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Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 108

VIVAKARM'S

VIVAKARMA-
VASTU-ŠSTRAM
(An Indian Treatise on the Town planning, construction of
Temple, Hlouse & Allied subjects)

With Sanskrit Text, An Introduction, Explanatory Notes

Hindi Commentary

MRatyayana

Edited with Translation by

DR. SHRI KRISHAN JUGNU
PROF. B. L. SHARMA

PARIMAL PUBLICATIONS
 Published by
Parimal Publications
(India)
Office: 27/28, Shakti Nagar, Delhi-110007 (India)
Delhi-110007
Retail Outlet: 22/3, Shakti Nagar, 65441516
Ph. +91-11-23845456,
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Publishers

First Edition: Year 2010

ISBN: 978-81-7110-357-7

Price : Rs. 650.00

Printed by
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332 fayaerarr

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334 ayatartyTq

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 335

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336 fayauarRTPT

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338 fayachtaTET

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HHTgAATSATA:
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 faraasterFRIT
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 341

HHTETHTSEATI:
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I 68-69 I1

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342
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 343

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344 fayatarKVITH

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354 faxanteT

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11 H
 362 fayantarqIr

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 363

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ara qUSY, 16. zafAcorra qvs7, 17. 3teT TU54, 18. T7
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ra u57,
22. fHRiaa HUS7, 23. f4fastrua qusu ue 24. 34TGE 4uEUI

TT YTHTATRIKTeT YUGYChTTHI

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364
fayacnaTKPITT

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THfasaTa: 365

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366 faraesdarrPITH

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 367
fsara:

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 fayacataTkgyil
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374 fayacauaTKYITA

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 fryaartarqPITq
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78 u

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t 3,
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90

SALl Sitrisit_

13

T il1 60

26

Ann
30

26
392 faacstaTKPITE

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vatIiftaATSEATa: 393

77 4TUHTfe aIATHTyHTE -

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 394 fayaatarIr

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awtfrautsAr: 397

(TT7 fra F E ) 1. Afs, 2. ferrHA, 3.

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2. f&sT, 3. 341
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h1HNT, 13. z¥Tfa, 14. fu7, 15. TafT aT 16.
FT

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i : HSNT Yqi (HHTTfr6TR 6-8)

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34yitaaurSEATI: 399

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400 fayacriarFYTET

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UhiiaAISEATA: 401

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402 faaestarPTeq

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gaTyifaantsuATa:
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404 fayacraFYIEH

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Fyiiasaa: 405

379 frayd tàre7E-

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yrrbrrTHTKT fHECTETu (ETRASt 3, 70-72)
406 fayauaTyITH

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zagtfaratsAT: 407

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afurrTA fAETTJEAUSYHI

AiaHTsaa: 1 82

UNASR: I 831
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ayiftantsar: 409

37-46

afv ag af aaireTfaaqu 7u

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410 faaatarEPITEA

qÜNTAUSTN: I 8411

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gwiaasaTa: 411

3TH: hYEIITYT4UG7A: 1 3 I

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412 fayaaaTKPITET

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agtifraaSATa: 413

rHfga afu hari ar Jafera:

377 RTETTHTF

377 763IETA A0TAIE

T63: 12RTriAyaTHTAT: I
414 faraanuarqgry

T: 5UTTafkrat qusTTRAATya:

37 F74/EE74tHTE
qTaHIaiyrièrurausTS

T HTaPirihlTTZTo1eTTC: II 141

TFT UTTCATTuST aTaA: U 15

FCTeam: Tagufam:
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qwhfaatscara: 415

aROTN TT Yr I 16
3rETTaTfrgfaaaosNiA:
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37 qTateruhEiT ŽuarfequeeoTq
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THT-TRTATÈG:| aTETTtaTETY

T:II (T97INT 19, 1-3)

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frerarfaT Thvi FTÀATI ETESRAZI

I In ($ema. 3aud 48, 42-44)

3ETR ITT TT ATRTRTHEHRI : ITaftfufrenqI (74.

31, 3)
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AKTUg TZIATHIu 22 u

TTATTakriaT RIGHHtaT U 23 U

90 3a)

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79TE
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feferaria -i faT: u
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 fayachiarEYIT
418

wittrat seT: U 84 I

TUATASAN: II 85
yafE2Tff¢arirn faafguiag arqenftareag aarii

73TAa4Te27 ffrae-
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fr afsT faYT4ITT: 1 2 u

arHTGTRaftyarat ar fatTa:
420 faraedartPT

dasauaufafarafrarat: u7u

HTtasaitaarerars4ug:I
TifatsaTa: 421

THIifmSATT: I1 85

q3HUdaAISEN: I 86

fcH Tafari FaAfrqT1 2

422 fayachuaTPIT

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TSyifaSaTa: 423

3787 TRHCFafi faaa4fea77aaryaffafyveTHTE-

37e giffAtraa1E
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424 fayatarqTH

THTRHd
arats fragt:

arftaiTaTH EGa:I
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Sifaatseara: u 86
FHIiAATSara: 425

RRUTUTAASERIN: |I 87

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wfaTitd

aryTYAE TANThTUTETl 4|
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426 fayauaKTYITH

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FHTiATSATT: 427

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 (fafrufororgTrtafdpraaa, xaufcag)
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Antabpura (7:T) Zenana house.

Antarbhavana (34): Rooms.
Abdasra ( 3): Square.
Acarya (3trari) Learned preceptor; advisor to the
owner and sthäpati on matters
relating to västu-sthâpana.
Adhithna (3T4E): Basement of a building.
Adhama (T4): Least; minimum.
Adhomüla (37t): Bottom down as opposed to
ardhvamalam bottom up.
Agama (3T4): Literature relating to the system
of worshipping gods in iconic
form; generally ägamas refer to
Saiva worship, sarmhit to
Vaispava and tantra to Sakti
worships.
Agni (3t) Fire god; regent to south east
direction; also manifested as
sikhi in the north east direction.
Agra (): Front; top.
Ajayuddhasandhi (37THHAT): Goat fight joint, similarto the
scarfed joint.
Alinda (3fR): Terrace, Balcony, Corridor;
Verandah; Passage; Gallery.
Alpaketra (F7) Small plot generally of width
 430
fayacsrarKTPIT

Angula (TF): A finger, a finger-breadth; Linear

measurement equal to 1/64 of
vyäma; also equal to 8 yava;
standard angula is 3 cm.
Añkana (AT-/T51): Courtyard. Bähyikana: outer
yard; Madhyänkana: central
yard; Gartänkana: depressed
yard.
Antaräla (3RTT) : Cupola.
Apidhna (3fye): Top plank of the roof placed
above the ridge to blind the joints
with the rafter; also known as
avasänaphalaka.
Aramå (3TAT) : Vertical piece of the door latch
through the cut of which the
horizontal pieces called argala
slide.
Arddhadhika (37gifuT) Ratios of length to width which
are obtained by adding 1/2 to
integers e.g. 14, 24 etc.
Arudhottara (3eeTTr): Additional horizontal support for
the rafters between wall plate
and ridge; elevated uttara, similar
to purlin.
Avalarmbana (4qe4) Pendant, Plinth of a railing.
Avanata (8) A-shaped frame used for
checking levels of ground or
floors.
Avayava (3747a): Limb; element.
Acchãdana (3TR): Canopy
Ayana (37A): The apparent movement of the
sun from tropic of Capricorn to
 431

uttarayana (north ward

movement) and the latter is
daksipayana (southerly
movement).
Aya ( 3Ta): Onc of thc six varga formula for
ascertaining the right proportion
of measurement; Income; The
first of the six acnons known as
ayãdiadvarga; others being
vyaya (expenditure), nakatra
(star), tithi (phase of the moon)
vara (week), vayas (age).
yma (3ATYT-)
Elongation; the frontal
elongation is called mukhyämna.
Ayudhala (3TJeRTN) Arsenal.
Avarana lakaa (3TERT T): Roofing.
Bahupämu (giJ)D: Excess soil.
Brahmänsa (TaiT/ TErRAA): The central part of a building.
Bhinna (fA) Separate.
Bhärak (TT5/KTET): Support; Beam.
Bhitti (fyfa) Wall, a partition, a support.
Bhuja (): Base of triangle. Loi is the
altitude of a right-angled
triangle. Kara is the hypotenuse.
Bhümi (f4): Earth; land; one of the
classifications of västu.
Bhüpariksä (*vdaM) :
Testing the site and soil where a
building is constructed/selection
of site.
Bindo (fR): Point; a mandala of Ox0 grid;
also referred as näbhi, the focus
of mandala.
Bharamänaka (THTA5) Pinion and socket hinge.
 432 fayaearaKGYTEH

Carapa (TT) Pillar.

Caturasrikaraa (giRm): Squaring the plot.
Catusala (grE): A combination of four eksalás
with or without the corner aslas;
a structure with halls on four
sides around a central courtyard.
Citra () Painting also used to denote all
depictions including relief and
sculpture.
Cols (t) Bessemer, or beam supported on
columns.
Danda (zus) Linear measurement equal to 4
jasta pr 96 angula; also called
puruadanda; the unit or module
in the proportional system of
measurement; literally danda
means a rod, similar to the
ranging rod used in modern
survey.
Dhanlaya (HIT): Treasury, store for valuables.
Dhanurgraha (p): Hasta measure of length equal to
27 standard uttamngula.
Dhanurmuthï ( *BT): Hasta measure of length equal to
26 standard uttamängula.
Dhanyagrha (UTTE): Granaries.
Dhvajarekh (*7Tta) Pitch line; reference line on a
rafter.
Dhyanasloka( 4ETT): Meditational chanting generally
depicting the characteristic
features of the deity; basis for
painting and sculpture.
Dinnirnaya (fReia) Fixing the cardinal direction; see
 433

cardinal directions), vidik

(corner directions).
Dik(f): Cardinal directions-4 in number;
see vidik for other direction.
Dipamala (AATI): Rows of oil lamps fixed on the
exterior of temple walls of on
special wooden framed structure
(vilakkumatam) beyond the wall.
Dravya sarngraha (xo HAE): Materials.
Druhina (geu) Brahma; supreme creator.
Durg ( fT, T): Forts (12 types).
Dvaraakh (zrATET) Doorlintel, Door frame, Jamb,
Door post.
Dvisala (fen) A combination of two ekaals-
6 possibilities exist.
Ekaala ( URITT) : Unitary building, put up in any
one cardinal direction with
reference to the central point
Brahmanäbhi of a vstu; it gets
its name depending on its
position in relation to this point
dakinal,
e.g. pürvaala,
pascimaal and uttaraal
respectively located to the E, S,
W and N of this focus.
Gala (TEUTM) : Neck of recess in a basement;
also refers to the recess above the
prastara (entablature) of a
building and Sikhara (roof)
portion.
Galamañcaka (TET4T) Specific pattern of moulding of
basement with a neck (gala).
:
434 fayaaarITan
Ganita (f) Square mandala of 19x19 grid;
mathematics; computation.
Garbhagrha (T*JE) : The sanctum sanctorum; the
womb chamber.
Garbhamañja (Thuru) : Vault.
Garbh Vinysa (TvifarAT): Impregnation of site.
Gavaksa (TETR) : Windows.
Gopura (gT): Gate, tower; also Monumental
Gateway of Dravidian temple,
Main entrance of Dravidian
temple, Towers.
Gosala (maTEn) : Cow sheds.
Grama (T): Village settlements; large grmas
are called mahgrmas; other
types of rural settlements are
khetaka, kharvataka; smaller
villages are also of vidambaka,
nigama, and agrahara categories.
Grmapura dvära (TH F ET): Entrances to villages and cities.
Grhamukha (TETT): Facade.
Grhaprevea (7Exam) First entrance in the house.
Grhavinyäsa(TEfe/Tqfa=Ta): Location of various rooms in
houses, temples, place, plan of a
house.
Griva (taT) Neck of building.
Gunärmsa (Tuin): Fraction; the rule according to
which the semiperimeter of a
rectangle is divided by integers
from 9 to 32 and 4 parts are
taken for width and the rest for
length.
Harmya (Eri) Building; harmyadivästu means
 435

Hasta (): Anthropometric linear

measurement equal to length of
arm; the standard and most
commonly used hasta is 24
angula and is called kiku; 8
measurements of hastas varying
from 24 angula and is called ki
ku; 8 measurements of hastas
varying from 24 agula to 31
angula with variations of 1
angula are known by different
names; the other words for hasta
are kara, bhuja, aratni, dormana,
kol (Mal.).
Istadirgha (REs): Desired length; selected length.
Itadevat (Fecam): Deity of one's choice.
Itika (zeeo), e) Brick.
Jagati (Tt) The vertical part of basement
above pduk.
Jalagara (TAR, TM): Tank. Sacred pool.
Janaka (HT): Creator or origin; that which is
derived is janya.
Jayanti (Y) Cross beams.
Kalasadma (7TH): Farm house.
Kaläri (and): Training place.
Kalyanaala, Bhaumayutalä
HATYANTCM) Ornamented and storyed Halls.
(6TRITT, :

Kanda (R) The shaft of the column; the

portion between base and capital.
Kapota (ia): The projecting portion of
entablature with an S shape.
436 fayaestarKPTA
Karpavedha (uau) The affliction of any reference
line of part of the building with a
diagonal in the mandala.
Kavata(5qe/harg): Leaf of the door.
Kalaparlkd (TTdAn): Auspicious time.
KIlika (iera, aten): Nail.
Khanda (s) Sector.
Kheta (dz, Ts) Hamlets.(5 types)
Kiku (fT): Standard hasta equal to 24
uttamangula; 72cm.
Koi (fa) Diagonal (oblique line); also the
hip rafter.
Koasthäna (NreyrA) Treasury.
Ketra (d) Plot of land, alpaketra is small
plot or small temple, Ketavstu:
architecture of temples.
Kurmbha(FH): Vase.
Kumuda (TK): The part of the basement above
jagati with octagonal or circular
section; Convex moulding or
trans-moulding or Torus
moulding; also water lily.
Kuladevlaya (7raTA): Temple in palace.
Kota (): Pendant; solid wooden piece to
which the top ends of all the
rafters of a kostha type of roof or
the top ends of slating rafters and
the end of ridge piece of a sabha
type of roof are connected.
Lakmi ( 7*t) : Goddess of wealth and
prosperity. According to
Vinudharmottara- Lakml is
 437

Vipu. Laksm when depiced

near Hari has two hands. She has
celestial beauty. She carries lotus
in her hand and she is adorned
with all sorts of ornaments. Her
colour is white (gaura) and wears
a white garment. She is
matchless in beauty.
Lupå (): Ornamental appendage, Rafter;
kotilupa is hip rafter; rjulupa or
prakrtilup is straight rafter,
upakoilup is the inclined rafter
other than hip rafter, also known
as vikrtilup; lupälamba is drop
of the rafter, also known as
vikrtilupã; lupálamba is drop of
the rafter from the wall plate.
Madhyapraruddha (T79) System of centre line
measurement of uttara.
Mahasala, Vieala
(HETRITET, fadrm): Halls for special purposes.
Mallikakuima (=fsngf): Platform for the jasmine plant.
Mana () Measurement; specifically the
horizontal measurement; mäna is
divided into pramäa the
measurement of width, diameter
etc. and parimäa the
measurement of circumference
or perimeter.
Manängula (HIT): The standardised measure of
angula, by equating it to the
grain size- 6 7 or 8 in number
438
faacstarKPT

madhyama and uttama, angulas

are obtained.
Mañcaka (T35): Specific pattern of horizontal
moulding of basement.
Mandala (qTE): Demarcated area; generally of
circular shape but also used to
describe any area defined by a
perimeter, regular or irregular.
Mandapa (qE): Pavilion.
Mangalaphalaka (TTT): Ornamental decorative plank
between the door head and wall
plate.
Mantri, Yuvarja Bhavana
(HA1, yatTT 4) Mansions for ministers &
princes.
Manusyapramna(4TAHTOT): Anthropometric standard;
measurement system based on
the size and proportions of
human body.
Marma (Ä): Intersection of orthogonal and
diagonal lines of a grid;
vulnerable point; nodes.
Marmavedha (44ce): Intersection with vulnerable
points,
Masüra (TR): Synonym of adhithna.
Mrgaala (TTRIT) : Park for the deer and other pets.
Mänakathana (HI157) Units of measurement.
Manuya janma phala
(H7 q T) : Human goal.
Märga(TT): Roads.
Märgviränti (Hrifafa): Rest house.
Marga (¥rtram) Armed outposts.
 439

Matrangula (413T) Measurement of angula related to

the body measure, varies with
ethnic groups.
Marti (): Statues.
Muti (Te)) Fist, a measure of 3 angulam;
also known as parva.
Nataka samgta sal
(HZ FTiaITEM): Theatres and Concert halls.
Nadi (Hrsi) Orthogonal line in a mandala;
also referred as ira.
Nadika (fs): 1/60 of a day i.e. 24 minutes;
also the distance that can be
covered in 1 ndik by walking
which is 1000 dada.
Nagara (TR): Town; cities, capital towns are
called räjadhn, commercial
farms are pattnas, harbour town
are dronimukha. Forts are
durgas.
Nakatra (TA7/): Star any one of the 27
constellations in the sky.
Nimitta (Af4A) Cause; omen.
Nigama (ATA): Encampments (7 types)
Nivra (ta): Eave; nvraphalaka is eave-
reaper.
Nyayasabh (7HT) Courts of justice.
Oma (41): Base or padapha of the column.
Pada(TE): Square cell, also cell of any
shape in a madala Padavineyaa
is analysis by dividing the area
into cells by means of grids
 fayresriarTPITE
440

Padadevata (TEaam): The deities presiding over the

cells of a mandala; there are 45
padadevatas inside the mandala
and 8 outside.
Padadhika (VTETfèo) Ratios of length to width which
are obtained by adding 1/4 to
integers.
Padamana (THA) : The height between the top of
foundation to the bottom of wall
plate
Padayoni (7G4t7) : A rule for proportioning
rectangle, or determining the
right dimension of linear
elements to satisfy the yoni rule.
Padona (TA): Ratios of length to width which
are obtained by subtracting 1/4
from integers above 1.
pãduk (GM): Ground course; the lowest course
of the basement.
Paksa (T): 15 days denoting the lunar
phases of waxing and waning of
moon; waxing phase is
uklapaka and waning phase is
krnapaka.
Pañcaprakra (73¥*R): The five defined boundaries of
temple.
Paramanu (TRATg): The smallest linear measurement
equal to the diameter of the
minute aerosol seen in a dark
room when sun's rays creep into
it through crevices; 8-0 of 1
angula.
 441

Parva (): Linear measurement equal to 3

angula; 1/8 part of Hasta, also
known as mui.
Paryantas0tra (Trqa) Bounding Perimeters
Patramäna (77H14) : The horizontal distance from
outside of uttara to the outside of
the basement; offset of plinth
from the plane of uttara.
Patäk-Pribhadra( TATI-YfTHK):Ornamental Additions.
Patta (E) Belt; also pati.
Pitha (ta) seat; elevated square seat; also a
square mandala of 3«3 grid.
P1thika (feaT): Platforms, benches etc., Vedik.
Paurvädeya-sabh(aRr7 FHT):Assemblies for administration of
justice.
Lamp-stand, Same as bodhikäa,
Potik (dram):
decorated bracket of pillar.
Hasta measure of length equal to
Prcya (ATA) :
28 standard uttamängula.
Hasta measure of length equal to
Präjpatya (HTY) :

25 standard uttamängula.
Präkära (TAK): Boundary; boundary wall
classically 5 in number viz.-
antarmandala, antahara,
madhyahara, bähyahara and
maryadã starting from the inner
altar line to outer wall of temple;
same as pañcaprkära or
pañcakothi; in Vainavism, the
präkäras are 7 with
madhyamaryad and
mahamaryad added.
 442
faryarataTRPT

Prásada (ArATE) : That which is pleasing; large

building like temple, palaces
etc.; the word is also used to
denote the vimna of temple.
Prasadavastu(rTEaT): Temples, palaces or any
symbolic building; literally
means a vstu (artefact) which
pleases the mind of the on-looker
or user.
Prati (fa): Stereobate, the topmost course of
plinth.
Pratim pajä, Devlaya pratith phala
Temple building and image
worship, their merit.
Puccha (3): Tail, rear.
Puruañjali (TaY): Reach of standard purua; 10
pada; 80 angula.
Pustakaäl (KICM): Libraries.
Pürva Bhavana (Teva) Frontage of palaces etc.
Raju (T) Rope; also diagonal in madala.
Randhra (H): Hole, mortise.
Rasi (zifn) Stellar constellation; 12 numbers
from Aries (mea), to Pisces
mina).
Sala(eT): Rectangular hall with gable roof.
Samatät (FHATT) : A rectangle with length equal to
an integer multiple of its width.
Samhit (ie) : Compilation (e.g. Byhatsamhit,
Harisamhit); a generic name for
Vainava gamas.
Samkarana (HHtTT) Levelling operation.
Sandhipäla (HfArTm): Reaper placed to conceal the
gaps between the door panels.
 443

Sandhibandha (tfraa): Joinery.

Sankirna Bhavana (HtufYaT): House for higher, middle classes.
Sanku (): Gnomon; pole; Sankusthâpand,
fixing gnomon for marking the
centre of the västu and/or finding
the cardinal directions.
Santikarma (vnfai) The traditional rites to propitiate
the deities in mandala; also
referred to as vstupjä.
Sargprakriya (triufT): Job of creation.
Sayana (TTA) : Literally means a couch or bed
stead, but is used to denote all
furniture.
Sayangrha (476) : Bedrooms.
ilakarma (TeT5Hi): Masonry; the art of building in
stone.
Silastambha (f¥TeTEay) Stone column or Pillar.
Silpaastra (farerna): Science of sculpture,
iconography.
ilpina (fufea) Building craftsmen generally
divided into 4 divisions; sthapati,
sütragrahi, vardhak and takaka.
Sirmhasana (HEA): Thrones.
Slista (fp) Combined.
Sopana (TMA): Staircase.
Sthapaka (z4T76) One who establishes or builds.
Sthäpan is the act of building.
Sthapati (YA) : The architect-engineer of master
builder occupying the highest
position among the 4 division of
silpins; one who is empowered to
design and build a vastu
(sthapandrah sthapatih)
444 fayaetaKTYITA

Sthapatyaveda (teTYRTAR) Upaveda of Atharvaveda dealing

with building science.
Satra (): Thread line; sütravistära is
thickness of line; sütra also
means formula, theory etc.
Sdtragrähi (TTET) One of the four tiers of Silpins;
supervisor of works; literally
mcans 'one who holds the
thread' (for measurement).
Takaka (TH5): One of the four divisions of
silpins; shapes the building
components; literally takaka
means 'one who reduces
Tala (HI) Palm of the hand; modular unit
of dimension in iconography in
terms of face length which is
equal to length of palm; tälamna
is the proportionate system of
measurement using täla as a
module.
Tantra (A): Ritualistic practice generally
related to worship of Sakti;
applied knowledge.
Tataka (aers): Big tanks.
Tejasa (d) Lustre; splendour, energy.
Tila (far): The diameter of the sesame oil
seed; 1/64 of angula; 0.47mm.
Tiryak (fa) Cross wise (placing of
membcrs).
Trisala (faET) : A combination of 3 ekaaläs.
Torana (rT) Ornamental archways and
panels.
Tulapãda (TTYTE) : Projecting end of ekasala.
Ubharankana (3u) Engraving
 445

Upäna (3T) Pedestal, Rectangular moulding,

Fillet.
Upänaha (3TE) : Projecting end of joist.
Upapltha (3ytia): Course or platform below the
basement; Upper pedestal of a
temple.
Ordhvapattm (3gt): Lintel; plank kept above the door
frame to support the masonry
portion above it.
Utsava (3Ha): Festivals
Uttama (34) Best maximum.
Uttamanga (3THI): Head.
Uttara (3R): North; also wall plate,
categorised as khandottara,
pattrottara, rpottara; kudrottara
is purlin supporting the roof and
bearing on the uttara; añkanottara
is purlin at the eave.
Utäna (3HIT): Face up position.
Vaideha (*èt) Hasta measure of length equalIto
29 standard uttamngula,
Vaipulya (ag) Hasta measurement of length
equal to 30 standard
uttamängula.
Vajana (): Fillet; projection from the
vertical plane; wing-like
treatment on basement, walls or
roof elements; derived from vaji,
meaning horse.
Vajra (): Bent, Curved.
Vajralepa (TAfA) Plaster.
ValabhI (at): Decorative moulding from
446 fayacauaTKNIT

Varmsa (N): Ridge to which all rafters join;

Vapra (a)
Vardhakt (Tut) :
Varna (ut)
Vasanta grha (TE)
Vaji Hastisala(arsit-ttitenen): Stables for horses & elephant.
Vapi (T)
Vastu (rR):
Västumadala (Kg4us):
Vastupurua (TKJ7):
Vastupuruamandala
(agFTEA):
Vastusastra (aKgRT):
literally mean clan; also called
agradhani.
Rampart; wall; Plinth; Moulding
of the base.
One of the 4 divisions of silpins
who assembles the different
building components; literally
vardhakI means 'one who
increases or joins".
Class of people, the four classes
being Brähmana, Katriya,
Vaisya and udra; also colour.
Spring Resort.
Small tanks, stepwel1.
Dwelling.place; derived from the
Sanskrit word as meaning*"to
dwell"
Specified region for the planning
of building and other artefacts.
The mythological being which is
believed to occupy all
Vastumandala. The symbolic
figure of a man overlaid or
depicted on västu.
The Västumandala with the
figure of Vastupurua
superimposed on it indicating the
position of padadevats.
The prescriptions for building;
generally, the term is used to
 447

denote traditional Indian building

technology.
Vastuvidya (aTFgfaem): The knowledge of building
science; the term is used to
denote traditional Indian
architecture; a book.
Västusthapan (akgITT-T): Design and construction of västu.
Vayu (3T) God of wind; regent of north-
west direction, also called anala.
Vähana, Ratha (18, TH) Deities' carriers and chariots.
Vidybhavana (faeryT): Universities and colleges.
Vedha () Intersection; affliction.
Vedi () Platform.
Vidhika (fafy) Corner direction, generally
inclined at 450 the cardinal
directions: Analysis is taken up
to 32 divisions of a circle.
Vimäna (faH): Canopy, Structure of the
sanctum; vehicle used for the
procession of deities; literally
means that which is measured
proportionately.
Vikambha (fqa) Intermediate beam in a roof
section; vikambhapada is the
strut supporting vikambha.
Vitänarekha (faaten): Horizontal line, used to denote
the sloping width ofa rafter.
Vithi (): Path; enveloping shell;
västumandala is generally
divided into 4 vlths but in an
18x18 grid, 9 vths are given as
in Manuyälayacandrik.
include all plants;
448
fayaetarPITE
antassära, (hard core inside),
sarvasåra (hard wood through-
out), bahissära (hard wood
outside) and nissära (hard wood
nowhere).
Vyäma (3TH): Anthropometric measure
between the tips of the middle
fingers with hands outstretched
to two sides; 8 pada or 64 arngula.
Yajamana (741) Owner of building; patron; one
who leads yajña.
Yali (e, aet): Hippopotamus, dragon like
creature in the ornamentation of
temple.
Yana () Vehicle used for travel.
Yava (): Grain of barley; a linear
measurement equal to 1/8 of
angula, approximately 3.75 mm;
yavodara is width of yava.
Yojana () Linear measurement equal to
1000 rajju or 8000 danda.
Yoni (f): Architectural formula for
orientation; literally yoni means
origin'.