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2.1 Image Enhancement
2.1 Image Enhancement
Image enhancement
Image enhancement means enhancing or modifying the image depending on
application. It is called a subjective process because the output of image enhancement
changes from person to person. It is also a cosmetic process because no extra
information is added during image enhancement.
Consider an image f(x,y) when we apply transformation T on the original image f(x,y) we
get a new image represented by g(x,y). This new image is called as modified image or
enhanced image.
Image enhancement is performed into domains
1. Spatial domain
2. Frequency domain
Horizontal axis represents the original gray-level denoted by r. The vertical Axis
represents modified grade level denoted by s. We are using r and S just for sake of
1. Digital Negative
It means inverting grey level values that is black in original image becomes white
after modification and vice versa. Digital negative is used in digital photography.
It is given by expression s = (L-1)* r
Case 1
r=0
s=255-0
s=255
Case 2
r=255
s=255-255
s= (L-1)-r
s=255
2. Contrast stretching
It means making dark pixels more darker and bright pixels more brighter by
assigning different slopes. We make bright pixels more brighter by assigning
slope m>1 and l and n<1.
3. Thresholding
It means extreme contrast stretching. In this method we compare the pixel values
with threshold value and if it is less than or equal to threshold we make it black
and if it is greater than threshold we make it white as shown in figure.
Without background
With background
1 6 1
5 2 0
7 4 2
MSB
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
MID
0 1 0
0 1 0
1 0 1
LSB
1 0 1
1 0 0
1 0 0
The visually significant information is present in MSB plane, whereas visually least
significant information is present in LSB plane
s = c * log(1+r)
s = c. r γ