Art Nouveau

ART nouveau style was popular from 1890 to 1910 throughout Europe and the United States. The design movement
is characterized by organic lines, intricate patterns, diverse use of materials, and earthy colors. Ironically, modern
industry allowed the materials used to be molded into natural forms

Art Nouveau is a late 19th and early 20th century aesthetic movement inspired by the natural world that produced a
highly expressive style of architecture, interior design, furniture, décor, glasswork, jewelry, and visual arts. It is
influenced by the natural world and defined by organic shapes and sinuous lines.

The impetus behind Art Nouveau design was to break with tradition and explore newer, freer forms of visual
expression. It was influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in its embrace of quality and craftsmanship.

revivalism
Revivalism in architecture is the use of visual styles that consciously echo the style of a previous architectural era.
Notable revival styles include Neoclassical architecture (a revival of Classical architecture), and Gothic Revival (a
revival of Gothic architecture).

The neo-traditional, revivalist, or contemporary architecture is a style of architecture that incorporates

conventional construction frameworks with modern construction technology and amenities. The entirely
conventional style, which re-creates a structure using traditional methodologies, can also be distinguished from the
Revivalism style. Revivalist art styles had an impact on many forms of art, but particularly architecture. During the
nineteenth century, no style was immune to “updating.”One motive to go back to a prior time period’s architecture
is to relative to reliving a happier and more wealthy era. The previous revival styles were based on an aesthetic that
repurposed and altered classical architectural features. Colonial and Classical Revival, for example, were influenced
by Roman Revival, Federal,
and Georgian styles.

Skyscraper
Skyscrapers are a very tall multistoried building. The development of skyscrapers came as a result of the
coincidence of several technological and social developments. The term skyscraper originally applied to buildings
of 10 to 20 stories, but by the late 20th century the term was used to describe high-rise buildings of unusual height,
generally greater than 40 or 50 stories.
The earliest skyscrapers rested on extremely thick masonry walls at the ground level, architects soon turned to the
use of a cast-iron and wrought-iron framework to support the weight of the upper floors, allowing for
more floor space on the lower Stories.

It was, however, the refinement of the Bessemer process, first used in the United States in the 1860s, that allowed
for the major advance in skyscraper construction. As steel is stronger and lighter in weight than iron, the use of a
steel frame made possible the construction of truly tall buildings. Structurally, skyscrapers consist of a substructure
of piers beneath the ground, a superstructure of columns and girders above the ground, and a curtain wall hung
on the girders.

Early modern architecture

In the first half of the 20th century, high-rise buildings and the first “skyscrapers” blended a use of metal framing
and concrete to create a sculpted look for walls full of windows. Repeated geometric patterns and use of natural
elements are also distinguishing features of modernist architecture.

The phrase that is often referred to as quintessential to understanding modern, or “modernist,” architecture is “form
follows function.” Coined by Louis Sullivan, this explains the early 20th century approach to building design and
architectural preferences. In an attempt to streamline construction and eliminate ornamentation, modern architecture
also incorporated new ideas of the definition and purpose of art. Three of the most well-known styles of the Early
Modern period are Expressionist, Art Deco, and the International style.
 Expressionism
Expressionism emerged in
Northern Europe in the early 20th
century in poetry and painting, where it attempted to distort reality to express subjective, emotional experience. It
quickly spread through all of the arts and architecture, pioneered by a group of architects from Germany,
Austria and Denmark.

Expressionist architects used materials such as brick, concrete and glass to create novel
sculptural forms and massing, sometimes distorted and fragmented to express an emotional perspective. Very
often, expressionism involved a rejection of historical styles, symmetrical forms, and traditional designs, and
instead embraced abstraction (based on structures not found or seen in the real world). This tended to result
in unusual building forms using innovative construction techniques that stood out from their surroundings.

Developed from the genesis of the art nouveau movement in the 20th century the Expressionist architecture style
was an exotic, irrational, intense exaggeration of this movement. The style was characterized by early modernist
adoption of novel materials, formal innovation, and unusual massing that was inspired by biomorphic forms, or by
the technical possibilities offered by mass-produced materials like steel, brick, and glass. This style of architecture
exhibits qualities like distortion, fragmentation, the communication of the violent, overstressed emotion which is
referred from the original movement.

Art Deco
Art Deco, also called style moderne, movement in the decorative arts and architecture that originated in the 1920s
and developed into a major style in western Europe and the United States during the 1930s. Its name
was derived from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, held in Paris in
1925, where the style was first exhibited. Art Deco design represented modernism turned into fashion. Its products
included both individually crafted luxury items and mass-produced wares, but, in either case, the intention was to
create a sleek and anti-traditional elegance that symbolized wealth and sophistication.

The distinguishing features of the style are simple, clean shapes, often with a “streamlined” look; ornament that is
geometric or stylized from representational forms; and unusually varied, often expensive materials, which frequently
include man-made substances (plastics, especially Bakelite; vita-glass; and ferroconcrete) in addition to natural ones
(jade, silver, ivory, obsidian, chrome, and rock crystal). Though Art Deco objects were rarely mass-produced,
the characteristic features of the style reflected admiration for the modernity of the machine and for
the inherent design qualities of machine-made objects (e.g., relative simplicity, planarity, symmetry, and unvaried
repetition of elements).