JI

MMAUNI
VERSI
TY

COLLEGEOFSOCI
ALSCI
ENCEANDHUMANI
TIES

DEPARTMENTOFHI
STORYANDHERI
TAGEMANAGEMENT

COURSETI
TLE:
HISTORYOFETHI
OPI
AANDTHEHORN,
1935-
1991(
HIST4011)COURSE.

TI
TLE

I
NTERNALOPPOSI
TION,
INTERNATI
ONALCHANGEANDENDOFTHEDERG.

BYDI
TADESALAGN

DATE:
APRI
L,2015E.
C.

JI
MMA,
ETHI
OPI
A
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

Cont
ent
s Page

I
NTRODUCTI
ON I
I

1.THEI
NTERNALOPPOSI
TIONOFTHEDERG 1

1.
1.TheOpposi
ti
onofPol
i
tical
For
cesi
ntheNor
ther
nPar
t 1

1.
2.TheChal
l
engesofPol
i
tical
Par
ti
esi
ntheCent
eroft
heCount
ry 2

1.
3.TheOpposi
ti
onofPeasant 3

2.I
NTERNATI
ONALCHANGE 4

3.ENDOFTHEDERGREGI
ME 4

CONCLUSI
ON 5

REFERENCES 6

I
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON
TheDer
gof
fi
cial
l
ythePr
ovi
sionalMi
l
itar
yAdmi
nist
rat
iveCounci
l(PMAC)
,wast
he
mi
l
itar
yjunt
athatr
uledEt
hiopi
a,i
ncl
udi
ngpr
esent
-dayEr
it
rea,
from 1974t
o1987,
even
whent
hemi
l
itar
yleader
shi
pfor
mal
l
y"ci
vi
li
ani
zed"t
headmi
nist
rat
ionwasst
ayedon
powerunt
il1991.

TheDer
gwasest
abl
i
shedi
nJune1974ast
heCoor
dinat
ingCommi
tt
eeoft
heAr
med
For
ces,Pol
i
ceandTer
ri
tor
ialAr
my,byof
fi
cer
soft
heEt
hiopi
anAr
myandPol
i
cel
ed
i
nit
ial
l
ybyChai
rmanMengi
stuHai
l
eMar
iam.

On12Sept
ember1974,
theDer
gov
ert
hrewt
hegov
ernmentoft
heEt
hiopi
anEmpi
reand
Emper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
edur
ingnat
ionwi
demasspr
otest
s,andt
hreeday
slat
erf
ormal
l
y
r
enamedi
tsel
fthePr
ovi
sional
Mil
i
tar
yAdmi
nist
rat
iveCounci
l
.

I
nMar
ch1975t
heDer
gabol
i
shedt
hemonar
chyandest
abl
i
shedEt
hiopi
aasaMar
xist
-
Leni
nistst
atewi
thi
tsel
fast
hev
anguar
d par
tyi
n apr
ovi
sionalgov
ernment
.The
abol
i
tionoff
eudal
i
sm,i
ncr
easedl
i
ter
acy
,nat
ional
i
zat
ion,andsweepi
ngl
andr
efor
m
i
ncl
udi
ng t
her
eset
tl
ementand v
il
lagi
zat
ion f
rom t
heEt
hiopi
an Hi
ghl
andsbecame
pr
ior
it
ies.Mengi
stubecamechai
rmani
n1977,l
aunchi
ngt
heRedTer
r QeyShi
or( bir
)
pol
i
ticalr
epr
essi
oncampai
gnt
oel
i
minat
epol
i
ticalopponent
s,wi
tht
ensoft
housands
i
mpr
isonedandexecut
edwi
thoutt
ri
al.

By t
he mi
d-1980s,Et
hiopi
a was pl
agued by mul
ti
plei
ssues,such as dr
ought
s,
economi
cdecl
i
neandi
ncr
easi
ngr
eli
anceonf
orei
gnai
d,r
ecov
eri
ngf
rom t
heOgaden
War
,andt
he1983–1985f
ami
nef
rom whi
cht
heDer
git
sel
fest
imat
edmor
ethana
mi
l
li
ondeat
hsdur
ingi
tst
imei
npower
.

Conf
li
ctsbet
weent
heDer
gandv
ari
ouset
hni
cmi
l
iti
assaw agr
adualr
esur
gence,
par
ti
cul
arl
ytheEt
hiopi
anCi
vi
lWarandt
heEr
it
reanWarofI
ndependence.Mengi
stu
abol
i
shedt
heDer
gin1987andf
ormedt
hePeopl
e'
sDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofEt
hiopi
a
l
edbyt
heWor
ker
s'Par
tyofEt
hiopi
a,wi
thanew gov
ernmentcont
aini
ngci
vi
li
ansbut
st
il
ldomi
nat
edbymember
soft
heDer
g.

Fi
nal
l
ythedownf
alloft
heDer
gwasami
l
itar
ycampai
gnt
hatr
esul
tthedef
eatoft
he
r
uli
ng mi
l
itar
yjunt
a Der
g by t
he r
ebelcoal
i
tion Et
hiopi
an Peopl
e'
s Rev
olut
ionar
y
Democr
ati
cFr
ont(
EPRDF)on28May1991ent
eri
nAddi
sAbaba,endi
ngt
heEt
hiopi
an
Ci
vi
lWar
.

I
I
 1.THEI
NTERNALOPPOSI
TIONOFTHEDERG
Ev
enast
heDer
gat
temptt
ost
rengt
heni
tshol
dov
ert
hest
ateandt
owi
nthesuppor
tof
ci
vi
li
an i
ntel
l
ect
ual
s and t
he masses t
hrough pr
ogr
essi
ve soci
alpol
i
cies,t
hese
pr
essur
est
hreat
enedt
oov
erwhel
mit
.

1.
1.TheOpposi
ti
onofPol
it
icalFor
cesi
ntheNor
ther
nPar
t
TheDer
gseemedcompel
l
edt
oat
temptt
oest
abl
i
shi
tscommi
tmentt
omai
ntai
ningt
he
t
err
it
ori
alconf
igur
ati
onoft
hest
ateandt
oest
abl
i
shi
tsownl
egi
ti
macyasv
anguar
dof
t
her
evol
uti
on.Byst
eppi
ngupt
hemi
l
itar
yef
for
ttocr
ushnat
ional
i
st’
smov
ement
.
Howev
er,t
hesepar
ati
stmov
ement
sinEr
it
reaandTi
graybet
ween1975and1977
seemedt
orecogni
zet
hev
ulner
abi
l
ityoft
henew r
egi
measi
tst
ruggl
edt
ocr
eat
ean
aut
hor
it
ati
vest
ateappar
atusandt
oest
abl
i
shi
tsl
egi
ti
macy
.

Dur
ingt
hist
imeoneoft
hemai
nissuesoft
heDer
gwast
hesuppr
essi
onofopposi
ti
on
gr
oupsandf
reedom f
ight
erswhi
chhadt
hei
rbasesi
nthenor
ther
npar
tofEt
hiopi
a.
Thesewer
etheEt
hiopi
anDemocr
ati
cUni
on(
EDU)
,theEr
it
reanPeopl
e'
sLi
ber
ati
on
Fr
ont(
EPLF)andt
heTi
grayPeopl
e'
sLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
TPLF)
.

TheEDU emer
ged onl
yaf
tert
hedownf
alloft
heol
dregi
me.I
t eaderwas Ras
sl
Mengesha Sey
oum,a gr
andson ofEmper
orYohnnesI
V who wasmar
ri
ed t
othe
gr
anddaught
erofHai
l
e Sel
l
assi
eI.Member
s oft
he EDU wer
e mai
nly nor
ther
n
ar
ist
ocr
atsandhi
ghr
anki
ngmi
l
itar
yof
fi
cer
soft
heol
dregi
me.EDUwast
husf
ight
ingt
o
r
est
oret
hef
eudalmonar
chy
.Ther
ewassomef
ight
ingbet
weent
heEDUandt
heDer
g.
TheEDUal
sof
oughtagai
nstt
heTPLFi
nTi
gray
,wher
ebot
hhadt
hei
rbases.I
nthi
s
f
ight
ingt
heEDUmetacr
ushi
ngdef
eatandwast
otal
l
ydr
ivenoutofTi
gray
.

I
nMay1976,t
heDer
gwasat
tempt
ingt
osol
vet
heEr
it
reanpr
obl
em.Butt
her
ewasno
agr
eementandt
henegot
iat
ionsbr
okedown.I
nthef
oll
owi
ngy
ear
,whent
hei
nvasi
on
f
rom Somal
i
adi
ver
tedt
heDer
g'sat
tent
ion,t
heEPLFgr
eat
lyexpandedi
tscont
rolov
er
Er
it
rea.I
tenci
rcl
edAsmar
aandputMassawaundersi
ege.Byt
heendof1977,onl
y5
per
centofEr
it
rear
emai
nedundert
hecont
rolofDer
g.Thesi
tuat
ionwasr
ever
sed
i
mmedi
atel
yaf
terv
ict
oryov
erSomal
i
a.Wi
thf
ullconf
idence,
theDer
gst
art
edamassi
ve
at
tackagai
nstEPLF.Thepr
essur
eofmassi
veat
tacksf
orcedt
heEPLFt
oev
acuat
e
manyoft
het
err
it
ori
esi
thel
d.

1
I
nspi
teoft
his,t
heDer
gdi
dnotsucceedi
nexpel
l
ingt
heEPLFf
rom i
tsst
rongbaseat
Nakf
a,i
nnor
ther
nEr
it
rea.`
TheDer
gmadeanot
herat
temptatel
i
minat
ingt
heEPLF
i
n1982.Thi
sti
me,at
tacksagai
nstt
heEPLFwer
ecar
ri
edoutundert
heso-
cal
l
ed“
Red
St
arCampai
gn”
,whi
chagai
nfai
l
edt
oel
i
minat
etheEPLF.

Anot
herpol
i
ticalf
orcef
ight
ingt
heDer
gint
henor
thwast
heTPLF.I
twasf
oundedbya
smal
lgr
oupofuni
ver
sit
yst
udent
swhof
ledt
oTi
grayi
n1975.Theybegant
hei
rst
ruggl
e
nDedebi
i t,apl
acel
ocat
edi
nthel andsofAdi
owl yaboi
nwest
ernTi
gray
.

I
nit
ial
l
y,t
heTPLFobt
ainedsomesuppor
tfr
om t
heEPLF,mai
nlyi
nmi
l
itar
ytr
aini
ngand
suppl
yofsomer
if
les.I
nthef
ir
stphaseofi
tsst
ruggl
e,t
heTPLFwasengagedi
na
bl
oodywarwi
tht
heEDU.Hav
ingdef
eat
edandexpel
l
edt
heEDUf
rom Ti
gray
,theTPLF
gr
adual
l
yexpandedi
tscont
rolov
erTi
gray
.Ital
sof
oughtagai
nstEPRPanddr
ovei
t
awayf
rom Ti
gray
.

Oneofi
tsear
li
estengagement
swi
tht
heDer
gar
mywasagai
nstt
hef
orcesdi
spat
ched
undert
heso- edRazaCampai
cal
l gn.I
nthi
sengagement
,theTPLFambushedt
heDer
g
f
orceandf
orcedi
ttosur
render
.Int
hef
oll
owi
ngy
ear
s,t
heTPLFconsol
i
dat
edi
tspower
andexpandedi
tsmi
l
itar
yresour
cest
obecomet
hel
eadi
ngf
orcei
nthest
ruggl
eagai
nst
mi
l
itar
yrul
e.

1.
2.TheChal
lengesofPol
it
icalPar
ti
esi
ntheCent
eroft
heCount
ry
Whi
l
eitcl
aimedt
orecogni
zet
heneedf
orav
anguar
dpar
ty,
theDer
gdi
dnotannounce
i
tsf
ormat
ionatt
het
imet
hePr
ogr
am waspr
ocl
aimednordi
ditsetacl
eart
imet
abl
efor
suchanoccur
rence.I
ttr
iedt
ocr
eat
eanaur
aofopennessandf
reeexchangeofi
deas
byal
l
owi
ngsel
ectpol
i
ticalgr
oupst
ooper
atei
nasemi
-l
egi
ti
mat
efashi
on.Theywer
e
notal
l
owed t
o or
gani
zeon a massscal
ebutser
ved i
n an adv
isor
ycapaci
tyas
member
soft
hePol
i
tbur
eau.

Among t e:Aby
hese wer otSeded (
Rev
olut
ionar
y Fl
ame)
,founded i
n 1976 among
member
soft
hear
medf
orcesandl
edbyMengi
stuhi
msel
f;Mei
son,l
edbyt
heFr
ench-
educat
edOr
omoMar
xist
,Hai
l
eFi
de;t
heEPRP,agr
oupofy
oungMar
xisti
ntel
l
ect
ual
s
andst
udent
s(of
tenr
efer
redt
obyt
heDer
gas"
sonsanddaught
ersoft
heol
dfeudal
cl
ass"
)opposedt
omi
l
itar
yrul
e;t
heWazLeague(
LaborLeague)
,whi
chcl
aimeda
wor
king-
classbaseandshar
edt
heEPRP'
spopul
i
stt
endenci
es;andECHAAT(
"The
Rev
olut
ionar
ySt
ruggl
eoft
heOppr
essedEt
hiopi
anMasses"
),al
argel
yOr
omopol
i
tical
or
gani
zat
ion.Al
loft
hesewer
erecogni
zedasMar
xist
-Leni
nistor
gani
zat
ions.

2
Bi
tt
eri
deol
ogi
calst
ruggl
eser
upt
edbet
weent
het
womostpower
fulci
vi
li
angr
oupsof
t
hePol
i
tbur
eau,t
heEPRPandMei
son.TheEPRPcl
andest
inel
ytr
iedt
ounder
minet
he
cr
edi
bil
i
tyoft
heDer
g,i
nfi
l
trat
ingmassor
gani
zat
ionsl
i
ket
heZemeche,CELU,peasant
andur
ban-
dwel
l
erassoci
ati
ons.I
naddi
ti
oni
ttr
iedt
omakei
nroadsamongel
ement
ary
,
hi
ghschool
,anduni
ver
sit
yst
udent
s.I
n1976ar
oundt
het
imeoft
heannouncementof
t
hePr
ogr
am,spor
adi
cbl
oodyencount
ers,assassi
nat
ionsandcount
er-
assassi
nat
ions
begant
ooccuri
nthest
reet
sandbackal
l
eysofAddi
sAbababet
weenMei
sonandt
he
EPRP.Byt
hist
imeMei
sonhadsecur
edf
ori
tsel
ftheposi
ti
onoft
hemosti
nfl
uent
ial
ci
vi
li
angr
oupi
nthePol
i
tbur
eau.

TheDer
gwassuspi
ciousofMei
son'
sgr
owi
ngi
nfl
uencei
nal
lsect
orsofsoci
ety
.Seded
appear
edt
obesy
stemat
ical
l
ypr
epar
ingi
tsel
ftoassumet
her
oleofchi
efadv
isort
othe
Der
goni
deol
ogi
cal
,pol
i
tical
,andor
gani
zat
ional
mat
ter
s.I
taspi
redt
orepl
aceMei
soni
n
t
hatcapaci
ty.

Vi
olentopposi
ti
ont
otheDer
gandi
tsMei
soncol
l
abor
ator
sont
hepar
toft
heEPRPi
n
ur
banar
easescal
atedi
ntoasy
stemat
ict
err
orcampai
gni
nthef
allof1976.TheEPRP
wasr
esponsi
blef
ort
hebombi
ngoft
hei
deol
ogi
calschoolandf
ornumer
ouspol
i
tical
assassi
nat
ionsai
mednotonl
yatMei
sonandDer
gmember
s,butal
sopubl
i
cof
fi
cial
sat
al
llev
els.Theai
m wast
otot
all
ydi
scr
edi
tther
egi
meandi
tssuppor
ter
s.TheEPRP'
s
t
act
icscamet
obel
abel
ed"
whi
tet
err
or"byt
heDer
gandwer
ecount
eredbyt
he
r
egi
me'
s"r
edt
err
or.
"Theobj
ectofr
edt
err
orwast
oli
qui
dat
etheso-
cal
l
edenemi
esof
t
her
evol
uti
onbyanymeansav
ail
abl
e.

Ov
ert
henextt
woy
ear
s,t
heDer
gbecameest
rangedf
rom ci
vi
li
angr
oups,onebyone,
unt
ilby ear
ly 1979 Seded st
ood al
one as t
he onl
y of
fi
cial
l
y accept
ed pol
i
tical
or
gani
zat
ion.TheDer
gev
ent
ual
l
ycamet
otheconcl
usi
ont
hati
tcoul
dnott
rustt
he
cooper
ati
on ofev
en Mar
xist
-Leni
nist"
organi
zat
ions"as l
ong as t
heyhad hi
dden
agendas.Af
tert
hegr
eatdest
ruct
ionoft
hehumansandmat
eri
als,l
ateri
n1984t
he
Der
gfor
medWor
ker
sPar
tyofEt
hiopi
a(WPE)headedbyMengi
stuHai
l
eMar
iam and
f
ormal
i
zedt
heest
abl
i
shmentoft
hePeopl
eDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofEt
hiopi
ain1986.
Thi
sev
entmar
kedt
hepeakoft
hemi
l
itar
ydi
ctat
orshi
p.

1.
3.TheOpposi
ti
onofPeasant
Thef
ami
neof1984/
5,t
hatwaspr
ecededbydr
oughtandcr
opf
ail
ure,f
orcedmi
l
itar
y
gov
ernmentt
oint
roduceapr
ogr
am off
orcedmassr
eset
tl
ementandl
atert
hatof
f
orcedv
il
lagi
zat
ion.

3
Peopl
efr
om dr
oughtaf
fect
edr
egi
onsofTi
grai
,Wol
l
oandot
her
swer
ereset
tl
edf
orci
bly
most
lyi
nther
egi
onsofwest
ernandsout
h-west
ernEt
hiopi
a.Thoseset
tl
ershad
di
ff
icul
tyi
nadj
ust
ingt
hemsel
vest
othenewenv
ironmentandmostoft
hem r
etur
nedt
o
t
hei
rfor
merv
il
lages.Ther
eset
tl
ementpr
ogr
am f
ail
edduet
osev
eralf
act
ors.Nopr
ior
pr
epar
ati
onswer
emade.Thegoodwi
l
loft
hepeopl
ewasnotobt
ained.Vi
l
lagi
zat
ion
al
sof
acedsi
mil
aropposi
ti
on.

Theov
eral
lef
fectwast
hatt
hemi
l
itar
yregi
mel
ostpopul
arsuppor
tandshowedi
ts
i
nabi
l
ityt
osol
vesuchser
ioussoci
alpr
obl
emsatt
hatcr
uci
almomentofdr
oughtand
f
ami
ne.Ur
gentpr
obl
emswer
enotcor
rect
lyaddr
essed.

2.I
NTERNATI
ONALCHANGE
Thei
nter
nat
ionalsi
tuat
ionwasal
sosi
gni
fi
cant
lychangi
ngf
ort
heDer
gaf
ter1985,t
he
y
eari
n whi
ch t
he Sov
ietl
eader
,Mi
khai
lGor
bachev
,int
roduced t
he r
est
ruct
uri
ng
pr
ogr edPer
am cal
l est
roi
ka,
andGl
asnost
.

Thepr
ogr
amsbr
oughtaboutt
hedecl
i
neoft
hecommuni
stsy
stem i
ntheSov
ietUni
on
andi
nther
estofEast
ernEur
opeandt
her
ebyr
esul
tedi
ntheendoft
hecol
dwar
.Hence,
pr
e-occupi
edwi
tht
hei
rowni
nter
nalpr
obl
ems,t
hef
ormeral
l
iesoft
hemi
l
itar
yregi
me
coul
dnol
ongerext
endt
hei
rsuppor
ttoEt
hiopi
a.Thi
sresul
tedi
nev
enmor
eeconomi
c
har
dshi
p,andt
hemi
l
itar
ygav
ewayi
nthef
aceofdet
ermi
nedonsl
aught
sbyguer
ri
ll
a
f
orcesi
nthenor
th.

Encour
agedbyt
heabov
ement
ionedi
nter
nat
ionalsi
tuat
ionandt
hemount
ingpol
i
tical
andmi
l
itar
ycr
isesofMengi
stu'
sregi
me,t
heEPRDFandt
heEPLFi
ntensi
fi
edt
hei
r
mi
l
itar
yoper
ati
ons.Thef
ront
sofmi
l
itar
yoper
ati
onswi
dened.Var
iousl
i
ber
ati
onf
ront
’s
suchast
heOr
omoLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
OLF)
,theOr
omoI
slami
cFr
ont
,theAf
arLi
ber
ati
on
Fr
ont
,theBeni
shangulLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont
,andt
heGambel
l
aLi
ber
ati
onFr
ontal
sof
ought
f
orsel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ion.

3.ENDOFTHEDERGREGI
ME
Thepr
otr
act
edwari
nthenor
thexposedt
hei
nef
fi
ciencyoft
het
opmi
l
itar
yleader
shi
p.
Someofwhom wer
edi
smi
ssedorki
l
led.Thi
sin-
tur
nfor
cedt
hel
eader
sofsev
eralar
my
uni
tst
oat
temptt
ost
ageacoupi
nMay1989agai
nstMengi
stu'
sregi
me.Thecoup
at
temptwasst
agedbyseni
ormi
l
itar
yof
fi
cer
s.Butt
heMengi
stu'
sregi
mesur
viv
ed,
the
couphadr
esul
tedi
nadv
erseef
fect
sont
hemor
aleandf
ight
ingspi
ri
toft
hemi
l
itar
yas
awhol
e.I
n1989t
heTPLFgai
nedadeci
siv
evi
ctor
yatt
hebat
tl
eof
,Shi
re.TheEPLFt
oo
t
ookcont
roloft
hepor
tofMassawai
n1990.Thear
myoft
hest
ategr
adual
l
ylost
4
conf
idence.TheTPLFwasdet
ermi
nedt
oli
ber
atet
hewhol
eofEt
hiopi
afr
om t
he
mi
l
itar
yregi
me.

I
naddi
ti
ont
otheTPLF,t
heEPRDFi
ncl
uded suchor
gani
zat
ionsast
heEt
hiopi
an
Peopl
es'Democr
ati
c Mov
ement now cal
l
ed t
he Amhar
a Peopl
e'
s Democr
ati
c
Mov
ement(
APDM)andt
heOr
omoPeopl
e'
sDemocr
ati
cOr
gani
zat
ion(
OPDO)was
f
ormed.I
nthecampai
gnsof1990and1991,t
hecoal
i
tionf
orcesoft
heEPRDFdr
ove
t
heDer
gar
myoutofGondar
,Goj
j
am,
Wol
l
oandShoaandmov
edt
othecapi
tal
from t
he
nor
ther
nandwest
erndi
rect
ions.On21May1991,Mengi
stuf
ledt
oHar
are,t
hecapi
tal
ofZi
mbabwe.

I
nthenor
th,t
heEPLFf
orcesannouncedt
hef
ormat
ionoft
hePr
ovi
sionalGov
ernment
ofEr
it
rea.On28May1991t
heEPRDFf
orcesent
eredAddi
sAbabawi
thnor
esi
stance
andbr
oughtt
oanendt
oMengi
stu’
smi
l
itar
ydi
ctat
orshi
p.

CONCLUSI
ON
Toconcl
udet
heopposi
ti
onst
othemi
l
itar
ygov
ernmentwer
est
art
edf
rom t
het
imesof
PMACdeposedt
heEmper
or.Thef
ir
stopposi
ti
onwast
heEDUwer
emai
nlynor
ther
n
ar
ist
ocr
ats and hi
gh r
anki
ng mi
l
itar
y of
fi
cer
s oft
he ol
dregi
me t
orest
oret
he
Monar
chi
cal
Syst
em.Aswel
last
hesepar
ati
stmov
ement
sinEr
it
rea,
Tigr
ay,
andOr
omo
ar
easopposedt
her
egi
met
odet
ermi
net
hei
raut
onomyandi
ndependences.

Aswel
last
hepol
i
ticalpar
ti
esi
nthecent
erpar
toft
hecount
rychal
l
engedt
heDer
g.
Thosear
ethepol
i
ticalpar
ti
esoft
hePol
i
tbur
eau,l
i
ket
heEPRP,andMei
sonopposed
andunder
minedt
heDer
gref
ormt
ocont
rol
thegov
ernmentpower
.

I
naddi
ti
ont
othi
sthepeasantwasal
soopposedt
heDer
g.ThePeopl
efr
om dr
ought
af
fect
edr
egi
onsofTi
grai
,Wol
l
oandot
her
swer
eopposedt
heDer
gduet
oreset
tl
ed
f
orci
blyi
nnewar
easmost
lyi
nther
egi
onsofwest
ernandsout
h-west
ernEt
hiopi
a.

Thei
nter
nat
ional
l
ysi
tuat
ionwaschangi
ngf
ort
heDer
gaf
ter1985,wi
tht
heSov
iet
Uni
onr
etr
eat
ingf
rom t
heexpansi
onofCommuni
sm underMi
khai
lGor
bachev
'spol
i
cies
ofgl
asnostandper
est
roi
ka.I
ncaseoft
hisSov
ietUni
onandt
heSoci
ali
sti
ccount
ri
es
st
opped t
he ai
ding f
orPDRE al
toget
heri
n December1990.So t
he changi
ng of
i
nter
nat
ionalsi
tuat
ionwasbr
oughtt
hecr
isi
sfort
heDer
gthr
ougheconomi
cal
l
yand
mi
l
itar
yweaponst
oof
fendt
hei
renemi
esanddef
endt
hemsel
ves.

Gener
all
y due t
othe abov
eint
ernalopposi
ti
on and wi
tht
he col
l
abor
ati
on of
i
nter
nat
ionalsi
tuat
ionchangest
hepr
otr
act
edwari
ntheNor
thpar
tsoft
hecount
rywas

5
pr
eci
pit
atedt
hedownf
alloft
heDer
gregi
me.Fi
nal
l
yon28May1991t
heEPRDFf
orces
ent
eredAddi
sAbabawi
thnor
esi
stanceandbr
oughtt
oanendt
oMengi
stu’
smi
l
itar
y
di
ctat
orshi
p.

REFERENCES
 Andar
gachew Ti
runeh,TheEt
hiopi
anRevol
uti
on(
1974To1984)
,TheDegr
eeof
Ph.
DLondonSchoolofEconomi
csJune1990,Publ
i
shedbyPr
oQuestLLC2014,
UMINumber
:U044491

uZewde.AHi
 Bahr stor
yofModer
nEt
hiopi
a1855-
1991,SecondEdi
ti
on,(
East
ern
Af
ri
can st
udi
es)
,pp.233-
267,Pr
int
ed and bound i
n Et
hiopi
a byAddi
s Ababa
Uni
ver
sit
yPr
int
ingPr
ess,
ISBN0-
85255-
786-
8(JamesCur
reypaper
).

 EdmondJ.Kel
l
er.St
ate,Par
ty,andRevol
uti
oni
nEt
hiopi
a,Sour
ce:Af
ri
canSt
udi
es
Rev
iew,Mar
.,1985,Vol
.28,No.1(
Mar
.,1985)
,pp.1-
17,Publ
i
shedby
:Cambr
idge
Uni
ver
sit
yPr
ess,
Stabl
eURL:
htt
ps:
//www.
jst
or.
org/
stabl
e/524564.