r, ~

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROJECT ~ 1'

~
PART- A
SHO RT QUE STl'O NS AND A !N S.W ERS
Q:i1. W1h af b 1Re,search ?
Answer : Modes Pap
Research is a systematic means of finding information by investigat ing the subject that is researcheu
a~e-ru-ch can be fundamen tal or applied. Fundame ntal research refers to the theoretica l and bas,1c ,;tudy
m~es an addition to the existing knowledge. It does not provide any direct s,--.lution to a rt·scarch probkrr
A.ppi.Jed research is a decisional research that reveals valuable information that he lps n solv 1.ng thc- rr..;t\trc"
prob:em.. It starts with a question and aims at finding solutions to the probl~m through a sys-u:manc "tud\
ti1e subJ ect.
Research is needed when information availabl e is in sutli.c1t·nt. B~h)rt· starling u rt·st·urch pn>1t'c'
managers should examine the time and cost than can be anc urrt'd 111 the rest·an:h . A propt.·r n:~t·an:h \lrler-.
num ber of benefits like increa sing know ledge, i n1pro v 1ng ph.H.'t''\S, gaini ng l·\)tnpt·l1tlv t~ 1.tdHmWgt:. ,,JhHH!
problems etc.
 "very", - ·somewnai- , Ilt::llllCI 11Ul Ill pv.:,11.1 V '-' "~P'-''-'I.

and leads the same expression towards the other pole

in negative aspect.
QB Hypothesis
Answe, Model Paper-IV, Ql(a)

Hypothesis is defined in different ways by

difterent people, some of them are as follows,
1. .4ccording to James E . Greighton, "It is a
tentative supposition or provisional guess
which seems to explain the situation under
observation".
2. According to Bruce W. Tuckman, "A hypothesis
then could be defined as an expectation abo·u t
events based on generalizatio n of the assumed
relationship between variables".
3. According to George, J. Mouly, '~Hypothesis is
an assumption or proposition whose testability
is to be tested on the basis of the computability
of its implications with en1pirical evidence with
previous knowledge" .
Hypothesis means a mere asst1mption or some
suppo~ition to be proved or disproved. But for a
researcht:r, hypotht!sis is a for111al question that he
intends to solve.
clc An,. .4 ltArnn I\I
 varia bles following normal distribution \\' l tll n1e,u '" P ·
µ 2 ,···,µ v and standard deviations cr 1, cr 2 , .•. ,cr i then . 1l

x2= L(x~ µ J ll

s
X2 is the sum of square of V independent
r
standard normal variates foll owing chi-square
distribution. x2 is a family of distributions one for
each value of V.
Q8. What is ANOV A?
Answer : Model Paper-IV Q l(d )

ANOVA is the acrony m for Analysis of

Variance. The-variance test is also known as ANO VA .
Analysis of variance is a statistical technique spec ially
designed to test whether the means of more than
two quantitative populations are equal i.e., to make
inferences about whether those samples are drawn
from the populations having the same mean.
The test is called 'F' test as it was developed
by R.A Fisher in 1920's. The test is conducted in
situations where we have three or more to consider at
a time an alternative procedure (tot-test) needed for
testing the hypothesis that all samples could likely be
d rawn from the same population.
Q Nhat Is Research Report? Ex p lain t
steps involved in It
er M odel
 ' .
--~ :-•
zvvib+v . ..
,· ~, -------.--..-~---------
: l'ARAMEi.RIC ANirJ NON PARAMEnuc TiP'!i'rS P'O RESEARCH REPDRT 49
-UNIT-2Distinguish .
1
..-----,
'1-1
Q,,.. between par metric tests and Non-Parametric tests. (~ . .~• \
Answer : . . Model Pape••II, ~ l{d) ~
The fo llow mg are the differences between parametric tests and non-parametric teSt s, . . _ .
r( S.No . Basis f Parametric Tests I Non-para metric Test.!._ i
l. Definition Parametric test is defined as the Non-parametric test is defined as the
study of statistical tests concerning study of statistical test that does not ,'
assumption and estimation that are concern assumption related to parameter
related to population parameters. estimation or precise distribution.
2. Another This is also referred as ' distribution This is also referred as ' distribution free
Name tests'. tests ' . I
. I
3. Assumptions Asswnptions are made in these tests N o assumptions are made . 1
i.e., null and alternate hypothesis.
4. Employ These tests employ a specific These tests do not employ the population
parameter of the population such as parameters. 1
mean, variance etc. I I
5. Data The data in these tests follow a The data in these tests docs not fo llow
distribution which is either presumed any specific distrihution.
or establ_ished. - ~ _ .. __ ___ -~
-
 J
Q5. Wha t is F-Test?
1
Answer ·
F-Te st or F-di stribution is a continuous probability di stnbut ion used w hen two d1tkrcnt ~ormal
population'I are sampled. Consider St
and s; as the sample variances of d 1ffcrcn t random -.am P
and ,;~respectively. These samples are drawn from two different norm a l pooulat1on \, , µ . r; , Lu1d " 'µ.. c; ).
? n-here {µ 1..
cr~) and (µ 2 , cr;) denotes the mean and variances of s 12 and 5 ~ respcctn, ,d y
s2 cr2 cr2 s2
0
F= 1 l =- 2 _1
s 2
2
(J 2
2
cr2I s22
:, .
y lnorder to determine whether the samples (S12, SJ) are dra'w, n from t~, o d tth:n~·nt pupu1 •.u.,)11. r1.1
equal variances . It is necessary to compute the ratio of variances n.: lJ.tt:J tu t\\ O mu,: :11Jl:"11t r..1r1\.l
 :'Hc1 l1 ~L1 ca1 11 h ·
~
1111;.,y ........ 0 1~-· • ...., ....
Ypot es1s test but can not be used fo r estimatin g the pararm.!Icr~.
'-Jlll.J
'
Write the differen ce betw een parame tric tests and non-pa rametri c tests.
Ql 8•
er · Model Paper- II. Q3(a)
ArlSVi .
The fo llowing are the diffe rences between paramet nc . ·
tests and non-para metnc tests,

s.No. Basis Parame tric Tests Non-pa rametri c Tests l

~ - T oefinitio n Paramet ric test 1s defined as the Non-par ametric test 1s defined as the
study of statistical tests concerni ng study of statistical test that does not
assumpt ion and estimatio n that are concern assumpt ion related to paramet er
related to populati on paramet ers. estimatio n or precise distri bution. 1

Another This is also referred as ' distribut ion This is also referred as 'distribu tion free
Name tests'. tests ' .
,
.,_ No assumpt ions are made .
Assump tions Assump tions are made in these tests
i.e., null and alternate hypothesis.
4. IEmploy These tests employ a specific These tests do not employ the populati on
paramet er of the populati on such as paramet ers.
mean, variance etc.
5. Data The data in these tests follow a The data in these tests does not fo l low
distribut ion which is either presume d any spec ific distribution.
or established.
6. Populati on The populati on means are same for The population distribution are same for the
the null hypothe sis. null hypothesis. ,
7. Measure It is measure d in the terms of Interval It is measure d in the terms of Normal or
or Ratio scale. Ordinal scale.
8. Use It is used for both samples i.e., small It is used only for small samples .
and large.
9. Applied It is applied only for variable s. It 1s applied for both attribute s and
variable s.
10. Example The example of parametric tests are The example s of non-para metric tests are
Z-test, t-test etc. Chi-squa re (x.~) test, \Vikoxo n test, Mann-
- _ whitney tests. I
- I _ ___!.__,__ _ = ------------------- ----------==-=
to face LEGAL proceeding'SJ
Xerox/Ph otocopyin g of this book is a CRIMINA L act. Anyone fo und guilty Is Ll~LE
J~ V\

Z- TE ST FO R SI NG LE
'tt0~ MEAN
:1ino ~ QlO , Write br ief ly ab ou t I-t es t for single mean
.
s to
,Answer :
the lev el ,
lity Z-t est for sin gle me an tes t can be used for
determining the sta tis tic al signif ica nc e between
sam ple mean an d population mean. Fo r this, a single
mean is dra wn fro m giv en po pulation and measures
~St of central ten de nc y su ch as me an is computed.
The fol low ing for mu la is use d for Z-test.
- µ
:o
X
z---cr/-/;,
11
d Where ,
:1 x = Sampling Mean Deci
r µ = Population Mean hypo1
cr = Standard deviation of population Then
· a ample with
n = Number of items m s·
\al ., CR IMI NA L act . Anyo,
•
'' lrn lng : Xe rox /Photo cop ying O
f h.15 book ,s a
t
 a ~oo d rese arch des ign
-~· ._
.
Q 3.. Wh at ifs, Qu alft atfv e Re,s ear ch and
1

Qu ant itaUve Re sea rch ? -----

ape, . 1, Q'(b
A,n swer :
Qu a lita tive Research
tech niq ues like gro up d1c;;cuss1on~~
Qualitative Res earch utilizes uns tructure d exp lora tory
sam ple s to further ana ly7 e the pro ble m. Thi s
in depth inte rvie ws ,vh ich are dep end ent on sma ll
ortu niti es, pro ble ms tha t are pre vai ling 1n
type of rese arch helps in det erm inin g atti tud es, opp <~ep ar. ?:ye on mi>
as inte r pre tivi sm .
the tzrg et ma rket or ma rke t seg men t. It is also called
Quantitative Research
Qua ntit ativ e Res earch utilizes deductive approach
wherein it stri , es to dev elo p th~ t~~ts, make prcct1ct10ns
i~
ation, which can b~ m ea~ :.ired \vhe.ne, er required. h
and tests hyp oth ese s. It is useful in coJlecting inforn1
also called as 'positivis m '.
 -~-c,._-.-,., .,•_C_■=::>=f;11
t.:.A<1 111p1 e 0 1 th is sca les
~,. ,=
· are: Occupational
status - peo n, steward, employee
, manager and CE O,
~ W h at ar e th e socio-econom ic classes - lower
dif fer en t lov ols of class, middle class and
me as ure me nt? upp er middle class etc. Statistics
M l(h11 ,nr, m v, CU(n ) like rank correlation,
pcrn cnl ii<-, quar1 ilc and me
OR dian can be computed with
thi s :;c :ik
Explain the vo,lous types
of moos u,~ monl 3. Int e rval Scales
scole,s with ex om pln
Answf't ·1 hi s mc .1 surc•; lhc d'1stance or
S\..: 11L:
111a1\11i111d c of dll 1(:r cm:c the
in thl.:
ordina l scale. In our
\ \w t\11\11\, '">! ,Ill' tlh· \ 1111ous h- vrb /typi·s l'Xi ttnp ll' 111' st11den ts,
nh·,1:-11tl'llh'll1 :-c.1 k . ol or marks secured is an
a 'll:a lc
int erva l scal e. Re presentin g
~:tu dcnts on this scale
sho ws as to whi ch student ii,
hctter and also helps
I in measurin g th eir aptitude in
I terms of ma rk s. For
example, student ranking I.,
, is better than student
rankin g 2"'1 hy IO marks . Fu
rther, res pondents or
objects possessin g a character
istic to the sam e extent
wou ld be pla ced in one sca
le . That is, students
sec urin g same marks would
be on the same point of
r
ln1 cn al St·a \c~
the scale.
Ra1i(, Sca les
Th e sca le is div ide d int
Figure: l evels/Types of Measu o nu me ric all y
rement Scales equidistant po int s. Example
s: marks scale, sco res
1. No mi na l Scales scale, temperature scale, etc
. There are instances
when researchers assume equ
Th ese
scales involve labels. It is a al interv als between
qualitative each descriptor of a sca le . For
scale. ,,-here the responde example, on the s~ale
nts answers are descriptive of smoking - a chain smok
m nat ure lik e ·yes· or ' no er, frequent smok er,
', ' agree' or 'disagree' and Smoker and non sm oker, it
s0 011. Examples of these sca has to be assumed that
le are: designations as the difference between each
pr0frs si0n. region, religi on , buy of these descriptors is
er/non buyer, smoker/ one unit from the preceding
nc -5- - ~~er. etc. It is a lab or succeeding one.
elling scale that classifies or On int erv al scales, sta tis tic
1.:c::nes the respondents, brands, attributes like arithmetic mean, stand
al tec hn iqu es
,.:2· e measures raw respo nse , etc. This ard deviation, moment
s and does not illustrate correlation can also be used
:: e intens ity of respo nses. for inferences.
4. Ratio Scales
It is to be noted that when
a number is used
: · ; scaling. it do es not ref Ratio scale possesse s al1
lect the quantity of the the qu ali tie s of
~~-~2..cteristic of an object/re nominal, ordinal and interv
spondent. For instance, al scales ins pite of its
.: ·.:e respon dents are assigned cod e numbers as per
zero origin on the scale. With
this scale, a researcher
-~.t~ ID num bers, it doe can classify, identify, rank, com
s not mean that larger code pare and compute the
:.-'T.ber indicates the superi ratios of scale values for all
ority of that respondent the respondents/objects.
_ er the other. Examples of ratio scales are
age , sales, profits, costs,
incomes, market share, etc .
2. Ordinal Sc ale s
Consider the companies A,
It is a ranking scale wherein, ass B, C and D tha t
igning number s are ranked l st, 2 nd , 3rd and 4th
tr r10 Jtc ts im ply the ex tent respectively based on
of presence of some their net profits of noooo,
. .:..d!'acteristics . For e.g., studen US 00 0, ~ l 5000 and
ts in a class are ranked ~ 10000. Clearly, A is
better than B wi th a differenc
. !<1 l O as per the ma
rks they obtained. Here, Ist of ~ 5000 in profits . Fu rth e
,!idKates the student 's better rank er, .-1 's profits are twice
performance ov er the greater than C's profits or
.!udtnt ranking 1(Yh. It sho ul.d thrice greater than D's
be noted that the sca le profits. Thus, it is easy to com
.nd1cates. only the position or pare the objects on a
relative size differences sca le .
and not the magnitude of a
respondent or object. ln Any stat isti cal technique can
the above ex.ample, we know be applied to
the student rankin g 1' t ratio scales like geo metric me
is better than the other studen an, harmonic mean and
ts but we do not know coefficient of variation that
how better is the student tha cannot be used for other
n the others. scales.
( W~ rnin& Xerox/Photoc
opy~ g of this book Is a
CR IMI NAL ~ n;: ;:found guilty is LIA
BLE to face LEG AL procee
dings. )
,, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROJECT D'-"-
I -- ....._~'A,iM I ~ \.r ~ ·
8
...
- .
A dernic researc sc
h ·
- - holars who would use such research results as a source of seconda ~d
. d "E ry ata a
~ !JHIT-1: IHTRDDUCTTOM, ,'1r'..l\.'i~n~ AHD HYPDnlE5l'i TE!iTINu 9
(111) ca ch Thus the above menttone statement. very research needs . Ud
d ct further resear • ,, . ev1denr1 Step l : Defining Research Problem
con u h. h oves its effectiveness and usefulness 1s apt and correct. Any research stud al
tcornes w ic pr h h fi . y that . In the beginnin g, resea rchers mu st de fin e the researc h prn blc111 , kccp rni., rn rn rnd the obj ecti ves o f
ou d' h ld provide some utility and usefulness. Furt er t e ndmgs of the research wo k h ts
conducte s ou db d II r s outct resea rc h. De finin g research prob lems in c lud e desc ribin g th e rn li, r111:il1<J11 nccdcrf :i ncl 11, c of 1ha1 rnfo rm ali on
cceptable proof to be accepte y one an a . in dec ision- mak in g.
be supporte d bY a
Step 2 : Research Proposal
Elements of Effective Research
The following are the elements of an effective research study, for deve lopin g an app roach to tackle the resea rch pn, bl cm s resc.11 chc1·, , hnu Id fi rs t unckr st:a nd th e nt-r d
for resea rch. Accordin gly, th ey arc required to plan nul a 1hcorc lr c, rl frn rn ew\l r k frn rrsra rc h l h e rc~e,i rc he r
l. Consistent Results must check w hether suffi c ient resources and bud ge t rs avail a ble fo r 1110, :rlrn >! In the re,.,a rch The man:w crs "'
It should be reliable and must pro~uce th~ same results when ever th~ research experiment is repeated researc h e rs rnu st assess ,vhe th c r th e he ne fi t,:; o r the rc"-c a n: h a r r 11 1t ,1c rh:111 1h1 , f,,.t~ 1nc11rrcd r hr· n .. , n •~p;1r, h
Thus consistency of the research results 1s a maJor element of effective business research. · proposa l is made e ith er in wril len or ora l form . It rnc ludc, v;i rnrn s rf c1arl, ii lw r,rnwc1 "'' h " pr 1JJCC , ·,
obj ective, m eth ods o f research, analysis an d trme period f t1 rll1"r ;111.il v111,rl m<>rfel,. r ~~rch prrs111,ns ind
2. Valid Measurement hypothesis for testin g have lo he deve loped Th is c,tll s fnr cl "' 11,srn11 , • 11h '"P m,111,1w:1rwn1 ,,ul ..:~pert
It is required that the research results should be validated using the most appropriate measureme Secondary data is anal yzed and need for an y ex pl nrc1tnry resear• h ,,, dcfi,wd
tools and scales. There exists different measurement scales for measuring quantitative factors and qualitati! Step 3: Formulating Research Design
factors of any given research study. A research design is n pl an to conduct a rcsc;ir,·h fl n11lfrne, the prnrc,ltir 1 • ' "
3. Relevance success of a resea rch proj ec t in so lvin g a research prob lem ft alsn ,11;:~c,ts hvrnthc,r- rc,lln
alternative so lutions to th e research pro blem.
It is required that the research results should provide relevant information.
It invo lves cond ucti on of expl oratory research. It defint.:, •he.: ,nurc.:c, nf collec•u,r,-. ,t rnfor-
invo lves process of selec t ion of objects of sample from popuh111on /...11nplt: pl rn)
STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARC H PROCESS AND
Step 4: Collection of Data
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Once the data co ll ecti on methods are decided . d.11,1 cnlke11011 tc-.1111 ,, ,,,~,1111/c·d r 11ne,t md -ur<·r~ ...:d
Ql 5. What Is Research Process? Explain the steps Involved in Research Process . The data collection team foll ows the gurdelrne, 0f r,sc:ar.:h Jl·sri;11 md u-c- , "", , k,·r,,,,, "'--" 1h<><I, •h.~ .,
Model Paper-II, Q2(a) regularly evaluated to reduce errors in data colkct•on
Answer :
Step 5: Data Analysis and Interpretatio n
Research Process
The compiled unfiltered data has to bt; <.:d,ted :ind c11rrn·tc·d n11.r ,,rc,,:rir""' molvc·,,,-..im,.: ,,,.1 tr;,,,...: r,pt><v•.
In simple words, research process refers to step-wise approach for studying and analyzing a particular Data is also analyzed and , cn fi cd follo,,.rng the: guakhr.e, ,,r'rht· : ,·,,· :rch ,k, 1 •.n f rn.111) ,ih,nn,,,.._,n r-- :,:;0<.-r•"<·;I
topic. situation or subjecL It refers to the procedure which is followed for conducting research. It is carried that helps managers in understanding th~ r,.;-...c:::J.n;h 'C"'P.1hk'ln md tt , ·~~ 1,,1h1-..· 11 1..· ~H1'\1,.: , \1Jurio1h.
OU! in a systematic manner. It includes identification of the subject of research, research proposal, research
Step 6: Preparation of Report an d Presentatio n
designing, collection and preparation of data, analysis and interpretation of data, preparation of report on
Fina ll y. ,vhcn th e rest.~arch 1, L"ompkt...: .:,t.: ,rcht.:r, ,ltH... llllll."!ll th,: h.: 'i.t >rn'- ,:,, ~:-..1 lllt ','
results and transferring the results to concerned manager. The sequence of the steps involved in the research
research. Research rcsu lb an.: formJttt.:d f,>r <.:.1,'1 t.r1lh: r,t ..1ndttll! .)•· ·h l· k~' ' ""1 11.1~ •.:1, ......:I'~•.; 1
process may change based upon the situation.
n1ade abo ut the n;sca rch prohkn1, J.nd th~ tinUu\.~" l rt.· 1r..h:-.1..-,>"1.:n.-\l ,t lll\. >hl·, h 1, , 111.: ,d •J,,-,..
Steps Involved in Research Process
ratios a nd other toob th at ,1m plih tr. . .- n .,n ·!.1t1l,n t~ -.upp(,r' de..·"· ,ul11 tha i,.. :n'i.
In general, for larger enterprises, the process of research comprises the following steps, Q 16. What Is resea rch , , .., ·-
In research metnoaoto\jy
Defming research problem
An sw er
Research Methodology
Research Proposal Ke:-. t·:uc h 1nc t hlH.h.,l t1L'\ tc..·h,;1, lP t/,1,,.• "" ,r ...·u1 Pf lh•,h:I . 111, ''- ,·,iur,· , utd 1.., ·,·. lu1h1,:,·, · , 1\1 , h 1h.· , ,,.,, ,,
ch.: h:nn111e th e n.· ,ult, ,11 .. l 11.·,\.·JJ1..h l'"'~h:11: lt ·"'11 11ph, r, ·1c1, 1l' !l h· ., ,h.'HLt4n ~' "'''-·,h111.· •I . ., , l'~ ,_,, c ,\· U\ ~~
p1ubk111. It 1, , .u 1.lhll· 111 111lut1.: 111J 111.1, -. 1r.,. HP111 •1h· , ··.,·.th... h lo u,,,,.h'-'' I 11, .. , 1•.l41 ,,,r1 .. 1,,·,,\,.. 111,I ~
Formulating Research Design nut l:0 11111 H>1 1 tP1 1:, \·,,
1\·,vJJ\.h It t•L1,11•. 1tlh, 0111. 1t '"'" ,,1, ·'--1 11,tl 11h1 u '-l I H~ n,, hhLu ,.,,1t1u1"'''
1,: h 11 nl \\1th tl n· tl·,,·~t1lh t1..1 p 1'- I la,; J1ll11..·u.·1tt l\.l''-"'' l• I, -.,- II\. 11 111\lhP,h •il,~'-' 1h I hl,. ,,1 ,,,.,1 , U1nn 11h."'1·, ,,. " ;
qu t;·, l1U ltl l rOI\~ dl~4.. Ultl ~ lll 11\ , 1u 1. h. 11tJ H 1 ,11
Math e m a tical Tools for th e Anc,ly , h In lte~c:ur <.h Mo,tnudutuy y
1\,~,,.,tl\. h 1!1 \.· l ~n ,d ld,1:...'\ I,., 1 1 h., •• II I , 1 1 •lllhlll' ••, 11 II, I \ '" I 11 11,ul, I\ ,J 1, ,f,,
11 1,n ) w ·111a.t11.. al l l '"J .., 1l1J tt11.· ,11,il" ,11 d II It ,, d11k,~,,- , ,. r,,j l""
r>-dta Ana1ys 1s and f nterprcuo1 o n
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x .........., .......... •.J• •J j11l••11 ·11 JH• t,. ,,,lil •• 4 '- h j,., 1'"41\ t •• • \t •'t••••• hu ... l _.1 ,llt, • t li \ i.1 i . ,, • "' •• ~ ;(j;\I . ,. , •• ,..,u llu li(""
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10 - - - -~RE~SEAR~CH==-=--ME
::.:.:.TH_DD
_D_LD_GY
_ AND
_ PR --.:CT ~
_ DJE
l.
-
Statistical Methods or Techniques c. .....1-. ifi d.
~
The statistica l methods which are used .in the proce ss of analysis are I w u1er c1ass e mto various
tnethll(!s
such as.
. . h re used to find the measures of central tende
Mean. median and mode are the methods wh1c a ncy_
(ii) Variance, co-efficient of variance, quartile . d · f10 n coefficient of skewness etc., are used
evta to find
measures of dispersion.
(iii) Forecasting methods
(iv) Conjoint imalysis
(v) Sampling methods
{vi) Discriminant analysis
{vii) Test of hypothesis
(v iii) Factor analysis
(ix) Factorial design.
2. Operation Research Methods or Models
The methods of operation research includes the following ,
(i) Linear programming
(ii) Non-linear programming
(iii) Goal programming
(iv) Integer programming
(v) Dynamic programming
(vi) Distance related network techniques

l
(vii) Project management
(viii) Game theory
(ix) Queueing theory
(x) Inventory control
(xi) Simulation
(xii) Replacement analysis
(xiii) Production scheduling.
In the present scenario, the business practices and systems are becoming more and more
complex and
challenging due to which businesses needs the latest and advanced techniques in the
process of analysis of
their business transactions. So, for this purpose various researches has been conducte
d to modify the existing
tools and techniques of analysis.
The exampl!,s are as follows,
(i) Research is conducted to modify the existing techniques of transportation for obtaining
the correct
solutions.
(ii) Research is conducte d in order to modify the techniques of determining the optimal distribut
ion pattern
of the transportation problem with good percentages of discount s.
Ql 7. Whot do you mean by Qualltatlve and Quantitative Res\. ..1rch? Dlsting
s tw ee n th •ni
Answer · M e aper I Ql(a)
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research utilizes unstructured exploratory techniques like group discussio
ns, in depth
.interview
.
s w h.1c·h are dependent on small samples to further
· analyze
. the problem
· This type of research helps
. . .
m determm mg att1·tudes' opportunities, problems that are prevailing in the taroet
::-
market or market seoment.
"'
It is also called as inter pretivism .
r.ii SIA PUBLISHERS AND DISTRIBUTORS PVT. LTD. --- -7
( --- -- _./
.d'f,J: rAJIAMETRIC AND NON PAIIA
MJrnuc ~AND IIEGEARCH RJ!-
PORT
- - - -- -- -- -1 17
f/' In a t-tcst, 1f 111 cusc, we do not know stan
dard deviation,- -- =
e.g. . thl· n 11Hc the 1-1 lt1 li1-1 t ics,
;;, t ,· then rc,1 c,:111,, 1111d ncr ~pt 11 n
tr~I ' I' ,,
11,, :ind l l 1 jc\rt 11
<1 , then nrct'l'' 11
Sl/ n
f,-AI "
I
,. ~•" ,.. 1 (~
,w1l
l
.111d n lt ,•1,1,1t n l' 11, l'lllh t•~i ~
Wh ere,
S is the sample standard deviati on.
~,-, ,,,, 11 It'' (•I ,,, ~ii,t1)lf11' 1ll1l'(•
1
ROBLE~
i ~
Q3 I . A random sample of ma
le em plo yees fs
d the me an
taken at the end of a yea r an
sm for the
number of hours of absenteei
rs. A similar
yea r Is found to be 63 hou
yees has a
sample of 50 female emplo
se samples
me an of 66 hrs . Co uld the
with same
a be drown from a population
iation 10 hours?
',lf\" lhl' ,·all ulnll'd , nluc wit h ft or 2-..1 mean and standard dev
1 - - - - r - - - - --- n you make.
\_ ,~,,
State clearly the assumptio
Solution :

1f r3lculntcd
Null Hypothesis
o ~ Accept H ulation.
,"!l)ue is grea ter N....,
>- ---
and reject H.
0
H0 : Samples drawn from same pop
than the a
n
()[ 2
Alternate Hypothesis
tions with
H 1: Samples drawn from popula
different means (Two tailed test)
Yes
Computing Test Statistic
XI -Xz
ReJect H and 0 Z= cr ~-
accept H, n

cedure for Where,

Fipure: Flow Chart Representing Pro
Hypothesis Testing Xi = 63, x 2 = 66, cr = 10, n = 50
GLE ~ z= 63 -66
.,5J2 .4 1 -t: J{;z.TEST FOR SIN
~ IO~

~~
~ ~ MEAN
---------=-_,,
'lt nte b11~fly abo ut Z-testfor sin
gle mean .
= - 1.5

Level of Significance
""-ttS wet
d for 5% i.e., a = 0.05 (Assumed)
tor single mean test can be use
Z -tc:.1
signifi cance betw ee n
~c-:Crm:llill g the sta w.tical
:..tmple mean and population mea
n. For this, a single
!!l.Ci:.!1 15 dra\\ n from give
n pop ulation and meas ures Acc eptance
1s comput ed.
• c.emn:.! tendtnc) such as mean Region
Z-te st.
Tnc foJoV1 .t.0g fonnu la 1s u~ed for
·l = -'__f
0 • II

V,'herc-

X" = ~amplmg Mean , De cisi on

e region , null
µ - Populattun Mt an Since, Z value lies in acceptanc
leve l of significance.
o "" Standard dev1at1on of population
I hypot~esis is accepted at 5% from a population
Therefore, samples can be drawn
n == Number of items in a sample with the same mean.
ings.
Xero x/Ph otocopyin f h. BLE to face LEGAL proceed
O Anyone found guilty is LIA
g t ts book is a CRIMIN AL act.
 i-T'°P~ AND NON PARAMETRIC TESTS AND RESEARCH REPORT 89
Q51 . What is a ' repor t '? Exp l ain the 4. Logical
c haracteristics of a 'good report'. Logic will be ev ident in expression and
Answer : seq uenc ing. A good report represents logical thought
The compilation of information which has been processes which is based on an outline or mind-map
sought out, collected sifted, orga nized and written to developed well prior to report writing. Presentation
convey a message is usually referred as a 'report' . are shown under heading and subheadings fo llowing
Report a logical sequence,
The word ·report· is originated from the Latin 5 Concise
word "repot'' wl11· h · ·
c 1111plies to ' carry back' . In other
words report is l · A good report generally does not have long
. ' . a og1cal presentation of facts and
mfonuatton The · ti · . explanations. It avoids redundancy and provide
. _· m ormatton generated by reports 1s
reqmred tor revie · d . explanation which is relevant to the required.
. wmg an evaluatmg progress, for
planning future cour f . . . 6. Consistent
. . ~ se o action and takmg effective
dec1s1011s R eports . .
.
feedback · the m acts. as a tool for. prov1dmg
to The report is consistent as per the purpose.
ot. tl1e organization.anagers related to vanous aspects There is always a consistency in the use of same
pattern of headings, subheading, numbering and
. _Every organization maintains a system of spacmg.
pe1:o~cal reporting to know the status of different Cl
activities. Manao-ement . . 7. ear
. . .~ may assign special reports
to spec1?-c md1v1duals for taking decisions. After A good report is 'clear'. It means the report is
completion of the task the individuals submit reports written in simple, easy to read and avoids confusing
back to the management who have assigned this task. expressions. It facilitates reader to understand the
Reports are written for various purposes such content easily with different graphs, charts, tables etc.
as, 8. Reader Oriented
(i) To review performance Reader orientation is one of the key feature
(ii) To keep a check on a continuing activity of a good report. While drafting the report the
(iii) To survey the market comprehension level and interest of the reader are
(iv) To plan fiifure needs of the organization. kept in mind.
(v) To submit standardized information. 9. Creative
Characteristics of a Good Report
Reports shows creativity of individuals in
The following are the characteristics of a 'good thoughts and writing. Presentation is followed by
report'. informative and creative. A creative report enhances
1. Factual both the attention ofthe reader as well as attractiveness
A good report indicate a series of facts which of the report.
are generated through investigation. Impartial Q52. What is 'report writing ' and research
recording of facts is one of the crucial feature of'good report? Explain the procedure involved
report'. in writing a report.
2. Comprehensive
It is complete in the -sense only important Answer :
aspects are considered and irrelevant aspects are Report Writing
excluded. Report wntmg is a conscious, rational
3. Objective and systematic effort. It is both an art as well as
Opinions and preferences are consi~ered only science. Report-writing requires conceptual and
when they are needed. Interpretations and mferences communication skills and a scientific approach to
· I b sed on facts .and
made in the report are entue Y a
investigation, analysis and presentation. Manag~rs
~ t
• f fi d · s conclus10ns should possess right abilities and attitudes 1or crea mg
figures . In presentat10n o m mg ,
and recommendation. Reports s h ou Id Posses s the ea'.ect1·ve reports.
ui

.
ob~ectivity · t'1st ·
of a sc1en . ake Research Report
The following are the essentials to m Research report is a channel to communicate
reporting effective, the research :findings to the readers of the _report.
(i) Focus on pro bl em A good research report 1s. th at. w h'H.:·h does its task
(ii) Concern for solution and efficiently and effectively.
(iii) Passion for truth. d uilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings.
. is a CRIMINAL act. Anyone foun g
. : X erox/Photocopying of this book
W arnmg
 Iii]
Step I RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROJECT .... 1tr
s Tnvolved _in Writing a Research Report (i) Preliminary Pages -
he followmg are the steps invo lved in writing.· The report should carry a title and data
a research report, fo ll owed by acknowledgme nts in the form
Step- I : Logica l Ana lys is of' S11 h jcc1 Ma ll e r O f preface or foreword. Then there should be
table of contents followed by list of tables and
Step-2: Propnrntion of the Final Outline illustrations so that the reader can easily locate
the required information in the report.
Step-.l : Preparnti nn of the Rough Drnn
(ii) Main Text
Step-4: Rewriting and Polishing of the Rough Dratl Should provide the complete outline of the
research report along with all the details.
Stop-5: Preparation o f the Final Bibliography The main text should have the fo llowing
details,
S!ep-6: Layout of the Research Report
(a) Introduction
Figure: Steps Involved in Writing a Research Report (b) S t a t e m e n t o f fi n d i n g s a n d
Step-1: Logical Analysis of Subject Matter recommendations
This is concerned with the development of (c) The results
the ~ubject. Two ways to develop the subject (a) (d) The implications drawn from the results
Logically and (b) Chronologically, on the basis of (e) The summary.
m~ntal connections and association of one thing (iii) End Matter
with the other by means of analysis. Chronological Appendices should be enlisted in respect
~evelopment is based on a connection or sequence in of technical data such as questionnaire
time or occurrence.
sample information, mathematical derivations'
Step-2: Preparation of the Final Outline bibliography etc. '
. Outlines are used as framework for the long Q53. Discuss the contents In various types of
wntten works. They help in logical organization of reports .
material and a reminder of the points to be stressed OR
in the report.
Name the essentldl contents of a report/
Step-3: Preparation of the Rough Draft research report.
Now the researcher sits to write down what Answer :
he has done in the context of research study, He will
Report Format
write down the procedure adopted for collecting the
data, along with the various limitation faced by him, . There is no single best format for all reports.
the broad findings and the generalizations. However, the physical format can be employed to
create, describe, emphasize and clarify. The use of
Step-4: Rewriting and Polishing of the Rough
widely spaced paragraph~varied margins, separated
Draft
headings, different type sizes and colors all make it
Checks the report for weaknesses in logical possible to emphasize major points and to clarify the
development and presentation. He should also check sequence and relationship of ideas.
the mechanics o f writings, grammar, spelling and
The following format is suggested as basic
usage.
outline,
Step -5: Preparation of the Final Bibliography
1
It is a list of books in some way persistent to · Title page
research study. 2. Table of contents
3 - Foreword (Introduction)
Step-6: Layout of the Research Report
4 - Statement of objectives
The research report should convey enough
5 · Methodology
about the study, the scientific context and adequacy
of the methods to show how serious the findings are (a) Research design \
to be taken. Therefore, there is a need for the proper (b) Data collection method
layout of the report. (c) Sampling
The layout of the report should comprise. (d) Analysis and interpretation.
(i) Preliminary pages 6. Limitations
(ii) Main text 7. Findings
(iii) End matter. 8. Conclusions and recommendatio ns

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 -· - - - - - - - - - - __ • ..,, ••un r ~
9. Appen dix -- ~ ST'S AND RESEARQI REPORT
(a) ( · 0111 c-" or 1, 11 111 s s l•d (0 )
11 R~e;s~e~a; r~c~h~ D:e::s~lg
: :n= - - - - - - -li! !~~ ~
(h) lll·t:111 , ,11 s n11 1p le "itl, . /\ dcscripl
(,·) l.1hk, 11,,1 111el11dc I
v11 l,d 11 11 n11 111 •,kc 1 I · 1011 of the research des1gn . h
s ould
, .
i 111 l111d111 ,, ., ' i c car, wheth er the study .
or co11 ·I . . l
is exp oratory
( , I) ll1hl" ' ~ t:1 1,h, ii .
. p,1111w11t • c,,., ,ve
slati st1 cal, or cx Ir\ n<1turc <1 nd wheth
pcrime nt·I · d _er1·t iscase.
1. TTtfc Page · ,
a in · es1gn .
11h1 udcli1 .ion ' t~ . .
,c n.:sc<1rc her must ex pl ain wh
I '1c t1tk pagl' sl\\,ul d . i , t c parti cular design was used what its meri~
l"ll" h1d1 the f\' pnrt is I' IIH icntt' th e s 11hj ec1 lh t
. rcpnn..,d fix w t . .. , , c arc for th e proj ect at hand . ·
.lnd ~, "h('tn So1nc tunc , . 1nm ii is prc pnrcd
. h stt1s 11n1 n , , ,, (b) Data Colle ction Method
t ,"r " ,,m thc.- n-,~nn .
t is prepa red cccssa I ·1
ry lo s 1Jccif
Y Wh ether dat·a is· , co
. 11 ected from second ary
tum.· . tt •~ " isc- to indicn t I . . ':
e 1 lls prcc1s llt c a r som e oth er so urces or primary sou rces, wheth er results
.1,·tua ll ~ n::,-ci, c::- copie s . . c y nnd show w ho are
t coll, ected bY survey or observation . Again
·
~'""'me resear ch re orts a . he researcher must explain why the method
a li mtted distri huti ,n . p re confide ntial and for selected was. appropn·ate 1or
'- . m such cas . . " the proJect
. . A copy
dc~1r abk to indica te ' . es, it is partic ularly of the_questionnaire or form may be included
~--e1 Yer \.,f the copy. o n t 1le tttle p·age, a b out the here, if~he form is lengthy it can be given in the
appendix, where it will not break the continuity
2. Tabl e of Cont ents of the report .
,urne :~th e rep~~ is length y or if it is divide d into ( c) Sampling
- parts. it is usual ly desira ble to have a table In descri bing the sampl ing procedure, it is first
01 conte nts .
nece_ssary to indicate the nature of universe
3. Forew ord (Intro duct ion) studie d. The exact sampl ing units, such as
stores , consu mers or busine ss execu tives
This secti0 n serve s to introd uce the reade r to must be define d and the geographical limit;
:be resea rch projec t. It shoul d give the backg round specif ied. If there were any difficu lties in
of the P~(_)bl em.. the impor tance of the proble m, the identi fying the sampl ing units in the field,
' a:1ous a.unen sions of the probl em and wheth er any the proced ure adopte d for overco ming such
;,re, ,ous resea rch was done which is pertin ent to the difficu lties must be explained.
s_;>e:Clfic proj ect being repor ted.
(d) Analysis and Interpretation
4. State-me-nt of Obje ctive s Relati vely, little can be said about the analysis
The speci fic obj ective s of the report need to and interp retatio n metho ds. The finding s tend
~ se1 forth clearly. The reade r must know exactl y to show what has been done in this regard . If
~ -hal the repor t cover s. If the partic ular projec t is part any specia l, statist ical techni ques have been
of z, large probl em, it is desira ble to state the overa ll used, they should be mentio ned. If variou s
_p!'oi::>lem and the probl em soluti on proce ss, somet imes execu tives assiste d in interpretation, this fact
~: ma\ e\ en be wise to provi de some backg round should be noted, it helps readers appraise the
...c.f o-on as to how the probl em arose and what interp retatio n given.
pre\ 10US resea rch work, if any has been carrie d out.
6. Limitations
If such rnfon nation will help in under stand ing A good report "sells" the results of the s~d~, but
!he repon, u shoul d be furnis hed, but it shoul d be kept it sho uld not •·overs ell". Every projec t has lim1tat1ons.
~ onef as possi ble. The compe tent resear cher does not attemp t to gr~ss
5. o ver these points but instead calls them to the attent1o n
Meth odol ogy __ . d f' nn
The purpo se of meth odolo g~ s~ctio n is to of the reader s . l h1s helps rea ers o a more accura.te
, l th the, would otherw ise
descr ibe the resea rch proce dure . This includ es the interp retatio n ot tht' resu ts an .
overa ll resea rch de1>1gn, the &amp ling proce dures , t~e do.
data colle ction meth od, the field metho ds and analy sis fr m the researcher's
Lt has the added advan tage o l
- . fid ence in the resu ts
procedure. stand point of gi, ing con . • · which the
. . f , ders find hm1tat1ons
This sectio n is diffic ult to write ~ecau se i_t is prese nted . l rea . they are apt to wonde r
1 witho ut usmg techn ical report er does not pomt out,
hard to discu ss me th0 d0 ogy · 11 not s,: lly the resear ch was done.
tPrm" uPt much of the audie nce for the repor t how care1u
wi
7.
~~;gs;-- -- - -_ __ _..:,RE=::B=IARCll
- FFindin DL~O
-=-=::..::::=D.:::
===--=ME'l'IID ~_!
~ AND
~GY RD ~
P~ ~ ~ ~

. tan
Findings are. the .
result s 11f the .st11 d .y. Thi .s .sn ·ti o11 11111kcs up. the hulk of th e report . It .IS not JUS
_o f th e results. Summary tables and
assortm ent of stat1 st1 c ll tahk:-- :111d d,nrt s ti 11 1 11 11 urp,1111i,.cd 1111rnit1011
tahl cs s~<>Uld be relegated to the
graphical mcthnd 1,f presrnt nt11111 shn11ld hl' ll sl'd lilwrn ll y. I liBhl y_dctuil~d
e presenting the findin gs.
appendix . r hc Spl'ritir 11h_j cr t1, t·s 111' tht· st11 dy should he kept i11 mind whil
8. Conclu sions and Recom mendations
study. The reader should be
C1.11 Kl1t:-l\)t1 sh1,tdd lw drnwn wit h direc t reference lo the objectives of the
atik h ' re nd IIH' 1.,bjt'l·tiw s. 111111 to conclus ion section nnd find
specific conclusion relative to each objective.
relative to an objectiv e, this should
TIK :-tu~i~ d1.'c:- 1h,t 1.,htn in sntisfoctrn y clnta from which to draw a conclusion
~- :-id..T11'" !l'l-igt'ti rnth rr thnn disguised .
9. Appendixes
The purpo~e of the appendi x is to provide a place for those report
items which do not fit in the research
rep(,n r l\"'rerly becaus e they are either too detailed or are too specific.
design, the formulas used
F. ."'r e:xamp k. the appendix may conta in a detailed statement of the sample
tC' determ ine the sampling error, detailed statistical tables,
and various research forms used, such as the
qu est10nn aire and the written interviewer instructions.
'\ Nhing should be relegated to the appendix if its absence from the
report will make it difficult for the
-e.ader to understand the results.
s types of reports .
~S-. hi: a r. the Impor tance of report writing . Discuss the variou

Jmport ance / Significance of Report Writing

The fo llowing points highlights the significance of a report writing
,
in transferring the information
.\ researc h report is a true, accurate and historical message which helps
vital information to the clients.
relatmg to the research results, recommendations conclusions and other
~ good researc h report helps in making effective commu
nication with the readers of the report and also
helps ;n buildin g credibility.
The researchers should properly and effectively make their researc
h report as poorly written research
and efforts spend in the research process
repon w ill not be able to communicate effectively and the time
w ill be wasted .
report, so it is very important
The c!J.ents makes his or her decisions on the basis of the contents of the
for the researc hers to provide value to the client in the research report.
The qualiT) of research report and presentation helps in evaluating
the quality of marketing research
project or work.
carry out research in the future
f) The usefulness of research report affects the management's decision to
or whether to deal with the particular supplier again or not.
Ty~ of Report
The follov. mg are the various types of reports,

I eports
<=•/R
_
I
_l_

Routine 7 [ speciall
'(
- i
I Progctl,.) I. FIR
2. W,)~l,l JOl) 2. Investigation
3 Perfonnance appnusal 3. Feasibility or Sunt."y
4 Perxxl~a l 4. Project

Figure: Types of Report

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 IINIT-2: PARn.--.:::.:'°·
1 R ~ YICo-l"ftlC AND NON PARAMETRIC TESTS AND RESEARDI REPORT
. outine Reports
k I h f' II d . l. l h . tat ement s are
Routine report s· consIs1s
to be ticked · 11 1· form· s 111 · w I1I·c I1 11 1 1111 s 11cct l o c I e m or mu tip e c OJce s
. to management.
. t··orm at,on
. Report f)' 1 111s ll t\ .· prcpnrn t 1.· fl 'H.' l.t' llf Iy I1cc11 usc 11. g .ives comp Ietc 1n
T he diffcrc, 11 , . . .
·, )
1) 1w s ,11 n1 11flll l' n·purt s nrc ns foll ows.
( Progress Re p ort
Pt\h't'•· -·.
::- ' .,s 1'1:p,,, I• . . .
li l-.c , .f't\)\•i(ks mliu 111 nt1 on rega rding progress of a pr~ject during completi on of the project
ll l,\llttt :wtt • . . .
(II) u-c nt prod ucts or 1mplcmcntut1011 of a scheme, constructi on of a building.
1nspectt on Report

:\ Hn the l' on111 . . . ing

tffi.' ,•u l" . . orl dc-tion nf inspecti on, inspection report is submitted . lt is necessary for determin
::- nnt1es . .
lntcmal aud .' cv 13 tt on fro m standard practice in the daily activities of the company. For example:
1 intervals.
.\udit~ d '. reports. Inspection of machinery, buildings and property are conducted at periodic
.
. s an inspect .
••,) • ton ot work arc done to know whether the work is carrying out properly or not.
( 111 Perform an
ce Appraisal/Reports
Perfom1ance ap r . 1 . . . . .
of an e P aisa is prepared by fill mg a form penod1cal1y. It .helps m assessing the performance
mp Iovee
· ·
Sup · JO
ervisor
· b • to fill an assessment report regardmg the working of the subordinates.
1s
Perfo
m1ance appra isal tl · to assess the performance and to provide feedback on their
he IP supenors
perfi ms
omiance . It helps in taking decisions related to promotions and other employee benefits.
frv) Periodi cal Report
y work.
~riodic al reports are made at regular intervals and provides information about the day-to-da
ese reports are usually prepared by filling in a form.
2. Specia l Reports
Special reports are as follows
'
(i} First Informa tion Report (FIR)
like fire,
This report is always written by an individuaL It is needed for reasons including disaster
occurs
building coliapse , robbery or accident in an organization. It is prepared soon after the incident
action. The report should give informati on like
and is submitted to a higher authority to take necessary
were taken to that incident etc. It also
'"·hat happene d, about what time, who first noticed and what steps
t documents
provide informat ion related to the extent of destruction, or loss of fire, property, importan
etc .
(ii) fnvemg ation Report
a problem
This report is usuaily prepared after making thorough enquiry. Investigati~n i~ do~e when
and managem er l -,nd alternatives to solve those problems . lnvest~gatlon 1s u~ually done for
2 rises
branch etc.
the cases Jik.e falling sales, declining deposits in a bank, custome_r complamts? losses ~ a
· ~or
· ted l' assessing the problem and to provide an effective solut10n and also to
· . . . . &
A committ ee 1s appom . .
n and cons1derat1on 1or
· future Investigation requires lot of thmkmg, d1scuss1ob t d · d
prevent th at pro bl em m ·
problems are done y competen an expen ence
arri ving to a solution . Investiga tion related to serious

persons.
. .
(m) Feasibility or Survey Report the market, mtroduce
. d hen an organization launches a new product m
factors to be
This type ~f report is pr~pare w es which have its impact on company 's customer. The
f th ey The pt1mose of conductin g this report may be
a nev. service or any maJOT chang · e surv . . . bTty
. 11 d d on the purpose o ~r
examined tota y epen _s . . . fi . f: t to evaluate the feasibility and financ1al via i i
due to the factors like suita bility of a s1te ~r a ac ory,
of a proposal , to s urvey the market, to estimate damage etc .

(iv} Project Report . . nd shaping up of a new proposa~. It

t · n of the prehmma ry survey a .. Janntng
1 l dertaken This report fac1htates p
This report is written after the comp e IO
banks.
indicates the cash flow and expected results for t~e-pr~~: s~o:mm ent departme nts and
, eedings.
and convinc ing, sanction ing and funding authorities 1 e Is LIABLE to face LEGAL proc
CRIMINA L act. Anyone found guilty
W•rnlng : Xerox/Ph otocopyin g of this book Is a
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROJECT
Other Types of Report
The other types or report Iii ti s unde r the heads arc as fo llows,
(i) Pu q )()::w

(ii) ~frdin
(iii) Fn.'qucncy nnd
,i, ) ~tyk .
~om1.' l1f thc reports fo il ing under this purpose include,
ll) lnfonnntion report
lH) Analytical report
liii) Yardstick reports
l_tY) Research reports
\y) Compliance report etc.
Q55 Ex.plain the essentials of a good report writing.
Answer ·
The following are precautions are to be taken while preparing essentials or a good research report, ii ,

l. The research report should be long enough to cover the subject and short enough to retain the reader's
interest.
The research report should not be dull and should sustain reader's interest.
The matter should be conveyed as simply as possible. Abstract terminology and technical jargon should
be aYoided in a research report.

4. The charts, graphs and statistical tables should be ~sed to acquire quick knowledge on the content.
5 rne layout of the report should be well planned in accordance with the rese_a rch problem.
6. The research report should be free from grammatical mistakes and should use techniques of composition of
repon writing such as quotations, footnotes, documentation, proper punctuations and use of abbreviations.
The research report should present the logical analysis of the subject matter.
f The report should show originality and should be an attempt to solve some intellectual problem.
9 The report should also indicate the policy implication relating to the problem under consideration.
I (J The appendices should be enlisted in respect of all the technical data m the report.
i! The index should also be prepared and appended at the end.
!2 The report must be attractive in appearance, neat and clean, whether typed or printed.
!:3 The bibliography of the sources of information must also be appended. me

.4 The confidence limits and the constraints considered for th~ study should also be mentioned .
15 The objecllve of th e st udy, nature of the problem, methods employed and the analysis technique adopted
mu~1 also be clearly stated in the report.

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4 RESEARCH METIIDDDLDOY AND PROJECT REPORT
Thus. there arc thrc,· dl\1Hi1rn11t fo i;tors in
semantic differential ~cok . Fi,st ly, it is 11n nttitudt
mea surin ~ s1.·o k . S<' l' Ot1dl y. it ·inv ,1\ vl'~ hipolnr
adjectiws nnd thit\\l~ . the hi,,,,tar ndjccti vcs huvc u
sem:mti1.· mc:mi1\t,1..
1'h1-. s\·,,k S\ttt ~ hl'St for researc h on hrnnd-
imaf\' , rnsh,mcr sntisfortinn. c,)nsumcr perception,
ston·s \ma),!l'. l'I\' . • tlw S\'ak Rllows the rcsc11rchcrs lo
takt' a, e-r:,~s l,fth,· t\' sponsc..' s ond plot a brand profile.
h 1s 1.'a:--~ h' \' \'I\Stn11.:t ond analyse the attitudes.
11',· sc-mantic differential scale is frequently
U.'-1."1 m measuring attitude in marketing research. It
f'e\1\Hn>s the rc-spondents to rate the attitude on the
\"'t-Je-('t. (' r on a number of items. These seven points
can also be expressed from one pole as ''extremely",
·v~--- ··somewhat". "neither nor" in positive aspect
and leads the same expression towards the other pole
m oeg-atJ,·e aspect.
Model Paper-IV, Ql(a)
Hypothesis is defined in different ways by
ci!'1'e.-e::1 people. some of them are as follows,
According to James E. Creighton, "It is a
:entatl\ e supposition or provisiona l guess
'11,·~c!J seems to explain the situation under
obser. ation ··.
.~.:.cord:.f'lg :o Bruce W Tuckman, "A hypothesis
:::..er, cot.ld be defi ned as an expectation about
e, e:iQ oased on generalization of the assumed
:-c:.~o::.st.:p be~een variables" .
L. cc.ura...ng ru George, J. Mouly, "Hypothesis is
c.!l bS~pL.on or proposition whose testability
-~:.v !>c 1eS1.ed on the basis of the computabil ity
,_/ 1~ unplicauons with empirical evidence with
pre-\ ,ous tnov. ledge".
1-:) pt,tuc~1::. mc:an:> a mere assumption or some
:::. _ppo::..UOf! !..u Depro, cd or di:>proved. But for a
!'OG:.!. flt"'r P. ) pt,tbc::.ts is a formal question that he
.• and ). lh rnatrve
Mod fape '-/ Ql(a)
NuU Hypothesis
A act'...L1!.c ::,t4tcmtnt about tilt popu lation:,
parameter tur 4 PP 1>ing the k:,b of :.tgnificanc e
is called the oull h) po t be::.1:>, \\htch 1~ U:,ually a
hype thesis of an diffrrtrn.,c
Example : H~µ µH. .c...
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Alternate Hypothesis
The hypothesis which dif!'ers from a gi_ven null
• ·IS kno wr• '·is. alternative hypothesis . To be
hypol IlC SIS
. . . .
able to construe·t .,uuitable criteri a for testmg statistical
,
hypothesis . ., 1t
• 1·s necessary that we also formulate
. . .
. h
alternative YP othesis· · Any hypothesis . . which 1s
complcmen tary to the null. hypothesis 1s called an
alternative hypothesis and 1s usually denoted by the
symbol J-1 1•
Example: H 11 : µ * µH 0 , µ >µHo,µ< µHo
Q lO. What are th e ste p s for for mu la ting
hypothesi s?
Answer : Model Paper-IV , Ql(b)
. Formulating a rational and objective hypothesis
is quite essential for any effective research work. A
researcher needs to follow the following steps in
formulating the hypothesis of a research project,
1. Keen Observat ion
Observation is regarded as the pre-requisite
for the hypothesis formulatio n. It is essential to
closely observe and find out the prevailing problem
or challenging situation as this problem would act
as the basis of the research hypothesis . Therefore,
observatio n is considered as a pre-condit ion for
formulating a good research hypothesis .
2. Building Relationship
The next step is to build and understand the
relationship between two different variables/things.
The researcher is supposed to focus upon the relevant
facts and list out the different variables associated with
the topic of research.
3. Deductions
This is the last step in the process of formulating
hypothesis. The researcher is supposed to review the
hypothesis for any types of defects in it. According to
Cohen and Nagd "from the anal) sis we may conclude
that the deductive elaboration of a hypothesis must
follow its formulations".
4. Verificatio n
lt is not one l)f the steps of formulation of
hypothesis because verification is carried out after the
formulation of hypothesis . lt 1s performed by testing
of hypothesis, during vv hich the following errors may
be committed.