under time-dependent
loading. So, the purpose of this study is to derive analytical where
solutions for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of sat- 1 dq(t )
R(t ) = − (5)
urated multi-layered soil under time-dependent loading based σ  0 + q(t ) dt
on the assumptions proposed by Davis and Raymond [1]. The
The initial and boundary conditions for Eq. (4) in terms
proposed solutions are verified through the comparison with
of ui (z, t) and ωi (z, t) can be given by
the existing solutions in literature. Based on the proposed so-
lution, nonlinear consolidation behavior of multi-layered soil ui (z, 0) = q(0), or ωi (z, 0) = ω0 (6)
under time-dependent loading is investigated.

u1 (0, t ) = 0, or ω1 (0, t ) = 0 (7)

2. Governing equations ∂ u2 (H, t ) ∂ ω2 (H, t )

= 0, or = 0 (singledrainage ) (8)
∂z ∂z
Fig. 1 shows the schematic model for one-dimensional
nonlinear consolidation of multi-layered soil subjected to u2 (H, t ) = 0, or ω2 (H, t ) = 0 (doubledrainage ) (9)
time-dependent loading. In this model, hi , kv i0 , mv i0 and .cvi .
are the thickness, the initial coefficient of permeability, the
initial coefficient of compressibility and the consolidation co- ui (hi , t ) = ui+1 (hi , t ), or ωi (hi , t ) = ωi+1 (hi , t ) (10)
efficient of the ith soil layer (i = 1, 2, · · · , n), respectively.
 H
is the total thickness of soil which satisfies H = ni=1 hi . q(t)
is the uniformly distributed time-dependent loading applied ∂ ui ( hi , t ) ∂ ui+1 (hi , t ) ∂ ωi ( hi , t )
kv i0 = kv i+1 , or kv i0
on the top surface of the soil. ∂z 0
∂z ∂z
Based on the nonlinear consolidation theory proposed by ∂ ω i+1 ( h i , t )
Davis and Raymond [1], the governing equation for one- = kv i+1 (11)
0
∂z
dimensional nonlinear consolidation of multi-layered soil sub-
σ 0
jected to time-dependent loading can be written as follows: where ω0 = ln σ  0 +q(0)
.
 P. Kim, H.-S. Kim and C.-U. Pak et al. / Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 6 (2021) 21–29 23

3. Derivation of solutions
Sn+1 = Dn+1 −Bn+1 (singledrainage ) (23)
3.1. Excess pore water pressure

According to Eqs. (2) and (3), the excess pore water pres- Sn+1 = Bn+1 Dn+1 (doubledrainage ) (24)
sure can be expressed as follows:
Cm and Dm can be calculated by following equations:
ui (z, t ) = σ  0 + q(t ) 1 − eωi (z,t ) (12) n  zi
i=1 bi zi−1 gmi (z )ω0 d z
In order to obtain analytical solution for excess pore water Cm = n  zi 2 (25)
pressure, nondimensional parameters are defined as: i=1 bi zi−1 gmi (z )d z

n  zi
kv i0 mv i0 hi cv 1 bi bi gmi (z )dz
Ki = , = , ci = , μi = =
i=1 z
b (13) D m = n  zi−1
1 i 1 bi i
g2mi (z )dz
kv 0 mv 0 h1 cv i Ki i=1 zi−1
 √
2 ni=1 Ki bi Ami (Ci −Di+1 ) + Bmi (Bi+1 −Ai )
= n √    2   
The general solutions of Eq. (4) satisfying relevant con- i=1 Ki bi μi ci λm A2mi + Bmi
2 + Bmi − A2mi (Di+1 Bi+1 − Ci Ai ) + 2Ami Bmi Ci2 − Di+1
2

ditions (i.e. Eqs. (6)-(11)) can be assumed as follows [14, (26)

15]:
∞  t  3.2. Average degree of consolidation
ωi (z, t ) = gmi (z )e−βm t Cm + Dm eβm τ R(τ )dτ ,
m=1 0 Average degree of consolidation can be defined in terms of
(i = 1, 2, · · · ,n) (14) either settlement or effective stress. The former represents the
settlement rate, while the latter denotes the dissipation rate of
where excess pore water pressure.
   
z z The average degree of consolidation defined in terms of
gmi (z) = Ami sin μi λm + Bmi cos μi λm , ( i = 1, settlement for each layer can be expressed as:
h1 h1
2, · · · ,n) (15)  zi i  zi
zi−1 ε dz z (e0 i − ei )dz
Us =  zi
i
=  zii−1
zi−1 ε f dz zi−1 (e0 − e f )dz
i i i
cv 1  zi  
βm = λ2m (16) σ i
h12 zi−1 log σ 0 dz
=   σ i  , (i = 1, 2, · · · , n) (27)
The coefficients Ami and Bmi can be determined by the zi f
zi−1 log σ 0 dz
following recursive formula [16]:
Am1 Bm1
T
= 1 0
T
(17) where ɛi is the vertical strain in the ith layer defined by ε i =
e0 i −ei Cc i
log( σσ 0 ); ɛf i is the final vertical strain in the ith
i

1+e0 i
= 1+ e0 i
e i −e i i σ i
layer defined by ε f i = 1+ 0 f
e0 i
= 1+Cc
e0 i
log( σ 0f ); ei and ef i are
T T
Ami Bmi = Si Am(i−1) Bm(i−1) , (i = 2, · · · ,n) the void ratio and the final void ratio corresponding to the
(18) effective stress σ  i and the final effective stress σ if in the ith
layer respectively, in which the final effective stress can be
where given by σ if = σ  f = σ 0 + qu from Eq. (2).

Ai Bi + diCi Di Ai Di − diCi Bi According to Eqs. (2) and (26), Eq. (27) can be written as
Si = , (i = 2, · · · ,n) (19)
Ci Bi − di Ai Di Ci Di + di Ai Bi follows:
        
1 σ 0+q 1 zi
Ai = sin μi λm zhi−11 Bi = sin μi−1 λm zhi−11 Us =
i
ln + ωi dz , (i = 1, 2, · · · , n)
    ln Nσ σ 0 hi zi−1
Ci = cos μi λm zhi−11 Di = cos μi−1 λm zhi−11 (28)
 
k i−1 cv i Ki−1 bi−1
di = kv 0i cv i−1 = Ki bi where Nσ is the loading parameter reflecting the ratio of final
v0

in which effective stress and initial effective stress defined by Nσ =

σ  0 +qu
i σ 0
.
z0 = 0, zi = h j , (i = 1, 2, · · · , n) (20) The average degree of consolidation defined in terms of
j=1
effective stress for each layer can be given by
λm is the positive root of the eigen-equation as follows:
 zi  zi
n+1
zi−1 (σ  − σ 0 )d z (q − ui )dz
i
Si = Sn+1 Sn · · · S2 S1 = 0 (21) U p =  zi
i z
= i−1 zi
zi−1 (σ  f − σ 0 )d z
i=1 i
zi−1 qu dz
where   zi 
1 1
T = q− ui dz , (i = 1, 2, · · · , n) (29)
S1 = 1 0 (22) qu hi zi−1
24 P. Kim, H.-S. Kim and C.-U. Pak et al. / Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 6 (2021) 21–29

Fig. 2. Constant loading (a) and ramp loading (b).

The average degree of consolidation in terms of settlement

for entire soil system can be expressed as follows:
n  zi  i
n  z i i σ
i=1 zi−1 ε dz i=1 z log σ 0
dz
Us = n  zi
i−1
= n  z i   Fig. 3. Comparison for double-layered soil under constant loading.
i=1 zi−1 ε f dz
i σ if
i=1 zi−1 log σ 0 dz
n
i=1 μi Ki ciUs
2 i
soil under constant loading can be expressed as:
=  n (30)
i=1 μi Ki ci
2
qu Nσ
The average degree of consolidation in terms of effective ui = ( 1 − eω i ) (32)
Nσ − 1
stress for entire soil system can be written as follows:
n  z i n 
i=1 zi−1 (q − ui )dz
i zi
i=1 ciU p
1
Up = n  zi =  (31) Us i = 1 + ωi dz (33)
i=1 zi−1 qu dz
n
i=1 ci
ln Nσ · hi zi−1

4. Solutions for special cases  zi

1
Upi = 1 − ui dz (34)
qu hi zi−1
Based on the above solutions, analytical solutions for one-
dimensional nonlinear consolidation of multi-layered soil un- where
der constant loading and ramp loading can be easily obtained.

∞
gmi (z)e−λm Tv1 Cm
2
ωi =
4.1. Solutions for constant loading m=1
Tv1 = chv12t , i = 1, 2, · · · , n.
For constant loading shown in Fig. 2(a), q(t ) = qu and 1

R(t ) = 0. Then, the solutions for the excess pore water pres- The average degrees of consolidation for entire soil system
sure and the average degree of consolidation of multi-layered Us and Up can be given by Eqs. (30) and (31) respectively.
 P. Kim, H.-S. Kim and C.-U. Pak et al. / Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 6 (2021) 21–29 25

Fig. 4. Comparison for double-layered soil under ramp loading.

Fig. 5. Comparison for single-layered soil under constant loading.

4.2. Solutions for ramp loading

Ramp loading shown in Fig. 2(b) can be expressed as fol- where

lows:
t ∞ ∞
qu , t ≤ tc ,
gmi (z)e−λm Tv1 C1 Dm , ωi2 = gmi (z)e−λm Tv1 C2 Dm
2 2
q(t ) = tc ωi1 =
qu , t ≥ tc , m=1 m=1
 ∞ k

where tc is construction time. λ2 Tvc1
− Nmσ −1 (λ2m Tvc1 ) (T k − 1)
The solutions for ramp loading can be written as follows: C1 = e ln T + ,
k=1
k !k (Nσ − 1)k
  ∞

(1 − eωi1 ),t ≤ tc
qu T k
−
λ2m Tvc1 (λ2m Tvc1 ) (Nσk − 1)
ui = Nqσu N−1σ (35) C2 = e Nσ −1 ln Nσ +
Nσ −1 (
1 − eωi2 ),t ≥ tc k !k (Nσ − 1)k
k=1
⎧   zi  Tvc1 + Tv1 (Nσ − 1) cv1tc
⎨ 1
ln T + h1i zi−1 ωi1 dz ,t ≤ tc T = , Tvc1 = 2
Us =
i ln Nσ   zi  (36) Tvc1 h1
⎩ 1 ln Nσ + h1i zi−1 ωi2 dz ,t ≥ tc
ln Nσ
  zi The average degrees of consolidation for entire soil system
Tv1
− 1
hi zi−1 ui dz ,t ≤ tc Us and Up can be also given by Eqs. (30) and (31) respec-
Upi = Tvc1
zi (37)
1− 1
hi zi−1 ui dz ,t ≥ tc tively.
26 P. Kim, H.-S. Kim and C.-U. Pak et al. / Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 6 (2021) 21–29
Fig. 6. Comparison for single-layered soil under ramp loading.
4.3. Verification
For verification, the proposed solutions are compared with
the existing solutions for double-layered soil and single-
layered soil under constant loading and ramp loading respec-
tively.
4.3.1. Double-layered soil
When n = 2l,Ki = bi = 1, (i = 1, 2, · · · , l ), K j = b j =
2, ( j = l + 1, l +2, · · · , n) and ci = c j = 1, multi-layered
soil can be reduced to double-layered soil with K = kv 20 /kv 10 =
2, b = mv 20 /mv 10 = 2 and c = h2 /h1 = 1. The proposed solu-
tions are compared with the solutions for double-layered soil
under constant loading and ramp loading presented by Xie
et al. [19].
Figs. 3 and 4 show the comparison for double-layered soil
under constant loading and ramp loading, respectively. It can
be seen that the proposed solutions are consistent with the
Fig. 7. The excess pore pressure isochrones for four-layered soil with single
drainage condition under constant loading.
existing solutions, indicating the correctness of the analytical
solutions in this paper.
4.3.2. Single-layered soil
When Ki = bi = ci = 1, (i = 1, 2, · · · , n), multi-layered
soil can be reduced to single-layered soil and the proposed
solutions are compared with the solutions suggested by Davis
and Raymond [1] for constant loading and Xie et al. [10] for
ramp loading.
As shown in Figs. 5 and 6, it can be found that the iden-
tical results are obtained from different solutions for constant
loading (Fig. 5) and ramp loading (Fig. 6).
Through the verification mentioned above, it can be seen
that the solutions developed in this paper are more general
ones for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of saturated
soils under time-dependent loading.
 P. Kim, H.-S. Kim and C.-U. Pak et al. / Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 6 (2021) 21–29 27

Fig. 9. The variation of average degrees of consolidation Us and Up for

Fig. 8. The excess pore pressure isochrones for four-layered soil with double constant loading with different loading parameter Nσ . (a) Single drainage;
drainage condition under constant loading. (b) double drainage.

Table 1
The properties of four-layered soil. 5.1. The effect of loading parameter Nσ
Layer no. (n) hi (m) kv i0 (m/s) mv i0 (kPa −1 )
Based on the solutions for constant loading obtained above,
1 3.05 2.78 × 10−11 6.42 × 10−5 the effect of loading parameter Nσ on the nonlinear consoli-
2 6.10 8.25 × 10−11 4.08 × 10−5
3 9.14 1.17 × 10−11 2.04 × 10−5
dation behavior of four-layered soil under constant loading is
4 6.10 2.94 × 10−11 4.08 × 10−5 investigated with the results of linear consolidation presented
by Lee et al. [16].
Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate the excess pore water pressure
isochrones of one-dimensional consolidation of four-layered
5. Nonlinear consolidation behavior of multi-layered soil soil with single drainage condition and double drainage con-
dition, respectively. It is obvious that both results from dif-
In order to investigate one-dimensional nonlinear consol- ferent solutions are in good agreement when Nσ approaches
idation behavior of multi-layered soil under time-dependent to one, whereas, the difference increases with the increase of
loading, the properties of four-layered soil proposed by the value of Nσ . It implies that the effects of Nσ on nonlinear
Schiffman and Stein [15] are adopted as shown in Table 1. consolidation can be considered for the proposed solution, but
All data in Table 1 are converted to SI units. not for the solution of linear consolidation.
28 P. Kim, H.-S. Kim and C.-U. Pak et al. / Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 6 (2021) 21–29
Fig. 10. The variation of excess pore pressures at different depths for ramp
loading with different construction time factor Tvc . (a) Single drainage; (b)
double drainage.
The effect of Nσ on nonlinear consolidation can be ob-
viously found in Fig. 9, which shows the variation of av-
erage degrees of consolidation Us and Up with time fac-
tor Tv for single drainage condition (Fig. 9(a)) and double
drainage condition (Fig. 9(b)). The time factor Tv is defined
byTv = cv1t/H 2 . It can be seen that the average degree of
consolidation in terms of effective stress Up decreases with the
increase of Nσ , but Nσ has no effect on the average degree
of consolidation in terms of settlement Us , indicating that the
bigger the loading parameter Nσ is, the slower the dissipation
rate of excess pore water pressure is. In addition, it can be
found that when Nσ approaches to one, both nonlinear and
linear consolidation results are consistent, which shows that
the solution for linear consolidation is a special case for the
proposed solution for nonlinear consolidation.
Fig. 11. The variation of average degrees of consolidation Us and Up for
ramp loading with different construction time factor Tvc . (a) Single drainage;
(b) double drainage.
5.2. The effect of construction time factor Tvc
Fig. 10 presents the variation of excess pore water pres-
sures at different depths with time factor Tv under ramp load-
ing with different construction time factor Tvc . The construc-
tion time factor Tvc is given by Tvc = cv1tc /H 2 . For both single
drainage condition (Fig. 10(a)) and double drainage condition
(Fig. 10(b)), it can be seen that it takes longer time to reach
maximum values of excess pore water pressures at different
depths and to dissipate when the construction time factor Tvc
increases.
The effect of construction time can be also found in
Fig. 11, which shows the variation of average degrees of
consolidation Us and Up for ramp loading with different con-
struction time factor Tvc . It can be observed that the shorter
the construction time is, the faster the consolidation develops,
 P. Kim, H.-S. Kim and C.-U. Pak et al. / Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 6 (2021) 21–29
especially, the consolidation rate is the highest for constant
loading (i.e., Tvc = 0).
Conclusion
In this paper, analytical solutions were derived for
one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of saturated multi-
layered soil under time-dependent loading. The proposed so-
lutions were verified through the comparison with the exist-
ing solutions for double-layered soil and single-layered soil,
which shows the proposed solutions are reliable and more
general ones for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of
saturated soils subjected to time-dependent loading. Based on
the proposed solutions, nonlinear consolidation behavior of
multi-layered soil under time-dependent loading was investi-
gated. It is concluded that the bigger the loading parameter Nσ
is, the slower the dissipation rate of excess pore water pres-
sure is. And the shorter the construction time is, the faster
the consolidation develops.
It should be noted that the present solutions are based on
the assumptions that the distribution of initial effective stress
is constant with depth and the consolidation coefficient of
each layer does not vary with time under time-dependent load-
ing. However, the initial effective stress increases with depth
and the consolidation coefficients are not constant with time in
practice. Nevertheless, the proposed solutions are more gen-
eral for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of saturated
soils subjected to time-dependent loading. Consequently, the
present model can be used as a reference to check the effi-
ciency of approximate numerical methods.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The Authors have no interests to declare.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers
for their valuable comments and suggestions.
29
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