ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to

my Biology teacher,Mrs.Usha Nair, who
helped me immensely in the completion of
this project by guiding me and solving all my
doubts and queries as early as possible and
helping me complete my project. I would
also like to thank Principal Mrs.Nimisha
Singh for providing me with all the facilities
that was required to complete this project.I
would also like to thank my parents and my
classmates who helped me to complete this
project and guiding me whenever I needed.
 INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Statement of problem, objectives
3. Science of HC
4. Role of cloning in research and human
health
5. The Low Survival Rate of Clones
6. Clone as an Individualized Entity and
Stages of Human Development
7. Moral Issues Related to the Human
Cloning. 8. Religious Views Related to
Human Cloning
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

Human cloning can be defined as, the

production of individuals, entities or
populations, identical or nearly
identical to the parent or original
organism, from which they were
obtained or derived. Herbert Weber, a
plant physiologist, termed it as “clone”
(excluded “e”) and used it for plants in
agriculture.
However, people tried to get
popularity while making the science
fiction stories about a human being
copied formation through cloning.
Haldane went on in his 1963 speech
on “biological possibilities for the
human species of the next ten
thousand years, to introduce the
scientific community the word “clone ”
(including “e ”) to denote the
superhumans by genetic cloning.
Science of human cloning
Before addressing the ethical and legal
issues, a brief summary of human
development and genetics is necessary to
understand human cloning, to distinguish
different types of cloning, and to distinguish
cloning from other techniques of genetic
engineering and manipulation. In order to
assess human cloning ethically and legally,
it is necessary to start by determining the
ontological and legal status of the
developing human embryo. The embryo
and the foetus are the two primary names
given to the unborn human during
gestation. Human cloning involves the
genetic replication of a human being.
The science of genetics, the study of
heredity, is a species of molecular biology,
and genetics is concerned with the genetic
material found in the cells that compose the
human body. A cell contains a nucleus
which contains chromosomes that carry or
bear genes.
Almost all of the DNA in a cell is contained
in the nucleus, and virtually every cell in the
human body contains a human being
complete genetic code. Most of the
scientific understanding of DNA is about
fifty years old. In 1944, Avery, MacLeod,
and McCarty determined that; DNA is the
agent of genetic transformation.The most
famous discovery came in 1953 .
When James Watson and Francis Crick The
most famous discovery came in 1953 when
James Watson and Francis Crick identified
the chemical structure of DNA-the double
helix-for which they won a Nobel Prize with
Crick and Watson
Discovery. Fertilization of a human ovum by
human sperm results in the full
complement of forty-six chromosomes that
mark. the human species. This remains true
even though the embryonic genome is not
actually activated until 4-8 cells are present,
at about 2-3 days. The one-celled
zygote begins to cleave, or divide, and
multiply. The cells resulting from these
early cleavages are called blastomeres.
The cells resulting from these early
cleavages are called blastomeres because
they divide mitotically, all blastomeres
contain identical chromosomes and genetic
information as the original one-celled
zygote.
Consequently, the blastomeres are
considered totipotent or capable, on
isolation, of forming a complete embryo.
Totipotency means having unlimited
developmental capacity. Eventually, this
one cell, the zygote, divides into many cells,
and these cells differentiate or become
specialized.
Specialized cells also include the female
ovum and male sperm, also called germ
cells or gametes. All other cells in the
human body (all non-germ cells) are called
somatic cells. If, before the cells become
differentiated, they are artificially separated
in vitro (in glass, outside the womb), they
may separately form new individual
organisms, a form of artificial twinning. This
explains why the early embryo is the focus
of scientific experimentation; the
developmental capacity of the early cells
may be used to develop new medical
treatments and therapies.
This explains why the early embryo is the
focus of scientific experimentation; the
developmental capacity of the early cells
may be used to develop new medical
treatments and therapies. The human
zygote or embryo has undoubted genetic
individuality. The developing human being
sex and its separate and individual genetic
identity is determined at fertilization.
When the pronuclei of the ovum and
sperm are fused-called syngamy-
instantaneously, numerous hereditary
characteristics of the new individual are
determined. Within the one-celled human
embryo is contained the entire genetic code
of the individual.
Role of Cloning in Research
and Human Health

Cloning has a great role in human health,

life also in the research discoveries. Human
embryonic cells were separated firstly in
1998. It is being used to cure diseases such
as neurological problems, Parkinson
disease, and heart problems. Although
cloning has all those benefits still scientists,
ethicists, policy-makers, and religious
scholars forbid the cloning in human beings,
as it has raised many questions such as
ethical, emotional, and moral questions as
well by the people.
The Low Survival Rate of
Clones

There are a lot of risks for the growth and

survival of the clones, and most criticism
comes from the scientists who knew about
the risks and dangers of human cloning as
most of the embryos are lost before they
reach their birth stage, and the clones
would have certain abnormalities as well.
The percentage of cloned organisms to
reach the period of adulthood is
very low at 0.3% for cows and <1% for
sheep. Scientists viewed that the clone
production is the wastage of embryos and
foetuses. They performed the experiment
on the blastocyst of a human.
Clone as an Individualized
Entity and Stages of Human
Development

A human embryo is used for cloning and

research purposes, but ethics and moral
values oppose it as this destroys the human
embryos. Some persons regard the human
embryo as an “individualized entity or a
person” that reserve all rights as a human
being should have it, as it is the initial stage
of human development. Some theological
perspectives consider the human beings as
an individual, but there are different views
about what stage of human beings should
be considered against the dignity of an
individual.
Moral Issues Related to the
Human Cloning

There are certain moral and ethical values

that oppose the cloning in human beings.
These moral values are dearest to the
people from different religious
backgrounds. US President Clinton banned
the funding related to being given to the
trials on human beings cloning and asked
the Advisory Commissions to report about
the views of peoples within 90 days, as it
was a tough job due to confliction in moral
and ethical values. Hence, the National
Bioethics Advisory Commission consulted to
the scientists, theologians, physicians..
Religious Views Related to
Human Cloning

The technology has many good and bad

impacts on human health so is case with the
human cloning which has many advantages
and disadvantages as well that why
prohibited by most of the religious scholars.
It may be accepted before the stage. Iran is
of one of the first countries that had carried
out the cloning process according to the
values of Islam fortherapeutic purposes.
They have used this technique for the organ
transplantation by following the ethical
values at each stage of the embryo by
developing the stem cell culture.
Conclusion

Cloning is banned due to many ethical and

moral values. Moreover, it faces many
emotional reactions, psychological, and
social issues as well. According to the
Islamic point of view, the cloning of an
embryo is a sin, and it is against nature due
to the hazards that an embryo faces during
a cloning process. However, Islam gives its
permission to be applied only all the moral
and ethical values are followed during the
human embryo cloning for therapeutic and
research purposes.
Bibliography

https://www.google.com
https://www.academia.edu
Therapeutic Cloning Debate- by Eric A.
Jensen

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
/PMC7838753/