ADVANCED SURVEYING

Submitted To: Sir Hafiz Saeed-ur-

Rehman

Submitted By: Naveed Majeed

Roll No: BSCE-01153165

Section (D)
ADVANCED SURVEYING LIST OF
EXPERIMENT

1.Determination of height of inaccessible

point
2.To layout the simple circular curve by
deflection angle method or rankine’s
method
3.To layout the compound curve by
deflection angle method or rakine’s
method
4.Layout of vertical curve by tangent
correction method
5.Layout of reverse curve
6.Layout total stations features and uses
7.Use of triangulation method to find area
of scheme
8.Study of gps system
9.To layout the transition curve
10. To find the strength of figure
11. BASELINE MEASUREMENT USING
JADERINE METHOD
EXPERIMENT. 01
Determination OF Height OF Inaccessible Point

SIGNIFICANCE
We measuring the height of an inaccessible object. The fundamental piece of mathematics used
here is the ratio of corresponding sides of similar right angled triangles.

APPARATUS
• Ranging Rods
• Measuring Tape
• Theodolite
• Supporting Tripod Stand
PROCEDURE
▪ Set the tripod stand at station ‘A’ & fix the theodolite on it with the help of levelling and
centering.

▪ Measure the 10m length from point ‘A’ to any direction. And mark the start and ending
points.

▪ Assume any inaccessible object like Tower.

▪ At point ‘B’ fix the ranging rod and see it with the help of Theodolite. Set the HA = 0o.

▪ From that point rotate the theodolite to the position of tower and note the HA & VA.

▪ Repeat this procedure for the other point. And we’ll get the angles of two sides.

▪ 3rd angle can be find with the help of those. Do all the measurements and note them.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Horizontal Angle A=130o 26’ 15”

Horizontal Angle B=45o 6’ 8”

Vertical Angle C=11o 52’ 26”

Length AB=10m
 𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝐵
=
𝑆𝑖𝑛(130° 26′ 15" ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛( 180° − 130° 26′ 15" − 45° 6′ 8" )
𝐷𝐸 = 𝐵𝐷. 𝑇𝑎𝑛( 11° 52′ 26")

DE=20.58m

COMMENTS
 EXPERIMENT. 02
To Layout the Simple Circular Curve by Deflection Angle Method

APPARATUS
▪ Theodolite
▪ Tripod Stand
▪ Ranging Rods
▪ Wooden Pegs
▪ Hammer
▪ Measuring Tape

RELATED THEORY
The design and setting out of curve is an important aspect of engineering work in geometric design
of Motorways & Railways. Curves can be listed in following categories:-
▪ Circular Curve
▪ Transition Curve
▪ Vertical Curve
CIRCULAR CURVE
A curve consisting of a single curve with a constant radius connecting the two tangents.

Components of Circular Curve

I
 = Deflection Angle


X

T1  Main Chord Length T2

B
A

R


O
▪ Intersection Point “I” / Vertex
o The point at which two straight lines meet each other.

▪ Deflection Angle “”

o The angle of change in direction.

▪ Apex Angle / Angle of Intersection “”

o The internal angle between two straight lines at intersection point.

▪ Tangent Points “T1 , T2”

o The points at which circular curve meet the straight lines.
▪ Tangent Length “T1I , T2I”
o The length between tangent point & intersection point.
∆
o T1I = R tan2
▪ Length of Chord “T1T2”
o The distance between two tangent points.
∆
o Length of Chord = 2R sin 2

▪ Radius of Curve “R”

o Circular curve is a part of a circle, and radius of that circle is known as Radius
of Curve.

▪ Length of Curve “T1 x T2”

o The curved length of circular curve along T1 x T2.
𝑅∆𝜋
o Length of Curve = 180

▪ Apex Distance / Summit of Curve “IX”

o The distance between intersection point & the highest point on the curve.
∆
o IX = R [sec2 – 1]

▪ Rise “XY”
o The distance between highest point on curve & the main chord.
∆
o XY = R [1 - cos2 ]

▪ DESIGNATION OF CURVE
▪ Radius of Curve
o Radius of curve is used to designate the design curve.

▪ Degree of Curve “D”

o Angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc of 100 ft or 30 m length.
▪ l=r
▪ l = RD
▪ 100 = R D
100
▪ R= 𝐷
 𝜋 𝜋
o Where, 1 = 180 radian ; D = 180 D radian
100
▪ R= 𝜋
𝐷𝑥
180
5729.5
▪ R= m
𝐷
1719
▪ R= ft
𝐷

▪ Through Chainage
o Distance of a point from starting point of a project.
o Chn. of T1 = Chn. of Intersection Point – Tangent Length
o Chn. of T2 = Chn. of T1 + Curved length

▪ Setting Out of Curve

o It is the process of setting the center of curve on the ground using pegs.

▪ Methods of Layout of Curves

 Using only Linear Measurement
 Using both Linear & Angular measurement

 Using only Linear measurement

a) Offsets from long chord
b) Offsets from tangents
c) Offsets from chord produced
d) By bisection of arcs

 By using both Linear & Angular Measurement

a) Rankine deflection angle method
b) By using two theodolite
c) By using coordinate
d) By using EDM

RANKINE’S METHOD
 I
 = Deflection Angle


P2 X

P1

T1  Main Chord Length T2

B
A Y

R


Arc Length = T1P1 = R 21

Arc Length = Chord Length

𝑇1𝑃1
1 = 2𝑅

𝑇1𝑃1 𝜋
1 = 𝑥 radian
2𝑅 180

𝑇1𝑃1
1 = 28.6479 x
𝑅

𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 = 28.6479 x 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

CURVE DESIGN DATA

Radius = R = 100 m
Deflection Angle =  = 30

Chainage of Intersection Point (I) = 1250 m

Peg Interval = 5 m

∆ 30
 Tangent Length = R tan 2 = 100 x tan = 26.80 m
2

100 𝑥 30 𝑥 𝜋
 Curve Length = = 52.36 m
180

∆
 Main Chord Length = Length of Main Chord = 2R sin 2 = 51.76 m

 Chn. of T1 = Chn. of Intersection Point (I) – Tangent Length = 1250 – 26.80 =1223.2 m

 Chn. of T2 = Chn. of T1 + Curve Length = 1223.2 + 52.36 = 1275.56 m

 1st Chord Length = 1225 – 1223.2 = 1.8 m

 No. of Intermediate Chords of 5 m length = 10

 Length of last Chord = 1275.56 – 1275 = 0.56 m

𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
  = 28.6479 x 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

1.9
 1 = 28.6479 x 100 = 0 30’ 56.38”

5
 int = 28.6479 x 100 = 1 25’ 56.62”

0.56
 last = 28.6479 x = 0 9’ 37.54”
100
CURVE DESIGN DATA

Chord Deflection Setting Out Angle On

Chord Chainage Length Angle Of Angle Instrument Remarks

Chord

1223.2 T1

1 1225 1.8 030’56.38” 030’56.38” 030’55” P1

2 1230 5 125’56.62” 156’53” 156’55” P2

3 1235 5 125’56.62” 322’49.62” 322’50” P3

4 1240 5 125’56.62” 448’46.24” 448’45” P4

5 1245 5 125’56.62” 614’42.86” 614’45” P5

6 1250 5 125’56.62” 740’39.48” 740’40” P6

7 1255 5 125’56.62” 930’56.38” 930’55” P7

8 1260 5 125’56.62” 1032’32.72” 1032’35” P8

9 1265 5 125’56.62” 1158’29.34” 1158’40” P9

10 1270 5 125’56.62” 1324’25.96” 1324’25” P10

11 1275 5 125’56.62” 1450’22.58” 1450’20” P11

12 1275.56 0.56 09’37.54” 150’0.12” 150’0” P12

COMMENTS
 MID-ORDINATE METHOD

I
 = Deflection Angle

T1 T2

B
A

Main Chord Length = L = 51.76 m

𝐿
Oo = R - √𝑅 2 − (2)2

51.76 2
Oo = 100 - √1002 − ( ) = 3.40 m
2

R – Oo = 100 – 3.40 = 96.60 m

Ox = √𝑅 2 − (𝑥)2 – (R – Oo)

O5 = √(100)2 − (5)2 – 96.60 = 3.274 m

O10 = √(100)2 − (10)2 – 96.60 = 2.898 m

O15 = √(100)2 − (15)2 – 96.60 = 2.268 m

O20 = √(100)2 − (20)2 – 96.60 = 1.379 m

O25 = √(100)2 − (25)2 – 96.60 = 0.224 m

O25.88 = √(100)2 − (25.88)2 – 96.60 = 0 m

 EXPERIMENT. 03
To Layout the Compound Curve by Deflection Angle Method

APPARATUS
Theodolite
Tripod Stand
Ranging Rods
Wooden Pegs
Hammer
Measuring Tape

COMPOUND CURVE
When it is not possible to connect the two tangents by one circular curve, it becomes necessary to
take a suitable common tangent, and set the two curves of different radii to connect the rear &
forward tangents. This is known as a Compound Curve.

COMPONENTS OF A COMPOUND CURVE

Notation
AI = Rear Tangent
IB = Forward Tangent
t1t2 = Common Tangent
 = Deflection Angle between Rear & Forward Tangent
1 = Deflection angle between Rear & Common Tangent
2 = Deflection angle between Common & Forward Tangent
O1 = Center of short curve
O2 = Center of long curve
R1 = radius of short curve
R2 = radius of long curve
T1 & t = tangent point for short curve
T2 & t = tangent point for long curve
IT1 = Ts = total tangent length for shortest side
IT2 = total tangent length for longer side
ts = T1t1 = tangent length for short curve
tL = T2t2 = tangent length of long curve

I  = 1 + 2

1 T 2 t2
t1

T1 T2
1

A R1 2 B
O1
R2

O2
FORMULAE RELATED TO COMPOUND CURVE

 = 1 + 2 =

Ts = It1 + t1T1 = t1t2 x -------- + R1 tan -----

TL = It2 + t2T2 = t1t2 x -------- + R2 tan -----

Common Tangent length, t1t2 = ts + tL = R1 tan ---- + R2 tan ----

Curve Length (short curve) =

Curve length (long curve) =

Deflection Angle (Short Curve) = s = 28.6974 x

Cs = Chord of short curve

Deflection Angle (Long Curve) = L = 28.6974 x

CL = chord of long curve

Chainage of T1 = Chainage of I - Ts

Chainage of t = Chainage of T1 + short curve length

Chainage of T2 = Chainage of t + long curve length

CURVE DESIGN DATA

Radius of Short Curve = R1 = 70 m ; 1 = 30

Radius of Long Curve = R2 = 100 m ; 2 = 40

Chainage of Intersection Point (I) = 1250 m

Peg interval = 5 m

∆ = 1 + 2 = 30 + 40 = 70

ts = R1 tan 30/2 =
tL = R2 tan 40/2 =

t1t2 = ts + tL =

Ts = It1 + T1t1 =

TL =

Curve length =

Chainage of T2 = short curve length + Chainage of T1 =

Chainage of T3 = short curve length + Chainage of T2 =

DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR SHORT CURVES

Peg Interval = 5 m

1st Chord Length =

Intermediate chord length =

Last Chord Length =

1st = 28.6479 x __________ = 0 36’ 35.25”

Int = 28.6479 x __________ = 2 2’ 46.6”

Last = 28.6479 x __________ = 0 3’ 55.73”

 Deflection
Chord # Chainage Chord Angle of Setting out Angle on Remarks
Length Chord Angle Instrument
1193.51 T1
1 1195 1.49 036’35.25” 036’35.25” 036’35” P1
2 1200 5 22’46.6” 239’21.85” 239’20” P2
3 1205 5 22’46.6” 442’8.45” 442’10” P3
4 1210 5 22’46.6” 644’55.05” 644’55” P4
5 1215 5 22’46.6” 847’41.65” 847’40” P5
6 1220 5 22’46.6” 1050’28.25” 1050’30” P6
7 1225 5 22’46.6” 1253’14.85” 1253’15” P7
8 1230 5 22’46.6” 1456’1.45” 1456’00” P8
9 1230.16 0.16 03’55.73” 1459’57.18” 1500’00” t

DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR LONG CURVE

Peg Interval = 5 m

1st chord length = 1235 – 1230.16 =

Intermediate Chord Length =

Last Chord length =

1st = 28.6479 x __________ = 1 23’ 11.61”

Int = 28.6479 x __________ = 1 25’ 56.62”

Last = 28.6479 x _________ = 1 25’ 25.68”

 Deflection
Chord # Chainage Chord Angle of Setting Out Angle on Remarks
Length Chord Angle Instrument
1230.16 t
1 1235 4.84 123’11.61” 123’11.61” 123’10” P1
2 1240 5 125’56.62” 249’8.23” 249’10” P2
3 1245 5 125’56.62” 415’4.85” 415’5” P3
4 1250 5 125’56.62” 541’1.47” 541’00” P4
5 1255 5 125’56.62” 76’58.09” 77’00” P5
6 1260 5 125’56.62” 832’54.71” 832’55” P6
7 1265 5 125’56.62” 958’51.33” 958’50” P7
8 1270 5 125’56.62” 1124’47.95” 1124’50” P8
9 1275 5 125’56.62” 1250’44.57” 1250’45” P9
10 1280 5 125’56.62” 1416’41.19” 1416’40” P10
11 1285 5 125’56.62” 1542’37.81” 1542’40” P11
12 1290 5 125’56.62” 178’34.43” 178’35” P12
13 1295 5 125’56.62” 1834’30” 1834’30” P13
14 1299.97 4.97 125’25.68” 2000’00” 2000’00” T2

PROCEDURE

▪ The theodolite is centered over T1 and leveled properly. Then the deflection angles for the
chords of short curve are set out serially and points P1, P2 ……..are marked until tangent
point t is reached.

▪ The theodolite is shifted and centered over t. Then the deflection angles for the chords of
long curve are set out serially and all the points are marked until tangent point T2 is
reached.

▪ All the points are joined to get shape of curve.

COMMENTS
 EXPERIMENT.04
Layout of Vertical Curve by Tangent Correction Method

RELATED THEORY
When two different gradients meet at a point along a road surface will form a sharp point on the
apex, unless this apex point is rounded off, to form a smooth curve, no vehicle can move along
that portion of the road. So for the smooth end and safe running of the vehicle. The meeting point
of surface is rounded off to form a smooth curve in a vertical form. This curve is known as Vertical
Curve. Also known as Parabolic Curve.

GRADIENT (SLOPE)
It is represented as:-
• Percentage (%)

• 1 in ‘n’ ;

where ‘n’ is horizontal and ‘1’ is vertical distance

• Gradient (slope) = m = 1/n

• Gradient maybe “rise (+) (up-gradient)” or “fall (-) (down-gradient)”.

RATE OF CHANGE OF GRADE

The characteristic of parabolic curve is that the gradient changes from point to point but rate of
change of grade remains constant. Hence, for finding the length of vertical curve, rate of change
of grade should be important consideration as this factor remains constant throughout the length
of vertical curve.

LENGTH OF VERTICAL CURVE

Length of vertical curve is calculated by considering the sight distances to provide a minimum
sight distance. A certain permissible rate of change of grade is determined and the length of vertical
curve is calculates as:-
𝐠𝟏−𝐠𝟐
L =
𝒓
TYPES OF VERTICAL CURVE
The following are the different types of vertical curve that may occur:-
• Summit Curve
• When up-gradient is followed by down-gradient. It is also known as Crest Vertical Curve.

• A curve in which a downward gradient is followed by another downward gradient.

• Sag Vertical Curve

• When a downward gradient is followed by upward gradient.

• When an up-gradient is followed by another up-gradient.

+ g2 %
SETTING OUT OF VERTICAL CURVE
• Tangent Correction Method
• Chord Gradient Method

Tangent Correction Method

The tangent correction or tangent off-set is the difference of elevation between a point P1
on a tangent and a point P on curve.
y = R.L. of P1 – R.L. of P

O
x

Let ‘x’ be the horizontal distance of a point P from origin. x1 is the sloping distance of point P1
along the gradient.
y = C x2
𝑔1−𝑔2
C= ; C = constant
400 𝑙
𝑔1−𝑔2
Yx = x12
400 𝑙

IMPORTANT POINTS
• The length of vertical curve is assumed to be equal to the length of two tangent points.
o B T1 + B T2 = T1 B1 + B1 T2
o = l + l = 2l

• The curve is assumed equally long on either side of apex point.

B T1 = B T2
T1 B1 = B1 T2
 • The length of vertical curve is given by formula
𝐠𝟏−𝐠𝟐
• L =
𝒓
• Chainage of T1 = Chainage of B – B T1

• Chainage of T2 = Chainage of B + B T2

L x g1
• R.L. of T1 = R.L. of B 
100

L x g2
• R.L. of T2 = R.L. of B 
100

1
• R.L. of B2 = 2 (R.L. of T1 + R.L. of T2)

1
• R.L. of B1 = 2 (R.L. of B + R.L. of B2)

𝑔1−𝑔2 2
• Tangent Correction = x
400 𝑙

The tangent correction is detected from the reduce level of a point on the grad to get
corresponding point on the curve.

CURVE DESIGN DATA

• Rising = g1 = 0.6 %
• Fall = g2 = 0.6 %
• Chainage of I = 550 m
• R.L. of I = 325.50 m
• r = 0.1 % per 30 m

0.6−(−0.6)
• length of vertical curve = L = = 360 m
0.1/30

• B T1 = 360/2 = 180 = l

• B T2 = 360/2 = 180 = l

• Chainage of T1 = 550 – 180 = 370 m

• Chainage of T2 = 550 + 180 = 730 m

 180 x 0.6
• R.L. of T1 = 325.50 - = 324.42 m
100

180 x 0.6
• R.L. of T2 = 325.50 - = 324.42 m
100

1
• R.L. of B2 = 2 (324.42 + 324.42) = 324.42 m

1
• R.L. of B1 = 2 (325.50 + 324.42) = 324.96 m

0.6+0.6
• Tangent correction = Yx = x 302 = 0.015 m
(400)(180)
0.6+0.6
• Y1 = (400)(180) x 602 = 0.06 m
0.6+0.6
• Y2 = (400)(180) x 902 = 0.135 m
0.6+0.6
• Y3 = (400)(180) x 1202 = 0.24 m
0.6+0.6
• Y4 = (400)(180) x 1502 = 0.375 m
0.6+0.6
• Y5 = (400)(180) x 1802 = 0.54 m
• Check:-
• = R.L. of B – R.L. of B1
• = 325.50 – 324.96 = 0.54 m

• Reduced levels on the grade:-

0.6
• Rise per 30 m = 100 x 30 = 0.18 m

• R.L. of Point 1 = 324.42 + 0.18 = 324.78 m

• R.L. of Point 2 = 324.60 + 0.18 = 324.78 m

• R.L. of Point 3 = 324.78 + 0.18 = 324.96 m

• R.L. of Point 4 = 324.96 + 0.18 = 325.14 m

• R.L. of Point 5 = 325.14 + 0.18 = 325.32 m

• R.L. of Point 6 = 325.32 + 0.18 = 325.5 m (R.L. of B) [checked]

 • Reduced Levels on the curve:-

• R.L. of point 1 = 324.60 – 0.0015 = 324.58 m

• R.L. of point 2 = 324.78 – 0.060 = 324.72 m

• R.L. of point 3 = 324.96 – 0.135 = 324.82 m

• R.L. of point 4 = 325.14 – 0.240 = 324.90 m

• R.L. of point 5 = 325.32 – 0.375 = 324.94 m

• R.L. of point 6 = 325.5 – 0.54 = 324.96 m (R.L. of B1) [checked]

Diagram
B

B1

5 6
4
3
2
1
T2
T1

B2
Setting out Table

POINT# CHAINAGE GRADE TANGENT CURVE REMARKS

R.L. CORRECTION R.L.
T1 370 324.42 0 324.42 Starting of
Curve
1 400 324.60 0.015 324.58

2 430 324.78 0.06 324.72

3 460 324.96 0.135 324.82

4 490 325.14 0.24 324.90

5 520 325.32 0.375 324.94

6 550 325.5 0.54 324.96 Vertex of

Curve
5’ 580 325.32 0.375 324.94

4’ 610 325.14 0.24 324.90

3’ 640 324.96 0.135 324.82

2’ 670 324.78 0.06 324.72

1’ 700 324.60 0.015 324.58

T2 730 324.42 0 324.42 Finishing of

Curve

COMMENTS
 EXPERIMENT.05
LAYOUT OF REVERSE CURVE

Reverse Curve consists of two circular arcs of equal or different radii turning in opposite
direction with a common tangent at the junction of the arcs. The junction point “t” is known as
“the Point of Reverse Curvature”.

• Reverse curve is also known as Serpentine Curve.

• Reverse Curves are generally used to connect two parallel roads or railway lines, when two
lines intersect at a very small angle.

• Such type of curve should be avoided as far as possible for important tracks or highways
due to the following reasons:-

• Super Elevation cannot be provided at the point of reverse curvature.

• A sudden change in direction can be dangerous for vehicle.
• Carelessness of the driver may cause the vehicle to overturn over a reverse curvature.

COMPONENTS OF REVERSE CURVE

I1 1 O2

R2 R2
2

T2

t
T1

R1
R1 1
2
I2

O1
NOTATIONS

T1 T2 = Tangent Points

I1 I2 = Common tangents

O1 O2 = Centre of Curves

R1 R2 = Radii of Curves

t = Point of Reverse Curvature

1 2 = Deflection Angles of Common Tangents

FORMULAS RELATED TO REVERSE CURVE

∆1
• Tangent Length of 1st curve = T1 I1 = R1 tan 2

∆2
• Tangent Length of 2nd curve = T2 I2 = R2 tan 2

∆1 ∆2
• Common Tangent Length = R1 tan + R2 tan
2 2

𝜋
• 1st Curve Length = R1 1 180

𝜋
• 2nd Curve Length = R2 2 180

∆1
• Chord Length of 1st Curve = C1 = 2R1 sin 2

∆2
• Chord length of 2nd Curve = C2 = 2R2 sin 2

𝐶1
• Deflection Angle of 1st Curve = 28.6479 x 𝑅

𝐶2
• Deflection Angle of 2nd Curve= 28.6479 x 𝑅

• Chainage of T1 = Chainage of I1 – Tangent Length of 1st curve

• Chainage of t = Chainage of T1 + 1st Curve Length

 • Chainage of T2 = Chainage of t + 2nd Curve Length

CURVE DESIGN DATA

• Radius of 1st Curve = R1 = 70 m ; 1 = 30

• Radius of 2nd Curve= R2 = 100 m ; 2 = 40
• Chainage of I1 = 1250 m
• Peg Interval = 5 m
• Tangent Length of 1st Curve = 70 x tan 15 = 18.75 m

• Tangent Length of 2nd Curve = 100 x tan 20 = 36.39 m

• Common Tangent = 18.75 + 36.39 = 55.14 m

𝜋
• 1st Curve Length = 70 x 30 x 180 = 36.65 m

𝜋
• 2nd Curve Length = 100 x 40 x 180 = 69.81 m

• Chainage of T1 = 1250 – 18.75 = 1231.25 m

• Chainage of t = 1231.25 + 36.65 = 1267.9 m

• Chainage of T2 = 1267.9 + 69.81 = 1337.71 m

Data for First Curve

• 1st Chord Length = 1235 – 1231.25 = 3.75 m

• Int. Chord Length = 5m

• Last Chord length = 1267.9 – 1265 = 2.9 m

3.75
o 1st = 28.6479 x = 1° 32’ 4.95”
70

5
o 2nd = 28.6479 x 70 = 2 2’ 46.6”

2.9
o last = 28.6479 x = 1 11’ 12.63”
70
Table for First Curve

Chord # Chainage Chord Deflection Setting Out Angle on Remarks

Length Angle Angle Instrument

1231.25 T1

1 1235 3.75 1° 32’4.95” 1°32’4.95” 1° 32’ 5” P1

2 1240 5 2 2’ 46.6” 3°34’51.55” 3° 34’ 50” P2

3 1245 5 2 2’ 46.6” 5°37’38.15” 5° 37’ 40” P3

4 1250 5 2 2’ 46.6” 7°40’24.75” 7° 40’ 25” P4

5 1255 5 2 2’ 46.6” 9°43’11.35” 9° 43’ 10” P5

6 1260 5 2 2’ 46.6” 11°45’57.95” 11° 45’ 55” P6

7 1265 5 2 2’ 46.6” 13°48’44.55” 13° 48’ 45” P7

8 1267.9 2.9 111’12.63” 14°59’57.18” 14° 59’ 55” T

Data for Second Curve

• 1st Chord Length = 1270 – 1267.9 = 2.1 m

• Int. Chord Length = 5m

• Last Chord length = 1337.9 – 1335 = 2.71 m

2.1
o 1st = 28.6479 x 100 = 0° 36’ 5.78”

5
o 2nd = 28.6479 x 100 = 1 25’ 56.62”

2.71
o last = 28.6479 x = 0 46’ 34.89”
100
Table for Second Curve

Chord # Chainage Chord Deflection Setting Out Angle on Remarks

Length Angle Angle Instrument

1267.9 - - - - t

1 1270 2.1 0° 36’5.78” 0°36’5.78” 0° 36’ 5” P8

2 1275 5 125’56.62” 2°2’2.4” 2° 2’ 0” P9

3 1280 5 125’56.62” 3°27’59.02” 3° 28’ 0” P10

4 1285 5 125’56.62” 4°53’55.64” 4° 53’ 55” P11

5 1290 5 125’56.62” 6°19’52.26” 6° 19’ 50” P12

6 1295 5 125’56.62” 7°45’48.88” 7° 45’ 50” P13

7 1300 5 125’56.62” 9°11’45.5” 9° 11’ 45” P14

8 1305 5 125’56.62” 10°37’42.12” 10° 37’ 40” P15

9 1310 5 125’56.62” 12°3’38.74” 12° 3’ 40” P16

10 1315 5 125’56.62” 13°29’35.36” 13° 29’ 35” P17

11 1320 5 125’56.62” 14°55’31.98” 14° 55’ 30” P18

12 1325 5 125’56.62” 16°21’28.6” 16° 21’ 30” P19

13 1330 5 125’56.62” 17°47’25.22” 17° 47’ 25” P20

14 1335 5 125’56.62” 19°13’21.84” 19° 13’ 20” P21

15 1337.71 2.71 046’34.89” 19°59’56.73” 19° 59’ 55” T2

MID ORDINATES

For First Curve

I1
1

T1 t

∆1
Main Chord Length = L = 2R1 sin = 2 (70) sin 15 = 36.23 m
2

𝐿
Oo = R - √𝑅 2 − (2)2

36.23 2
Oo = 70 - √702 − ( ) = 2.38 m
2

R – Oo = 70 – 2.38 = 67.61 m

Ox = √𝑅 2 − (𝑥)2 – (R – Oo)

O5 = √(70)2 − (5)2 – 67.61 = 2.211 m

O10 = √(70)2 − (10)2 – 67.61 = 1.672 m

O15 = √(70)2 − (15)2 – 67.61 = 0.763 m

O18.115 = √(70)2 − (18.115)2 – 67.61 = 0 m

Ordinates for the Right hand side will be same as above. As Main Chord Length is equal on both
sides.
For Second Curve

t T2

2
I2

∆2
Main Chord Length = L = 2R2 sin = 2 (100) sin 20 = 68.4 m
2

𝐿
Oo = R - √𝑅 2 − (2)2

68.4 2
Oo = 100 - √1002 − ( ) = 6.03 m
2

R – Oo = 100 – 6.03 = 93.97 m

Ox = √𝑅 2 − (𝑥)2 – (R – Oo)

O5 = √(100)2 − (5)2 – 93.97 = 5.904 m

O10 = √(100)2 − (10)2 – 93.97 = 5.528 m

O15 = √(100)2 − (15)2 – 93.97 = 4.898 m

O20 = √(100)2 − (20)2 – 93.97 = 4.009 m

O25 = √(100)2 − (25)2 – 93.97 = 2.854 m

O30 = √(100)2 − (30)2 – 93.97 = 1.423 m

O34.2 = √(70)2 − (34.2)2 – 93.97 = 0 m

Ordinates of Right Hand side are the same as in the Left Hand Side because the distance is same.
 COMMENTS

EXPERIMENT.06
Total Station Features
Total Station:
The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated
with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the
instrument to a particular point.

Uses of Total Station:

▪ 1.Slope Staking
▪ 2.Topographic surveys
▪ 3.Construction project layout
▪ 4.Leveling
▪ 5.Traverse surveys and adjustments
▪ 6.Building Face Surveys
▪ 7.Resections
▪ 8.Areas
▪ 9.Intersections
▪ 10.Point Projections
▪ 11.Taping from Baseline

Advantages of Total Station Surveying:

▪Relatively quick collection of information

▪Multiple surveys can be performed at one set-up location.

▪Easy to perform distance and horizontal measurements with

simultaneous calculation of project coordinates (Northings, Eastings, and
Elevations).

▪Layout of construction site quickly and efficiently.

▪Digital design data from CAD programs can be uploaded to data

collector.

▪Daily survey information can also be quickly downloaded into CAD

which eliminates data manipulation time required using conventional survey
techniques.
Measures and Records:
Horizontal Angles
Vertical Angles
and
Slope Distances
Calculates:
Horizontal Distance
Vertical Distance
Azimuths of Lines
X,Y,Z Coordinates
Layout
 Total Station Disadvantages:
o No plane table for sketching contours and/or contacts on a
geologic map.

▪ It may take 30 minutes to an hour to set up (level) the

instrument before data can be collected

▪ Battery life on data collector computer can limit length of daily

surveys
 EXPERIMENT.07
Use of Trinagulation method to find area of scheme

SIGNIFICANT:
triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by forming triangles to it from
known points.Specifically in surveying, triangulation per se involves only angle measurements,
rather than measuring distances to the point directly as in trilateration; the use of both angles and
distance measurements is referred to as triangulateration.

APPARATUS:
• Ranging Rods
• Measuring Tape
• Theodolite
• Supporting Tripod Stand
 EXPERIMENT.08
G.P.S.
(Global Positioning System)
Introduction to GPS:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-
based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in
all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.

The Parts Of GPS

0.GPS consists of three main segment

i. The Space Segment

ii. The Control Segment
iii. The User Segment
The User Segment
This part consists of 24 satellites, manufactured by Rockwell
International, which are launched into space by rockets, from Cape Canaveral,
Florida. Each satellite is in orbit above the earth at an altitude of 11,000 nautical
miles (12,660 miles), and takes 12 hours to orbit one time.

The Control Segment

This part consists of 5 worldwide unmanned base-stations that
monitor the satellites to track their exact position in space, and to make sure that
they are operating correctly. The stations constantly monitor the orbits of the
satellites and use very precise radar to check altitude, position and speed.
Transmitted to the satellites are ephemeris constants and clock adjustments.

The User Segment

This part consists of user receivers which are hand-held or, can
be placed in a vehicle. All GPS receivers have an almanacprogrammed into their
computer, which tells them where each satellite is at any given moment. The GPS
receivers detect, decode and process the signals received from the satellites.

Advantages of G.P.S:
A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing
the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually
transmits messages that include:

• the time the message was transmitted and,

• Satellite position at time of message transmission.
 EXPERIMENT.09

TRANSITION CURVE

THEORY
• A curve of varying radius is known as Transition Curve.

• Radius for such a curve varies from infinity to a certain fixed value.

SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE

• Transition curve is provided on both ends of Simple Circular Curve.

• The curvature varies from zero at the tangent point to a definite value just at the junction
which is circular curve.

• Transition curves are provided in railway tracks to ensure safe running of trains.

OBJECTIVES
• To provide super-elevation gradually from zero at the tangent point to specified amount on
the circular curve.

• To avoid over-turning of trains.

• To minimize wear and tear of the train section due to unusual friction at point of turning.

REQUIREMENTS OF IDEAL TRANSITION CURVE

• A specified amount of super elevation should be attained exactly at the junction with
circular curve.

• The radius of transition curve should be equal to the radius at simple circular curve.
 • It should meet the tangent point tangentially.

COMBINED OR COMPOSITE CURVE

When transition curve is introduced on both ends of a circular curve, the resulting curve is known
as Combined or Composite Curve.

DIAGRAM
B

T1’
SHIFT
E T2’
D

T1
E1 R R

  - 2 D1

 T2
A

O
C

NOTATIONS
1. AB = Rear Tangent / Back Tangent

2. BC = Forward Tangent

3. T1 = 1st Tangent Point / Starting Point of Curve

4. T2 = 2nd Tangent Point / Finishing Point of Curve

5. I = Intersection Point

6.  = Spiral Angle
 7.  = Deflection Angle

8. T1 E / T2 E = Length of Transition Curve

9. Arc EPD = Simple Circular Curve

10. T1’ E1 / T2’ D1 = Shifting of the Curve

11. B T1 / B T2 = Total Tangent Length

12. T1 EPD T2 = Length of Composite Curve

13.  - 2 = Central Angle

14. l = Length of any point on transition curve

SHIFT OF CURVE
When a transition curve is introduced in a circular curve, the circular curve is found to be shifted
by some distance towards the center.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A TRANSITION CURVE

1. Length
a. Length of Transition Curve can be found by following ways:-

2. By adopting a definite rate of super elevation.

3. The definite rate of super elevation is adopted as 1 in n.

4. The value ‘n’ varies from 300-1000.

𝑛ℎ
L = = …. m
100

Where,
1 = horizontal
n = vertical
h = super elevation in cms.
 1. Spiral Angle
𝐿 𝐿 180
 = 2𝑅 (radians) ; = x (degree)
2𝑅 𝜋
The angle ‘’ is known as Spiral Angle.
• Deflection Angle
573 𝑙
 = 24 𝑅

• Shift of Curve
𝐿
Shift of Curve = S = 24 𝑅

FORMULAS RELATED TO COMBINED CURVE

𝑣3
1. L = 𝑘𝑅

𝐿𝑡
2. S = 24 𝑅

3. B T1 = B T1’ + T T1’
 𝐿
a. B T1 = (R + S) tan 2 + 2

𝐿
4.  = radians
2𝑅
𝐿 180
a.  = x
2𝑅 𝜋

5. Central Angle for circular curve = -2

6. Length of circular curve = π R ( - 2 ) / 180

7. Length of combined curve = T1 E + E D + D T2

1. = Lt + Lcircular + Lt
𝜋 𝑅 (−2)
2. = 2 Lt + 180

8. Chainage of T1 = Chainage of B – B T1

9. Chainage of E = Chainage of T1 + Lt

10. Chainage of D = Chainage of E + Lcircular

11. Chainage of T2 = Chainage of D + Lt

SETTING OUT OF:-
573 𝑙
1. Deflection Angle = =
24 𝑅𝐿

𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
2. Circular Curve =  = 28.6479 x 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

3. Checks of Total Deflection Angle

1. R = Lt + 1/3 
2. Total Deflection Angle = ½ (Central Angle)

CURVE DESIGN DATA

a) Chainage of intersection point = B = 1000 m
b) Deflection Angle =  = 40
c) Radius of circular curve = 300 m
d) Length of transition curve = 90 m at each end
e) Peg interval = 20 m

8100
1. S = 24 (300) = 1.125 m

40 90
2. Tangent Length of composite curve = (300 + 1.125) tan + = 154.6 m
2 2

90 180
3. Spiral Angle =  = 2 (300) x = 8 35’ 39.72”
𝜋

4. Central Angle for Circular Curve = 40 – 2 (8 35’ 39.72”) = 22 48’ 40.56”

π (300) [40 – 2 (0 0’ 9.42”)]

5. Length of Circular Curve = = 31.39 m
180

π (300) [40 – 2 (0 0’ 9.42”)]

6. Length of Combined Curve = 2 (90) + = 210.4 m
180

7. Chainage of T1 = 1000 – 154.6 = 845.4 m

8. Chainage of E = 845.4 + 90 = 935.4 m

9. Chainage of D = 935.4 + 119.38 = 1054.78 m

 10. Chainage of T2 = 1054.78 + 90 = 1144.78 m

11. Assume Chainage of 1st point on curve = 850 m

12. l1 = 850 – 845.4 = 4.6 m

13. l2 = 4.6 + 20 = 24.6 m

14. l3 = 24.6 + 20 = 44.6 m

15. l4 = 44.6 + 20 = 64.6 m

16. l5 = 64.6 + 20 = 84.6 m

Distance of 1st Junction Point from T1 = 90 m

(4.6)(4.6)
1. Deflection Angle for 1st Point = 1 = 9.54 x = 0 0’ 26.92”
300 x 90

2. Deflection Angle for 2nd Point = 2 = 0 12’ 49.76”

3. Deflection Angle for 3rd Point = 3 = 0 42’ 10.21”

4. Deflection Angle for 4th Point = 4 = 1 28’ 28.26”

5. Deflection Angle for 5th Point = 5 = 2 31’ 43.91”

6. Deflection Angle for Junction Point = E = 2 51’ 43.2”

Table for Transition Curve
POINT CHAINAGE CHORD DEFLECTION ANGLE TO REMARKS
(m) LENGTH ANGLE BE SET
T1 845.4 - - - St. point of
curve
P1 850 4.6 0 0’ 26.92” 0 0’ 25”
P2 870 24.6 0 12’ 49.76” 0 12’ 50”
P3 890 44.6 0 42’ 10.21” 0 42’ 10”
P4 910 64.6 1 28’ 28.26” 1 28’ 30”
P5 930 84.6 2 31’ 43.91” 2 31’ 45”
1st Junc. 935.4 90 2 51’ 43.2” 2 51’ 45” E
point
• SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE
1. Chainage of E = 845.4 + 90 = 935.4 m

2. Chainage of D = 935.4 + 119.439 = 1054.839 m

3. 1st Chord Length = 940 – 935.4 = 4.6 m

4. Mid Chord Length = 20 m

5. Last Chord Length = 1054.78 – 1040 = 14.78 m

4.6
6. 1st Deflection Angle = 28.6479 x 300= 0˚ 26’ 21.36”

20
7. Mid Deflection Angle = 28.6479 x 300= 1˚ 54’ 35.5”

14.78
8. Last Deflection Angle = 28.6479 x 300
= 1˚ 24’ 40.99”

CHECK:-
1 1
x central angle = 2 x 22 48’ = 11 24’
2
 Total
Point Chainage Chord Deflection Deflection Angle To Remarks
(m) Length (m) Angle Angle Be Set
1st Junc. 935.4 - - - - E
Point
P1 940 4.6 0˚26’21.36” 0˚26’21.36” 0˚ 26’ 20”

P2 960 20 1˚ 54’ 35.5” 2˚20’56.85” 2˚ 20’ 55”

P3 980 20 1˚ 54’ 35.5” 4˚15’32.36” 4˚ 15’ 30”

P4 1000 20 1˚ 54’ 35.5” 6˚10’7.86” 6˚ 10’ 10”

P5 1020 20 1˚ 54’ 35.5” 8˚4’43.36” 8˚ 4’ 45”

P6 1040 20 1˚ 54’ 35.5” 9˚59’18.86” 9˚ 59’ 20”

2nd Junc. 1054 14.78 1˚24’40.99” 11˚23’59.85” 11˚ 24’ 0” D

Point

• 2ND TRANSITION CURVE

1. Chainage of D = 935.4 + 119.4 = 1054.8 m

2. Chainage of T2 = 1054.8 + 90 = 1144.8 m

3. Assume Chainage of P1 = 1060 m

4. l1= 1060 – 1054.8 = 5.2 m

5. l2 = 5.2 + 20 = 25.2 m

6. l3 = 25.2 + 20 = 45.2 m

7. l4 = 45.2 + 20 = 65.2 m

8. l5 = 65.2 + 20 = 85.2 m

9. α1 = 9.54(5.2)2 /300(90) = 0˚ 0’ 34.39”

10. α2 = 9.54(25.2)2 /300(90) = 0˚ 13’ 27.77”

 11. α3 = 9.54(45.2)2 /300(90) = 0˚ 43’ 18.75”

12. α4 = 9.54(65.2)2 /300(90) = 1˚ 30’ 7.32”

13. α5 = 9.54(85.2)2 /300(90) = 2˚ 33’ 53.5”

14. αD = 9.54(90)2 /300(90) = 2˚ 51’ 43.2” ~ 2 52’ 0”

Check:-
1
Total deflection angle = x (8 35’ 39.72”) = 2 51’ 53.24” ~ 2 52’ 0”
3

TABLE FOR 2ND TRANSITION CURVE

Point Chainage Chord Deflection Angle to be Remarks

(m) Length Angle set

T1 1144.8 - - - St. Point of

curve
P1 1140 5.2 0˚ 0’ 34.39” 0˚ 0’ 35”

P2 1120 25.2 0˚ 13’ 27.77” 0˚ 13’ 30”

P3 1100 45.2 0˚ 43’ 18.75” 0˚ 43’ 20”

P4 1080 65.2 1˚ 30’ 7.32” 1˚ 30’ 10”

P5 1060 85.2 2˚ 33’ 53.5” 2˚ 33’ 55”

2nd Junc. 1054.8 90 2˚ 51’ 43.2” 2˚ 51’ 55” D

point
COMMENTS
 EXPERIMENT NO. 10

“To find the strength of figure”

Significance:

This method is used to find the way that is correct to follow in

triangulation to find the unknown side.

Apparatus:

• Theodolite
• Measuring Tape
• Ranging Rod

Procedure:

• Divide the whole area into triangles

• Set the theodolite on a station point and site the ranging rod
for measuring the angle
• By this method measure all the internal angles
• After this by applying the formulas calculate the value of “R”
which tells the strength of figure

Calculations:
(D−C)
• For Finding
D

n=6 n’=6
 s=4 s’=4

C=(n’-s’+1)(n-2s+3)

C=4

D=(2n’-1)+no. of sides observed in one way

D=10
(𝐷 − 𝐶)
= 0.6
𝐷

• The value of “R” must be rounded up.

𝛿𝐴 = {𝑙𝑜𝑔. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 0°0′1") − 𝑙𝑜𝑔. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)}×106

Distance 𝜹A2+ 𝜹A ƍ B+
Common Pair of Angle 𝜹B2
R
Side Triangles α α
Each 𝛴𝛿
for A for B
ABC 64 43 9.2
AC 31.07 19
ACD 36 40 21.82
ABD 54 37 14075
BD 27.6 17
BCD 44 47 12085
ABD 53 90 2.5
AD 7.76 5
ACD 104 40 5026
ABC 60 77 2.274
BC 6.18 4
BCD 89 47 3.91
Comments:

Experiment # 11
BASELINE MEASUREMENT USING JADERINE METHOD

OBJECTIVES
• To measure the base line which is used in different systems like triangulation.
• To make correction that are required during measuring the base line.

RELATED THEORY
Base Line:
In triangulation system when we divide area into triangles we start from one triangle whose
one side and two angles are known. That known side is called base line.
In triangulation the base line is the most important and is measure very precisely. This is so
because the accuracy of triangulation is based on the accuracy of triangles which are computed
from the base line. In addition to being a supplement to angular measurement is triangulation
the base line measurement may also be used as a base to determine the scale of triangulation.

Jaderin‘s Method:
This method was introduced by jaderin and it has become very popular due to following
reasons
• It is less expensive and the speed of measurement is high.
• Due to longer length of tapes the choice of the base of the sites becomes wider.

Equipment For The Baseline Measurement:

• Tape.
• Two theodolite or one theodolite and one auto level with tripods.
• Spring balance or weight and pulley.
• Thermometers.
• Levelling staff and plumb bob.
• Supporting tripods or trusses.

CORRECTIONS
Temperature Correction:
CT = α (T-Ts) Lf
Where;
α= Co-Efficient of linear thermal expansion (1.11 * 10-6c-1)
T = Average temperature during measurements in the field ( 0 C )
Ts = Temperature at which the tape was standardized (0C )
Lf= Measured length obtained in the field (m)

Tension Correction:
Cp= (P-Ps) Ls / AE
Where;
P = Pull applied during measurement (Kg)
Ps = Pull applied during standardization (2Kg)
A = Cross sectional area of the tape (0.0193 cm2)
E = Modulus of elasticity of tape (21 * 105 Kg / cm2)
L = Measured length obtained in the field (m)

Sag Corrections:
 Cs = - W2 Lf / 24 P2
Where;
W = Weight of the steel tape per unit length (0.01093Kg/m)
P = Pull applied on the tape (Kg)
Lf = Measured length obtained in the field (m)

Slope Correction:
Csp= -h2/2Lf
Where;
h = Difference of elevation between two points (in meters)
Lf = Measured length obtained in the field (m)

Mean Sea Level:

Cmsl = -HLf/R
Where;
H = Mean height of base line above mean sea level. (1180m)
R = Mean radius of earth (6367m)
Lf = Measured length obtained in the field (m)

Procedure:
• The plumb bob is suspended on one side of the stations. On the station, a theodolite is
set up to provide a line of sight.
• The tripods are placed at a spacing depending upon the length of the base line. The
spacing between the tripods can be from 5m to tape length. If tripods are placed at the
tape length, the weights are attached at the end of the tape to provide tension. Tension
is measured with the help of the spring balance.
• Another theodolite is placed somewhere in the field and is used to keep the tripod head
at the same level. This avoids the correction foe the slope.
• Total base length is obtained by adding the lengths between the tripods and the
distance between the first and the last tripod from the station.
• The exact length of the base line is obtained by applying tape correction as required.

Table Of Calculations:
SR NO Lf Ct Cp Cslope Csag Cmsl Ctotal Lf corrected
1.0415*10
E to E1 6.70 6.633*10-4 -3 1.463*10-3 -5.210*10-7 0.2104 -0.207 6.493

-
E1 to E2 6.25 6.188*10-4 9.715*10-4 3.2*10-5 -1.898*10-5 -0.195 6.055
0.1962

E2 to A 8.51 8.425*10-4 1.323*10-3 1.152*10-3 -4.793*10-5 -0.267 -0.264 8.246

Total length = 6.493+6.055+8.246

Total length = 20.794 m
COMMENTS