Object Sorting Based on Size and Colour Detection

Using Arduino
ODO AMOS C (  odoamosc@gmail.com )
Aditya college of engineering
A.mahesh
P.H.V. Ganesh
Na.Manikanta
S.L. Ravi Teja

Research Article

Keywords:

Posted Date: October 2nd, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3392190/v1

License:   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Read Full License

Additional Declarations:
The authors declare no competing interests.
 OBJECT SORTING BASED ON SIZE AND IR sensor modules is used to detect the product

COLOUR DETECTION USING ARDUINO
ODO AMOS C,A.MAHESH,P.H.V.GANESH,N.MANIKANTA,S.L.RAVI TEJA
ADITYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE New-Delhi and Affiliated to Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University, Kakinada) Surampalem
533291, A.P, INDIA
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
movement on the conveyor belt, color sensor is Used
detect color of an object and sends the signal to controller.
The IR sensors sense the size of the object and send the
high or low values to the controller and as per the size the
microcontroller controls the servo motor and shifts the
object to its destination. The LCD interfaced with the
controller is used to indicate number of color objects.

ABSTRACT
Automation has become the primary requirement for
almost all the businesses. The accuracy and speed with
which a machine performs a task is higher when compared
to that of humans. In most of the industries major
activities involve measurement, cutting and sorting.
Sorting can be done based on size, shape, color and quality
etc. The sorting will be done based on quality in our
project. And quality is analyzed based on the object size
and color. In the project we developed a system for sorting
objects, the gear motors used to rotate the conveyor belt.

i

1. INTRODUCTION
Industrial automation is the use of control
systems, such as computers or robots, and
information technologies for handling
different processes and machineries in an
industry to replace human beings. It is the
second step beyond mechanization in the
scope of industrialization. In this module
the mechanization will be done based on
the object size with the help of IR sensors
and color sensors for the color sorting.
Earlier the purpose of automation was to
increase productivity (since automated
systems can work 24 hours a day), and to
reduce the cost and errors associated with
human operators (i.e. wages & benefits).
However, today the focus of automation
has shifted to increasing quality and
flexibility in a manufacturing process. In
the automobile industry, the installation
of pistons into the engine used to be
performed manually with an error rate of
1-1.5%. Presently, this task is performed
using automated machinery with an error
rate of 0.00001%.
1
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
The main aim of our project is to save time
and reduce manual work. Our real time
project enables us to sort the objects
based on size and color. We are using
Arduino mega, IR sensor modules, color
sensor and conveyer belt system are used
to develop this project. In this project we
separated the objects based on color and
size.
The authors Tushar
G.Galkr,Soham,N.Zadokar,Rajendra
S.Bhandari,Sagar S.Patil developed a
sorting mechanism using color sensor and
arduino uno. The primary reason for the
framework is to separate the item as per
their shading code a naturally circulate the
item as per their hues. In this module we
will distinguish the shade of the item
which is put on transport line. This can be
accomplished effectively by utilizing
headway as a part of innovation
particularly in the field of inserted
frameworks. Today’s innovations are
turning out to make our way of life more
solace, extravagant and secure. In this
article we are utilizing Arduino (controller)
and shading sensor. This shading sensor
distinguishes shading and gives serial yield
of RBG worth. It can distinguish 16.7
million shading shades giving RGB esteem
for the recognized shading. The
distinguished shading is recognized as
measure of three essential shading values
to be specific Red, Green and Blue with 8-
bit exactness for every essential shading.
Any shading can be isolated or
consolidated into three essential hues
Red, Green and Blue utilizing the RBG
values.[1]
The authors Kunhimohammed C.K,
Muhammed Saifudeen K. K, Sahna S,
Gokul M. S and Shaeez Usman Abdulla
designed a project using TCS230 color
sensor and pic microcontroller and
conveyer belt system. Sorting of products
is a very difficult industrial process.
Continuous manual sorting creates
consistency issues. This paper describes a
working prototype designed for automatic
sorting of objects based on the color.
TCS230 sensor was used to detect the
color of the product and the PIC16F628A
microcontroller was used to control the
overall process. The identification of the
2
color is based on the frequency analysis of
the output of TCS230 sensor. Two
conveyor belts were used, each controlled
by separate DC motors. The first belt is for
placing the product to be analyzed by the
color sensor, and the second belt is for
moving the container, having separated
compartments, in order to separate the
products. The experimental results
promise that the prototype will fulfill the
needs for higher production and precise
quality in the field of automation.[2]
Colour is the most common feature to
distinguish between objects, sorting,
recognizing and tracking. In this paper a
project is proposed to separate the
objects from a set according to their
colour. This can be useful to categorize the
objects which move on a conveyer belt.
The proposed method of categorization is
based on colour of the object. The
detection of the particular colour is done
by a light intensity to frequency converter
method. This technique helps in reducing
manual work involved in sorting of objects
and thus saves time consumed and
increases the efficiency of the application.
Colour sorting can find various
applications in cargo industry, food and
packaging industry etc.[3]
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
In many situations,
autonomous robots can provide effective The below figure3.1 shows the block
solutions to grueling tasks. In this case, it diagram of Arduino based “Object sorting
is desirable to create an autonomous based on color and size”. In this block
robot that can identify objects from the diagram the output of IR sensor modules
conveyor belt and relocate them if the and color sensor are connected to Arduino
object meets certain criteria. Dealing with mega. The four servo motors are
many objects is a very menial task, this is connected to the Arduino in order to shift
an excellent application for a robot of this the objects according to the outputs of IR
type. In this case, to keep costs and design sensors and color sensor.
complexity low, the robot is designed
around the platform and uses several
different sensors to collect information
about the robot’s environment to allow
the robot to react accordingly. This paper
aims at the problem I am attempting to
solve is to create an autonomous robot
that can identify objects when placed on
the conveyor belt based on color sensing
and then sort by relocating them to a
specific location. It will be using a picking
arm which uses a controller motor to pick
the object from the conveyor belt and
place it according to the color sensing.[4]

3

Block diagram of object sorting based color and size
3.2 METHODOLOGY OF BLOCK DIAGRAM
An object sorting based on color and size
is designed by using Arduino mega, IR
sensor, servo motors, color sensor and gear
motors. DC gear motors are used to rotate
the belt conveyor .it requires 9v power
supply.IR sensors are placed above the belt
conveyor to detect size of the object.
4
Servomotors are placed between the IR
sensors.
IR sensors separate the object depending
on their size. When the object moves
through the belt, IR sensor will be on
otherwise it is in off state. Servo motor
rotates 0-180 degrees. It rotates when the
two IR sensors are activated.
In this project four IR sensors and three
servo motors are used when one and two IR
sensors are activated servo motor one will
rotate and it moves the object to one side.
When two and three sensors are activated
then servo motor will start rotating and it
divides the middle size of the object to one
side when three and four IR sensors are
activated then servo motor three starts
rotating, and it separate the small size of the
objects.
The color sensor TCS3200D is used to detect
the color of an object. It detects three colors
that is red, blue and green. The pins S0 and
S1 of color sensor are used to scaling the
output frequency and the pins
S2 and S3 of color sensor are used to
selecting the type of photo diode. The result
will be displayed on serial monitor. Optical
sorting is the automated process of sorting The Arduino Mega 2560 is a
solid products using sensors. Depending on microcontroller board based on the
the types of sensors used and the software Atmega2560 (datasheet). It has 54 digital
driven intelligence of the image processing input/output pins (of which 14 can be
system, optical sorters can recognize used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs,
objects size, shape, structural properties 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz
and chemical composition. crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
The sorter compares objects to user-defined
button.
accept/reject criteria to identify and remove
defective sizes from the production line, or
to separate product of different sizes or
types of materials. Optical sorting achieves
non-destructive,100percent inspection in-
line at full production volumes.

3.3 COMPONENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS

In this project we used different types of

modules and Arduino Mega 2560 Board.
This section explains every component
description and their specifications
briefly.
Fig.3.2 Arduino Mega 2560 board
3.3.1 ARDUINO MEGA 2560

5
It contains everything needed to support
the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it
with a AC-to DC adapter or battery to get
started. The Mega is compatible with
most shields designed for the Arduino
Duemilanove or Diecimila

3.3.1.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF MICRO CONTROLLER

ATMEGA 2560

The following figure shows the pin

diagram of AT mega 2560 micro controller

Micro controller is a chip through which

we can connect many other devices and
those are controlled. ATMEGA 2560
micro controller consists of 100 pins.

Fig.3.3ATMEGA 2560 pin diagram.

6
 3.3.1.2 SPECIFICATIONS
Micro controller Atmega2560
Operating-Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended)7-
12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 14
provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 Ma
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 Ma
Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8
KB used by boot loader
SRAM 8KB EEPROM 4 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
3.3.1.3 POWER
The Arduino Mega2560 can be powered
via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is
selected automatically. External (non-
USB) power can come either from an AC-
to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The
adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the
7
board’s power jack. Leads from a battery
can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin
headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external
supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less
than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply
less than five volts and the board may be
unstable. If using more than 12V, the
voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.
The Mega2560 differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega8U2 programmed as
a USB-to-serial converter.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino
board when it’s using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts
from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if
 supplying voltage via the power jack,
access it through this pin.
5V. The regulated power supply used
to power the microcontroller and
other components on the board. This
can come either from VIN via an on-
board regulator or be supplied by USB
or another regulated 5V supply.
3V3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by
the on-board regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50 Ma.
GND. Ground pins.
3.3.1.4 MEMORY
The Atmega2560 has 256 KB of flash
memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is
used for the boot loader), 8 KB of SRAM
and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read
and written with the EEPROM library).
3.3.1.5 INPUT AND OUTPUT
Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega
can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and
digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5
8
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a
maximum of 40 Ma and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default)
of 20-50 kO hms. In addition, some pins
have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX)
and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16 (TX);
Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to
receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to
the corresponding pins of the Atmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3
(interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19
(interrupt 4), 20 (interrupt 3), and 21
(interrupt 2). These pins can be configured
to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a
rising or falling edge,or a change in value.
See the attachInterrupt() function for
details.
PWM: 0 to 13. Provide 8-bit PWM output
with the analogWrite() function. SPI: 50
(MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These
pins support SPI communication using the
SPI library.
The SPI pins are also broken out on the
ICSP header, which is physically
compatible with the Uno, Duemilanove
and Diecimila.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected
to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW,
it’s off.
I2C: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support I2C
(TWI) communication using the Wire
library (documentation on the Wiring
website). Note that these pins are not in
the same location as the I2C pins on the
Duemilanove or Diecimila.
The Mega2560 has 16 analog inputs, each
of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e.
1024 different values). By default they
measure from ground to 5 volts, though is
it possible to change the upper end of
their range using the AREF pin and
analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the
board:
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog
inputs. Used with analogReference().
9
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the
microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the
one on the board.
3.3.1.6 COMMUNICATION
The Arduino Mega2560 has several
facilities for communicating with a
computer, another Arduino, or other
microcontrollers. The Atmega2560
provides four hardware UARTs for TTL
(5V)serial communication. An Atmega8U2
on the board channels one of these over
USB and provides a virtual com port to
software on the computer (Windows
machines will need a .inf file, but OSX and
Linux machines will recognize the board as
a COM port automatically. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which
allows simple textual data to be sent to
and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs
on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the Atmega8U2 chip and
USB connection to the computer (but not
for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows for serial
communication on any of the Mega2560’s
digital pins. The Atmega2560 also
supports I2C (TWI) and SPI
communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of
the I2C bus; see the documentation on the
Wiring website for details. For SPI
communication, use the SPI library.
3.4 COLOR SENSOR TCS3200D
The TCS3200 and TCS3210 programmable
color light to frequency converters that
combine configurable silicon photodiodes
and a current to frequency converter on a
single monolithic CMOS integrated circuit.
The output is a square wave (50% duty
cycle) with frequency directly
proportional to light intensity (irradiance).
The full-scale output frequency can be
scaled by one of three preset values via
two control input pins.
Digital inputs and digital output allow
direct interface to a microcontroller or
other logic circuitry. Output enable (OE)
places the output in the high-impedance
state for multiple-unit sharing of a
microcontroller input line.
Fig.3.4 color sensor functional block diagram
10
Inthe TCS3200, the light-to-frequency
converter reads an 8 x 8 array of
photodiodes. Sixteen photodiodes have
blue filters, 16 photodiodes have green
filters, 16 photodiodes have red filters,
and 16 photodiodes are clear with no
filters. In the TCS3210, the light-to
frequency converter reads a 4 x 6 array of
photodiodes. Six photodiodes have blue
filters, 6 photodiodes have green filters, 6
photodiodes have red filters, and 6
photodiodes are clear with no filters. The
four types (colors) of photodiodes are
interdigitated to minimize the effect of
non-uniformity of incident irradiance. All
photodiodes of the same color are
connected in parallel. Pins S2 and S3 are
used to select which group of photodiodes
(red, green, blue, clear) are active.
Photodiodes are 110 μm x 110 μm in size
and are on134-μm centers.
 Table.3.2 Output Selectable Options of color sensor
Table.3.1 Output frequency scaling of color sensor

OUTPUT S S
S0 S1 FREQUENCY
2 3 PHOTODIOD
SCALING (f0)
E TYPE

L L POWER
L L RED
DOWN

L H 2% L H
BLUE
H L 20%
H L
H H 100% CLEAR

H H
GREEN

In above figure3.4 shows the functional block diagram of color

sensor and above tables represents the selection of frequency scaling
of output and selection of photodiode array.

11
 3.9.1.1 IR SENSOR MODULE 3.5.1 FEATURES
IR obstacle-based detector
Adjustable range with POT.
Logic output 1 or 0.
Sensitivity up to 30cm adjustable

3.5.3 SPECIFICATIONS
Table.3.3 Specifications of IR Sensor Module
PARAMETER VALUE

Operating voltage +5v DC regulated

Fig.3.5 Circuit diagram of IR Sensor Module Obstacle detection Indicated by active

high output

Based on a simple basic Idea, this IR

obstacle sensor, is easy to build, easy to
calibrate and still, it provides a detection
range of 10- 30 cm. This sensor can be output from pin1 can be given directly to
used for most indoor applications where microcontroller for interfacing
no important ambient light is present. It is applications.
the same principle in ALL Infra-Red
3.5.6 WORKING
proximity sensors. The basic idea is to
send infra-red light through IR-LEDs, It is the same principle in ALL Infra-Red
which is then reflected by any object in proximity sensors. The basic idea is to
front of the sensor. send infra-red light through IR-LEDs,
12
which is then reflected by any object in property of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
sensor. which is the fact that a led Produce.

Voltage difference across its leads when

it is subjected to light. As if it was a
photocell, but with much lower output
current. In other words, the voltage
generated by the leds can’t be in any way
used to generate electrical power from
light, It can barely be detected. That’s
why as you will notice in the schematic,
we are going to use a Op-Amp
(operational Amplifier) to accurately
detect very small voltage changes.

3 .6 SERVOMOTOR(SG90)

Fig.3.6 Working of IR sensor Tiny and lightweight with high output

power. Servo can rotate approximately
180 degrees (90 in each direction) and
works just like the standard kinds but
smaller. You can use any servo code,
Then all you must do is to pick-up the
hardware or library to control these
reflected IR light. For detecting the
servos. Good for beginners who want to
reflected IR light, we are going to use a
make stuff move without building a motor
very original technique: we are going to
controller with feedback & gear box,
use another IR-LED, to detect the IR light
especially since it will fit in small places. It
that was emitted from another led of the
comes with 3 horns (arms) and hardware.
exact same type! This is an electrical

13

Figure3.7 Mini ServoMotor
It is a closed loop system where it uses positive
feedback system to
control motion and final position of the shaft.
Here the device is controlled by a feedback
signal generated by comparing output signal
and reference input signal. Here reference
input signal is compared to reference output
signal and the third signal produces by
feedback system. And this third signal acts as
input signal to control device. This signal is
present if feedback signal is generated or there
is difference between reference input signal
and reference output signal. So the main task
of servomechanism is to maintain output of a
system at desired value at presence of noises.
14
3.6.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SERVO MOTORS
A servo consists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear
assembly and a controlling circuit. First, we use gear assembly to
reduce RPM and to increase torque of motor. Say at initial position of
servo motor shaft, the position of the potentiometer knob is such
that there is no electrical signal generated at the output port of the
potentiometer. Now an electrical signal is given to another input
terminal of the error detector amplifier. Now difference between
these two signals, one comes from potentiometer, and another
comes from other source, will be processed in feedback mechanism
and output will be provided in term of error signal. This error signal
acts as the input for motor and motor starts rotating. Now motor
shaft relates to potentiometer and as motor rotates so the
potentiometer and it will generate a signal. So as the potentiometer’s
angular position changes, its output feedback signal changes. After
some time, the position of potentiometer reaches at a position that
the output of potentiometer is same as external signal provided. At
this condition, there will be no output signal from the amplifier to the
motor input as there is no difference between external applied signal
and the signal generated at potentiometer, and in this situation
motor stops rotating.
 Operating voltage: 4.8 V (~5V)
Dead band width: 10 µs
Temperature range: 0 ºC – 55

Fig.3.8 Triggering pulses of servo motor

3.6.2 SPECIFICATIONS

Weight: 9 g
Dimension: 22.2 x 11.8 x 31 mm
28pprox..
Stall torque: 1.8 kgf·cm
Operating speed: 0.1 s/60 degree

15
 3.7 CONVEYOR BELT SYSTEM the cover. The carcass is often a woven fabric having
A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt a warp & weft. The most common carcass materials
conveyor system (often shortened to belt conveyor). are polyester, nylon and cotton. The cover is often
A belt conveyor system is one of many types of various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use
conveyor systems. A belt conveyor system consists of of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic
two or more pulleys (sometimes referred to as materials for unusual applications such as silicone for
drums), with an endless loop of carrying medium the heat or gum rubber when traction is essential. A
conveyor belt that rotates about them. One or both conveyor belt can be a slide and be controlled by the
pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the force of gravity.
material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is
Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in
called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is
transit using a belt weigher. Belts with regularly
called the idler pulley. There are two main industrial
spaced partitions, known as elevator belts, are used
classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material
for transporting loose materials up steep inclines.
handling such as those moving boxes along inside a
Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk
factory and bulk material handling such as those
freighters and in live bottom trucks. Belt conveyor
used to transport large volumes of resources and
technology is also used in conveyor transport such
agricultural materials, such as grain, salt, coal, ore,
as moving sidewalks or escalators, as well as on
sand, overburden and more. Today there are
many manufacturing assembly lines. Stores often
different types of conveyor belts that have been
have conveyor belts at the check-out counter to
created for conveying different kinds of material
move shopping items. Ski areas also use conveyor
available in PVC and rubber materials. The belt
belts to transport skiers up the hill. Some of the
consists of one or more layers of material. Many
major global conveyor belt manufacturers and
belts in general material handling have two layers.
service providers are Fenner plc, Kale
An under layer of material to provide linear strength
and shape called a carcass and an over layer called
16
 Conveyor,Terra Nova Technologies, ThyssenKrupp,
HESE Maschinenfabrik GmbH and Tenova Takraf.
3.8.1BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

3.8 POWER SUPPLY

The Power Supply is a Primary requirement for the

project work. The required DC power supply for the
base unit as well as for the recharging unit is derived
from the mains line. For this purpose, center tapped
secondary of 12V-012V transformer is used. From this
transformer we are getting 5V power supply. In this +5V
output is a regulated output and it is designed using
7805 positive voltage regulator. This is a 3 Pin voltage
regulator, can deliver current up to 800 milliamps.
Rectification is a process of rendering an alternating Fig.3.10 Block diagram of Power supply
current or voltage into a unidirectional one. The
component used for rectification is called ‘Rectifier’. A
rectifier permits current to flow only during positive half
cycles of the applied AC voltage. Thus, pulsating DC is
obtained to obtain smooth DC power additional filter
circuits required. 3.8.2CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

(a) Capacitors
17
 Components used are as follows A diode can be used as rectifier. There are various
types of diodes. However, semiconductor diodes are
(i) 100µF/25v for +12v very popularly used as rectifiers. A semiconductor
diode is a solid-state device consisting of two
(ii) 2200µF/25v elements is being an electron emitter or cathode, the
other an electron collector or anode. Since electrons
in a semiconductor diode can flow in one direction
(b) Step down transformer
only-form emitter to collector-the diode provides
the unilateral conduction necessary for rectification.
(i) 230v / 12v- 0 -12v/ 500Ma Transformer
The rectified Output is filtered for smoothening the
DC, for this purpose capacitor is used in the filter
(c) Diodes: 1N4007 circuit. The filter capacitors are usually connected in
parallel with the rectifier output and the load. The AC
can pass through a capacitor, but DC cannot, the
ripples are thus limited, and the output becomes
smoothed. When the voltage across the capacitor
plates tends to rise, it stores up energy back into
voltage and current. Thus, the fluctuation in the
output voltage is reduced considerable

3.8.3 REGULATOR (LM7805)

A variable regulated power supply, also called a

variable bench power supply, is one where you can
Fig.3.11 Circuit diagram of power supply continuously adjust the output voltage to your
18
requirements. Varying the output of the power
supply is the recommended way to test a project
after having double checked parts placement against
circuit drawings and the parts placement guide. This
type of regulation is ideal for having a simple variable
bench power supply. This is quite important because
one of the first projects a hobbyist should undertake
is the construction of a variable regulated power
supply. While a dedicated supply is quite handy e.g.
5V or 12V, it’s much handier to have a variable supply
on hand, especially for testing. Most digital logic
circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply.
Fig.3.12 LM7805
To use these parts, we need to build a regulated 5
volt source. Usually, you start with an unregulated
power supply ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC (A
12 volt power supply is included with the Beginner
Kit and the Microcontroller Beginner Kit.). To make a 3.8.3.1FEATURES
5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage Output Current up to 1A
regulator IC (Integrated Circuit). The IC is shown
Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18,
below.
24V
Thermal Overload Protection
Short Circuit Protection

19
 Output Transistor Safe Operating Area
Protection

The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the

positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply
(anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin,
connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then
when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply
from the Output pin.

Fig.3.13 DC Gear motor

3.9 DC GEAR MOTOR
Whenever a robotics hobbyist talks about making a
Almost every mechanical movement that we see
robot, the first thing comes to his mind is making the
around us is accomplished by an electric motor.
robot move on the ground. And there are always two
Electric machines are means of converting
options in front of the designer whether to use a DC
conventional energy. Motors take electrical energy
motor or a stepper motor. When it comes to speed,
and produce mechanical energy. Electric motor is
weight, size, cost… DC motors are always preferred
used to power hundreds of devices we use in
over stepper motors. There are many things which
everyday life. An example of motor used in day-to-
you can do with your DC motor when interfaced with
day life is automobiles, food blenders and so is
a micro controller. For example, you can control the
vacuum cleaner.
speed of motor; you can control the direction of
rotation. In this part of tutorial, we will learn to
interface and control of a DC motor with an Arduino.
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Usually, Hybridge is preferred way of interfacing a DC
motor. These days many IC manufacturers have
Hybridge motor driver available in the market like
L293D is most used H-Bridge driver IC. Hybridge can
also be made with the help of transistors and
MOSFETs etc. rather of being cheap, they only
increase

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 4.4 FLOW CHART

5.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Fig.4.1 Flow chart

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FIG.5.1 OBJECT SORTING AND COLOUR DETECTION USING ARDUINO

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 FIG.5.2 RESULT OF COLOR SORTING ON SERIAL MONITOR
The proposed system has separated objects according to their size and has indicated color of an object the results shown in tables given
below and speed of motors for 5V:

Table 5.1 Result of object sorting

Sizes of No.of times No.of times Efficiency
objects teste detect %
4 Inches 10 8 80

6 Inches 10 9 90

7.5 Inches 10 10 100

TABLE 5.2 RESULT OF COLOR SORTING

Color of No.of times No.of times Efficiency Blue 10 10 100
objects tested detected %

Red 10 10 100 Green 10 10 100

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6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURSCOPE
5.2ADVANTAGES
Sorting the objects according
to the size.
Sorting the objects according
to the three colors.
Easy analysis.
Human work can be reduced.
Less costly for small scale
industries.
5.4APPLICATIONS
Automotive industry.
Food and Packaging industries.
Computer and Electronic industry.
Aerospace field
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6.1CONCLUSION
We can conclude that time and human effort can be
reduced by implementing such projects in industries like
chemical, food, chip manufacturing etc.
6.2FUTURE SCOPE
Can be used in color spaces other than
RGB with high accuracy.
Can be used in industrial level to sort
materials according to their temperature.
Can be used to sort only particular objects
from a group.
REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1. ”Object Sorting using Color Sensor and Arduino " by The authors would like to thank Mr.P.Bhupa Reddy, Ms.K.Vijay Kumari
ushar G. Gaikar , Soham N. Zadokar ,Rajendra S. for their help in technical design and documentation.
Bhandari , Sagar S. Patil.

2.”Automatic Color Sorting Machine Using TCS230 Color

Sensor And
PIC Microcontroller” by Kunhimohammed C. K,
Muhammed
Saifudeen K. K, Sahna S, Gokul M. S and Shaeez Usman
Abdulla.

3.” Object sorting based on Objects color”by Abhinav

Lakras1, Homanshi Dhiman2 & B. Hari Kishor Rao3 1,2Bhilai
Institute of Technology Durg 3CSIT,Durg.
4. ”Object sorting based on Objects colour” by
Abhinav Lakras, Homanshi Dhiman, B. Hari Kishor
Ra
5. www.wikipedia.com.

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