(Secondary 2 Science-Physics)

Topic: Electrical Systems 2

August 2022
Lesson Overview

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 What you will learn
Last Week
● Introduction to electricity
● Electric current
● Potential difference
● Resistance

This week
● Series or parallel circuits
● Calculating total resistance in a circuit
● Chemical, heating and magnetic effects of current
● Extra exercises and long Problems

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Let’s learn!

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Lesson Objective
● At the end of today’s lesson, students should be able to:

v Explain how total resistance in a circuit is affected by the arrangement of the

resistors (in series or in parallel)
v Calculate total resistance in a circuit in series and parallel circuit
v Explain the advantage of parallel circuit over series circuit
v Explain the heating effect of current and give examples of its use
v Explain the magnetic effect of current and give examples of its use
v Explain the chemical effect of current and give examples for its use (both
electroplating and extraction of metal)
v Solve complex problems in electric systems

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Types of circuits
● There are two types of circuits:
1. Series circuit- all conductors join on
a single path. (Top diagram)
2. Parallel circuit - conductors join on
more than one path. (Bottom
diagram)

Each type of circuit has its own

characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages

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 Series circuit
● All electrical components are connected in a
single loop.
● There is only one path for electric charges to
flow.
● The current is the same throughout the
circuit.
● The ammeters reading are all the same.
● The sum of all the potential
differences across the components in a series
circuit is equal to the total potential
difference across the power supply.

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Series circuit – its use and disadvantages
● Series circuits are useful if you want a warning that one of the
components in the circuit has failed. For example, a circuit breaker
or fuse must be connected in series in order for it to work.
● When two lamps connected in series. If one lamp breaks, the other
lamp will not light as the circuit is broken where there is only one
path for the electric charges to pass through.

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Parallel circuit
● In a parallel circuit, electrical components
are connected in different loops.
● There are more than one path for the
electric charges to flow in the circuit.
● The current is different at different
points.
● The current from the source is the sum of
the currents in the different branches.
● The potential difference across all the
conductors connected in parallel is the
same.

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Parallel circuit – its uses
● If one lamp breaks, the other lamp will still light.
● The lights in most of our homes are connected in
parallel. This means that they all receive the full
voltage and if one bulb breaks the others are
unaffected and are still on.

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Calculating total resistance in a series circuit

The total resistance of a series circuit is the sum of the resistances of all
the resistors .

R (total) = R1+R2+R3
The total resistance of a parallel circuit is LESS than the value of the
resistance of each resistors.

1/ R(total) = 1/R1 +1/R2+1/R3

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Quiz A
1. Which of these is true in a series circuit?
A. The resistance of each component is the same
B. The current across each component is the same
C. The resistance of each component is different

2. If one bulb breaks in your Christmas tree lights and they all switch
off, how must they be connected?
A. In series or parallel
B. In parallel
C. In series
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Quiz A
1. Which of these is true in a series circuit?
A. The resistance of each component is the same
B. The current across each component is the same
C. The resistance of each component is different
B

2. If one bulb breaks in your Christmas tree lights and they all switch
off, how must they be connected?
A. In series or parallel
B. In parallel
C. In series
C © 2020 TenofTen Pte. Ltd | 14
3. Explain what is a series circuit. Is the current the same in all parts of
a series circuit?

4. Explain what is a parallel circuit. Is the current the same in different

branches of circuit?

5. How do you calculate the total resistance in a series circuit?

6. In a parallel circuit, is total resistance more or less than each resistor?

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Effects of electric current
● Different effects of current are observed when it pass
through a conductor or insulator, solid liquid or gas.

● Three effects of currents are:

1. Heating effect
2. Magnetic effect
3. Chemical effect

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 Heating effect
● The resistance of an electrical conductor causes the
conversion of electrical energy to heat energy when
current flows through it.
● The greater the resistance of the electrical conductor, the
greater the amount of heat energy produced.
● Different conductors have different resistance.
● E.g. Nichrome (an alloy of nickel and chromium) has a high
resistance compared to copper. So nichrome is used as
the heating element in a kettle. Copper is used as wire.
● Tungsten give out heat and light at the same time when
current flow through it. Thus it is suitable for an element
for light bulb.
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Magnetic effect
● Electric current can induce a
magnetic effect in a conductor.
● An iron rod placed inside the
wire with current makes the
magnetic field stronger and is
known as an electromagnet.
● Electromagnet is widely used in
daily life such as electric bell, image from Wikipedia website.

electric motor and door bell.

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Chemical effect

● A chemical change caused by electricity

is called electrolysis.
● An electrolyte is a liquid or a solution
which conduct electricity.
● The electrolyte undergoes chemical
change when current passes through it.
● Electrolysis is used in electroplating and
the extraction of metals.
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 Chemical effect: electroplating

● An object is coated with a layer of metal in

electroplating.
● The object to be coated is connected to the
negative terminal while the metal to coat an
object is connected to the positive terminal.
● The purpose of electroplating is to:
1. for shinier attractive appearance
2. to prevent the object from rusting,
Diagram from subtech website
www.substech.com

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 Chemical effect: extraction of metal
Extraction using heat - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3hQpb8ES6c
● Metals can also be extracted from
their impurities by electrolysis
● The impurities containing the wanted
metal is connected to the positive
terminal while pure metal is
connected to the negative terminal.
● The metal with impurities will be
coated on the surface of the pure
metal. Image obtained from www.funscience.in

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Quiz B
1. Which statement explains why copper instead of nichrome is used
for wires?
A. Copper has a lower density than nichrome.
B. Copper has a lower resistance than nichrome.
C. Copper has a higher strength than nichrome.

2. Which material can be used to make an electromagnet when

electricity is turned on?
A. Steel
B. Iron
C. Copper
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Quiz B
1. Which statement explains why copper instead of nichrome is used
for wires?
A. Copper has a lower density than nichrome.
B. Copper has a lower resistance than nichrome.
C. Copper has a higher strength than nichrome.
B
2. Which material can be used to make an electromagnet when
electricity is turned on?
A. Steel
B. Iron
C. Copper
B © 2020 TenofTen Pte. Ltd | 23
3. Explain why nichrome is used in kettle.

4. Explain the process of copper electroplating.

5. Explain how impurities are extracted from copper.

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Extra Questions

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