Matrix Computations

(16B1NMA533)
Semester: Vth

Department of Mathematics
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology
Noida

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Module No. Topic CO
Sub matrix,
1 1
Block matrix/Partitioned
Matrix

Block Diagonal Matrix,

Partitioning

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A matrix obtained by deleting some rows or column or both of a given matrix
is called its sub matrix. If,

1 5 0 
A 
9 1 7 

8 0 1

then 1 5 
B 
8 0 
is the sub matrix of A obtained by deleting second row and third column.

Note: Simply rearrangement of elements of A does not produce sub matrices.

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 A matrix is said to be partitioned if it is divided into sub matrices by
horizontal and vertical lines between the rows and columns.
 It is a matrix that is interpreted as having been broken into sections
called blocks or sub matrices.

 A particular matrix can be partitioned into a number of ways depending

on the choice of placing horizontal and vertical lines.

 A matrix interpreted as a block matrix can be visualized as the original

matrix with a collection of horizontal and vertical lines, which break it
up, or partition it, into a collection of smaller matrices.

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Example: Matrix A
1 2 4 9
0 2 5 7
A  can be partitioned into number of ways as:
1 0 5 6
 
3 5 8 3

1 2 4 9 1 2 4 9 1 2 4 9
0 2 5 7 0 2 5 7 0 2 5 7
A  A  A 
1 0 5 6 1 0 5 6 1 0 5 6
     
3 5 8 3 3 5 8 3 3 5 8 3

(I) (II) (III)

1 2  4 9 1 0  5 6
E B  Where, E  ; B  5 7  ; C  3 5 ; D  8 3 are the
A  0 2       
C D 

Blocks or partitions or sub matrices of A as per partition (I).

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 A matrix can be partitioned in a random way as shown in previous example
resulting into blocks or sub matrices of any order.
 The random partition can only be of help in writing matrices in compact manner.
 On the other hand, a matrix of higher order can be partitioned in judicious way
which can be helpful in matrix multiplication of higher order matrices.
 Example: Consider two matrices A and B that need to be multiplied to get
product AB. 1 2 4 9  1 3 5 0 
0 2 5 7  0 6 9 1 
A  B 
1 0 5 6  9 0 7 8 
   
3 5 8 3  3 9 0 0 
E B  X Y 
If A and B can be partitioned as: A  and B  Z U  , then product
C D   
AB can be obtained easily by treating A and B as 2 x 2 matrices.

EX+BZ EY+BU 
AB =  
 CX+DZ CY+DU 

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Example

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Note: We partitioned in order to make maximum use of the zero sub matrices of
both A and B.

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9
AB

AB

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 A block diagonal matrix, also called a diagonal block matrix, is
a square diagonal matrix in which the diagonal elements are square matrices of
any size (possibly even 1 x1 ), and the off-diagonal elements are 0.

 A block diagonal matrix is therefore a block matrix in which the blocks off the
diagonal are the zero matrices, and the diagonal matrices are square.

 A block diagonal matrix A has the form

 Where Ak (k =1,2,..., n) are square matrices .

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Properties of Block diagonal matrix

 Any square matrix can trivially be considered a block diagonal matrix with
only one block.
 For a block diagonal matrix A of following type:

 Determinant of A can be determined as:

Det ( A)  Det( A1 )  Det( A2 )  Det( A3 )  .....  Det( An )

 Trace of A is given by:

tr( A)  tr( A1 )  tr( A2 )  ....  tr( An )

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 A block diagonal matrix is invertible if and only if each of its main-
diagonal blocks are invertible, and then its inverse is another block
diagonal matrix given by

The block diagonal matrices are of utmost importance as they are

particularly easy to multiply because in partitioned form they act as
diagonal matrices.

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1.

2.

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