Study of Rain Water Harvesting Using Check Dams in Puttur Taluk

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI – 590 018, KARNATAKA, INDIA
A PROJECT REPORT
ON
“STUDY OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING USING
CHECK DAMS IN PUTTUR TALUK”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
Name USN
ANANYA B M 4VP18CV002
ANKITHA M 4VP18CV003
BHAVYA B 4VP18CV007
JAHNAVI V K 4VP18CV015
Under the Guidance of
Mr. PRASHANTHA
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Vivekananda College of Engineering & Technology
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
[A Unit of Vivekananda Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Puttur (R)]
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University and Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of Karnataka
Nehru Nagara, Puttur – 574 203, DK, Karnataka, India
May 2022
VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
[A Unit of Vivekananda Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Puttur (R)]
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University and Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of Karnataka
Nehru Nagara, Puttur – 574 203, DK, Karnataka, India
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “Study of Rain Water Harvesting using Check
Dams in Puttur Taluk” is carried out by Miss. Ananya B M, Miss. Ankitha M, Miss. Bhavya B,
and Miss. Jahnavi V K bearing USNs respectively 4VP18CV002, 4VP18CV003, 4VP18CV007
and 4VP18CV015 bonafide students of Vivekananda College of Engineering & Technology, in
partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2021-22. It is certified that all
corrections/ suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report
deposited in the departmental library.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
Project work prescribed for the said Degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the Signature of the Principal

Mr. Prashantha HOD Dr. Ananda V Dr. Mahesh Prasanna K
Assistant Professor R HOD-Dept. of CV Principal
VCET, Puttur VCET, Puttur VCET, Puttur
EXTERNAL VIVA
Name of the Examiners Signature with date
1…………………………….............. ....................................
2…………………………….............. ....................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express our deep heartfelt gratitude to all those people who
have helped us in the successful completion of the project.
First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude towards our guide Mr.
Prashantha for providing excellent guidance, encouragement and inspiration throughout
the project work. Without his invaluable guidance, this work would never have been a
successful one.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Head of the Department of Civil
Engineering, Dr. Ananda V R for his guidance and inspiration.
We would like to thank our Principal Dr. Mahesh Prasanna K for providing all the
facilities and a proper environment to work in the college campus.
We are thankful to the management of Vivekananda College of Engineering and

Technology for providing the platform to carry out our project.
We would like to thank KSCST for sponsoring the fund for our project and providing
great opportunity to present our project.
We are thankful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of Civil Engineering
Department for their help and needed support rendered throughout the project.
I
DECLARATION
We, Ananya B M (4VP18CV002), Ankitha M(4VP18CV003), Bhavya B

(4VP18CV007), and Jahnavi V K(4VP18CV015) students of 8th semester B. E. in Civil
Engineering, Vivekananda College of Engineering & Technology, Puttur, hereby
declare that the project work entitled “Study of Rain Water Harvesting using Check
Dams in Puttur Taluk” has been carried out and duly executed by us at VCET, Puttur,
under the guidance of Mr. Prashantha, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Vivekananda College of Engineering & Technology, Puttur, and submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree in Bachelor of
Engineering in Civil Engineering by Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the academic year 2021-22.
Sl.no Student Name USN Signature with Date

1 Ananya B M 4VP18CV002
2 Ankitha M 4VP18CV003
3 Bhavya B 4VP18CV007
4 Jahnavi V K 4VP18CV015
Date:
Place: VCET
II
ABSTRACT
India 83% of available water is used for agriculture. Hence it is necessary to store and
conserve water available at the end of rainy season. Here we have adopted check dam
system of water storage. Checkdam is a temporary structure made by binding mud and
loose stones available locally. They are usually built across small streams and rivers. This
checkdams slow the flow of water, and stores a large amount during the dry months. The
collected water gradually seeps into ground and increase the water level of nearby wells
and water sources. In coastal areas they also minimize the flow of fresh water into the sea.
Checkdams are cost effective and simple method used widely in rural areas. Thus,
checkdams can go a long way in water management.
In the hydrological cycle, infiltration is one of the ways which precipitation reaching the
earth’s surface is disposed of. In recent times the groundwater is getting depleted due to
various reasons. This research work aims at augmenting the groundwater recharge in
Puttur. Groundwater recharge mainly depend upon infiltration capacity of the soil.
Infiltration is the movement of water into the soil from the surface. The water is driven
into the porous soil by force of gravity and capillary attraction.
Infiltration tests carried out at 8 sites of Puttur regions of Dakshina Kannada District,
Karnataka state. The double ring infiltrometer method was used for measurement of
infiltration rates. The study aimed to determine constant infiltration rate at different
places in Puttur. The results shown that the infiltration rate depends upon soil type,
Porosity, Bulk density, Temperature and Antecedent moisture content.
By conducting Drawdown and Recuperation test, find out the specific yield of the well
for 8 sites in Puttur region of Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka state. Dakshina
Kannada District, Karnataka state.
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page No.

Acknowledgement I
Declaration II
Abstract III
Table of Content IV
List of Figures VI
List of Tables VII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 2
1.2 Global Water Scenario 2-3
1.3 Indian Water Scenario 3
1.4 Rain Water Harvesting 3-4
1.5 Methods of Rain Water Harvesting 4-5
1.6 Need of Study 5
1.7 Objectives 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 General 7-9
2.2 Summary 9-10
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 11
3.1 Study Area 12
3.2 Infiltration Process 13
3.3 Check Dams 13-15
3.4 Double Ring Infiltrometer 15-16
3.5 Drawdown and Recuperation test 16-18
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19

4.1 Check Dams 20
4.1.1 Results of Check Dams 20
V
4.1.2 Results of Wet Sieve Analysis 20-21
4.1.3 Results of Hydrometer Analysis 21-22
4.1.4 Results of Double ring Infiltrometer 22-26
4.2 Drawdown and Recuperation test 26
4.2.1 Results of Core Cutter 26-27
4.2.2 Results of Wet Sieve Analysis 27-28
4.2.3 Results of Hydrometer Analysis 28-29
4.2.4 Results of Drawdown and Recuperation test 29-33
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 34
CHAPTER 6 FUTURE SCOPES 36
REFERENCES 38-39
PERSONAL PROFILE 40
V
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page

No.
3.1
Map showing the Study Area of Puttur taluk 12
3.2
Check Dams 14
3.3
Core utter method 15
3.4
Conduction of Wet Sieve Analysis 15
3.5
Conduction of Hydrometer Analysis 15
3.6
Double ring Infiltrometer 16
3.7
Visit the Site for Recuperation Test 17
3.8
Measuring the Water Level 17
4.1 Graph of Wet Sieve Analysis for Check Dams 21
4.2 Graph of Hydrometer Analysis for Check Dams 22
4.3 Graph of Wet Sieve Analysis for Wells 27
4.4 Graph of Wet Sieve Analysis for Wells 28-29
4.5 Graph of Drawdown test for Nelapalu and Mottethadka 30
4.6 Graph of Drawdown test for Mottethadka and Aryapu 31
4.7 Graph of Drawdown test for Samethadka and Narimogaru 32
4.8 Graph of Drawdown test for Barthikumeri and Nidimuda 33
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table No Title Page No

4.1 Soil properties near check dams 20
4.2 Value of wet sieve analysis near check dams 20-21
4.3 Value of hydrometer analysis near check dams 21
4.4 Infiltration data of Puthila 23
4.5 Infiltration data of Narimogaru 23-24
4.6 Infiltration data of Mura 24
4.7 Infiltration data of Hasanthadka 24-25
4.8 Infiltration data of Kumbra 25
4.9 Infiltration data of Saspetty 26
4.10 Value of core cutter test 26-27
4.11 Value of wet sieve analysis 27
4.12 Value of hydrometer analysis 28
4.13 Drawdown and Recuperation test of Nelappalu 30
4.14 Drawdown and Recuperation test of Mottethadka 30
4.15 Drawdown and Recuperation test of Mottethadka 30-31
4.16 Drawdown and Recuperation test of Aryapu 31
4.17 Drawdown and Recuperation test of Samethadka 31-32
4.18 Drawdown and Recuperation test of Narimogaru 32
4.19 Drawdown and Recuperation test of Barthikumeri 32
4.20 Drawdown and Recuperation test of Nidimunda 33
4.21 The specific yield (s)for different sites 33
VII
STUDY OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING USING CHECK DAMS IN PUTTUR 2021-
INTRODUCTION
Department of Civil Page

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Rain water harvesting (RWH) is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water
for households and collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to runoff.
Rain water harvesting refers to the trapping and storing of rainwater so that it can be used at a
later time when the need arises. As the rain falls, water is directed to suitable collection point.
Check dams are small barriers built across the direction of water flow on shallow rivers and
streams for the purpose of water harvesting. The small dams retain excess water flow during
monsoon rains in a small catchment area behind the structure. Pressure created in the catchment
area helps force the impounded water into the ground. The major environmental benefits is the
replenishment of the nearby groundwater reserves and wells. The water entrapped by the dam,
surface and subsurface, is primarily instead for use in irrigation during the monsoon and later
during dry season, but can also be used for livestock and domestic needs.
Check dams are built in a range of sizes using a variety of materials, including clay stone and
cement. Earthen check dams, or embankments, can easily be constructed by the farmers
themselves. Masonry and reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures, on the other hand, require
some degree of advanced construction experience and money monetary inputs. Earthen dams do
not allow for overflow of water, in contrast to masonry and RCC structures which allow excess
water to flow over the spillway.
1.2 GLOBAL WATER SCENARIO
A detailed analysis of how population interacts with renewable water at local levels would
demand data on regional supply and quality that are currently not available. However, comparing
current and projected population trends with national data on renewable water supplies in various
countries could bring into focus the impact of population growth on this essential natural resource.
An analysis, based on the data available on about 149 nations' water availability and the
Department of Civil Page 2

population growth projected by UN, has been presented herewith to find out the changes in water
statistics and the likely availability of water for the best uses. The per capita availability of water
based on 1990 data has been taken for the analysis. A classification of the water shortage, water
stress and water scare nations has been done considering its present and future requirements. Over
28 countries as on 1990, experienced water stress or scarcity. With world population growing by
1.6 percent a year, it is predicted that by 2025, about 46 to 52 countries will fall into these
categories. Besides, human being, coastal and marine ecosystem will be facing major threats from
water. It will also lead to the increase in international conflicts particularly among the water-
dependent countries. An approach to conservation and sustainable use of water for safe future
should be the guiding policy for solving the ever-growing water problem.
1.3 INDIAN WATER SCENARIO
Water resources including rivers, lakes or fresh water wetlands are known as surface water
resources. Precipitation is the natural recharging source for the surface water resources and it also
maintain the hydrological cycle. Rivers are the major source of water in India. The utilizable
annual surface water in rivers of the country is 690 km 3. Human activities like artificial dams,
reservoirs are also included in the same category and have capacity to increase utilization of the
water. Water is available only for a few hours in most Indian cities and the quality is also not up to
the mark. Water woes are also because of insufficient or low pressure and erratic supplies. The
rural population suffers from low water quality but the urban and semi-urban areas are most prone
to water shortage. The water quality should be safe and sound at the microbiological level and
mere continuous supply is not enough. Another aspect is the water wastage in terms of leakages
and illegal connections.
1.4 RAINWATER HARVESTING
Rainfall is a good source of water for both domestic and commercial use. Falling rain is always a
welcome sight especially after weather characterized by extremely high temperatures. Rainwater
harvesting refers to the trapping and storing of rainwater so that it can be used at a later time when
the need arises. As the rain falls, water is directed to a suitable collection point. It can also mean
collecting rainwater before it infiltrates into the ground and becomes underground water.
Harvesting mainly entails gathering something from its natural source. Rainwater harvesting, from

the common definition of harvesting, is a process that involves collecting rainwater and increasing
its value by eliminating impurities or directing it to places where its use is highly required. It’s a
practice that has been around for a long time.
1.5 METHODS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING
Surface Water Collection Systems: Surface water is simply water that accumulates on the
ground’s surface. When rainwater falls on the surface of the earth, it usually flows down slopes as
it moves towards a point of depression where the moving water can collect.
Rooftop system: These can also be used to harvest rainwater. They can be used to direct rainwater
that falls on the roof of a building into containers or tanks. These tanks are usually elevated so that
when the tap is opened, water flows at a high pressure.
Dams: These are barriers that are designed to trap water. Rainwater can accumulate directly in
them or drainage systems can be created to direct water into them. Water collected in dams is
mostly used for irrigation purposes or treated and then distributed for domestic use.
Underground Tanks: These are also ideal for collecting rainwater. They are constructed by
digging into the ground and creating a space which is then cemented to reduce water infiltration.
The top is also sealed and water is obtained through pipes directed into the tank.
Rain saucer: Sometimes one can decide to collect rainwater directly as it falls from the sky by
using a rain-saucer. These look like upside down umbrellas or big funnels. Some are usually
attached to a pipe so that the collected water is directed elsewhere.
Water Collection Reservoirs: Water collected through this method is not really clean and may be
contaminated. However, it can still be used for crop irrigation. Such rainwater is harvested from
roads and pavements.
Barrage: A barrage is a dam that has several openings which can be closed or opened to control
the quantity of water that passes through it. It is usually large and can be used to collect a lot of
water.
Slopes: Rainwater tends to collect at the bottom of slopes when it flows on the ground. When it
rains heavily, water levels can rise to the hill top. This is a simple and natural way to harvest
rainwater.
Trenches: This is another great way to harvest rainwater for irrigation. When it rains, the water is
directed to the farm using trenches. It is one of the traditional methods of rainwater harvesting that

is still very much in use today.

Rain Barrels: These are also used for rainwater harvesting. They are specifically designed for this
purpose and can be purchased from retail stores. Rain barrels are used for harvesting rainwater
that falls on rooftops.
1.6 NEED OF STUDY
 Ground water, which is in aquifers below the surface of the Earth, is one of Nation’s most
important natural resources. Ground water is the source of about 33% of the water that country
and city water departments supply to households and businesses (public supply).
 In the past the ground water table was located about 10 to 30 feet below the earth surface, but
due to urbanization, there is lack of ground water table goes on depletion day by day. So, it is
observed that the ground water recharge is necessary.
 Puttur is a developing town which is located in Dakshina Kannada District, gets 170 inches of
annual rain fall and still facing a major problem of water scarcity. And also, it is observed that
ground water table is about 200ft to 300ft below.
 Recharge of ground by check dams is one of the easier and economical methods of ground
water recharge and practiced by village from long ago.
1.7 OBJECTIVES
 Find the capacity of soil on ground water recharge in Puttur D.K.
 To know the effect of ground water recharge by old check dam method in the surrounding of
check dam.
 The effect of Artificial Recharge on aquifers in that area.

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
A review of past research helps in identifying the conceptual and methodology issues relevant to
the present day. This chapter attempts a brief review of the relevant research literature that has
accumulated on the areas related to this study. Keeping in view the objectives of the study, the
reviews are presented under the following heads.
Azad Rasul et.al [1]: The middle east is the region with less rainfall. One possible way of
relieving this water crisis is by properly harvesting the rainwater. Rainwater harvesting is a widely
used method of storing rainwater in the countries presenting with drought characteristics. Several
pieces of research have derived and developed different criteria and techniques to select suitable
sites for harvesting rainwater. The main aim of this research was to identify and select suitable
sites for the potential erection of dams, as well as to derive a model builder in ArcMap 10.4.1. The
model combined several parameters, such as slope, runoff potential, land cover/use, stream order,
soil quality, and hydrology to determine the suitability of the site for harvesting rainwater.
P Anil Kumar et.al [2]: The infiltration rate is the velocity or speed at which water enters
into the soil. It is usually measured by the depth of water layer that can enter soil in one hour.
Infiltration is governed by two forces gravity and capillary action. While small pores offer greater
resistance to gravity, very small pores pull water through capillary action in addition to and even
against the force of gravity. From the result it is observed that infiltration rate is high for ploughed
soil in comparision with compacted soil.
J A Bonnet et.al [3]: Lateritic soils are products of humid tropical weathering of rocks which
are usually basic in reaction resulting in acidic material low in free silica and exchange capacity,
very permeable to water and air. Fifty-two infiltration tests were conducted on soil types of Puetro
Rico comprising three great soil groups: Laterite, Reddish Brown Lateritic and Yellowish brown

lateritic. The mean infiltration rate for the soils was very rapid, fluctuating from 3.72 to 9.47
inches per hour.
Sandeep Kumar Tripathi et.al [4]: Rainfall is the principal source of water, which
augments soil moisture, ground water and surface flow. Agriculture and several other economic
activities in sub-tropical to dry areas (Shinde et al., 2012) depend on rainfall. Rainfall in dry areas
is of convective nature and usually occurs at a very high intensity for shorter duration generating
high runoff in response of even little rainfall. All rights reserved upon rainfall intensity and
catchment characteristics particularly area, surface roughness, water absorbing capacity of the soil
and slope etc. Harvesting and recycling of rainwater in dry lands is important in order to improve
water use efficiency.
Ammar Adham et.al [5]: The main objective of this study was to define a general method
for selecting suitable RWH sites in ASARs by assembling an inventory of the main methods and
criteria developed during the last three decades. We categorized and compared four main
methodologies of site selection from 48 studies published in scientific journals, reports of
international organizations, or sources of information obtained from practitioners. We then
identified three main sets of criteria for selecting RWH locations and the main characteristics of
the most common RWH techniques used in ASARs. The methods were diverse, ranging from
those based only on biophysical criteria to more integrated approaches including socio-economic
criteria, especially after 2000. The most important criteria for the selection of suitable sites for
RWH were slope, land use/cover, soil type, rainfall, distance to settlements/streams, and cost. The
success rate of RWH projects tended to increase when these criteria were considered, but an
objective evaluation of these selection methods is still lacking.
Ashok Kumar et.al [6]: Steep slope and terrain in hilly areas quickly releases the flow
towards the outlet and thus creates scarcity of water. Geomorphology and the way land surface is
managed, strongly influences the movement of water over and below the ground. According to
Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), there are around 40 rainy days in India, and a long dry
spells and period. Due to the increasing population, industrialization etc, the per capita availability
of water in terms of quality and quantity is decreasing day by day. Water scarcity in hills is a

severe problem. With time the problem may accelerate and create acute shortage of water
resources.
Shreyas D Modh et.al [7]: Surface water is not available in sufficient quantity. Also in this
region no perennial river exists. Hence ground water utilized as the main sources for agriculture,
irrigation, industrial and domestic purposes. Ground water table is being reduced rate of 3 to 5 m
per year, as the removal of water is more than recharge in these regions. In north Gujarat more
power electricity consumed as ground water is removal from the depth of more than 300 mt,
through tube well. About more than 40% of total power consumption in the state is only for water
removal salinity of ground water poses a serious problem, due to water removal from the high
depth of the earth. More than 2500 habitations have been reported as having problem of salinity
per year. In a view of above Gujarat faces quantity/quality contamination problem of salinity,
fluoride and nitrates.
Shao-hung Chung et.al [8]: Under the effects of rainfall infiltration and surface evaporation,
the topsoil often changes in humidity; thus, the soil strength also changes. As there are a large
number of structures in these terraces, it is necessary to further understand the influence of
rainwater infiltration in order to design a safe and economical foundation structure. In this paper,
tensiometers were installed in-situ to observe changes in soil matric suction. An undisturbed soil
column was taken and drying and wetting tests were conducted to understand the depth of water
infiltration. Meanwhile, a direct shear test was performed using specimens with different water
contents taken from the soil column.
2.2 SUMMARY
Groundwater recharge is a function of the annual average rainfall, hydrological characteristics,

geology of the area, slopes, and nature of the soil. The best and simplest plus cost-effective
technique is direct recharge of groundwater which further includes ditch & furrow method,
percolation tanks and recharge of dug wells or hand pumps. It is from evident from all the studies
that groundwater potential increase due to the Department of Civil Engineering, VCET, Puttur
Page 10 construction of check dams. Currently, intensive exploitation of aquifers is considered
one of the main environmental problems in the world, which can increase also its negative
situation due to the construction of check dams. Current, intensive exploitation of aquifers is

considered one of the main environmental problems in the world, which can increase also its
negative situation due to the present global change.

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY AREA
Puttur is a town in Dakshina Kannada district (Figure 3.1), in Karnataka state of India. Puttur is
located at 12°46' N 75°13' E. It has an average elevation of 87 meters (285 feet). It features a
Tropical Monsoon Climate (Am) according to the Koppen climate classification. The average
annual rainfall in Puttur is about 4329 millimeters (170 inches). The average humidity is 75% and
peaks in July at 89%. The soil is mostly lateritic type, characterized by high iron and aluminum
content. The Geological Survey of India has identified this city as a moderately earthquake prone
region and categorized it in the seismic III zone.
Fig 3.1 Map showing the study area of Puttur taluk

3.2 INFILTRATION PROCESS
Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil surface. Infiltration
is the downward entry of water into the soil. The velocity at which water enters the soil is
infiltration rate. It is measured in centimeters per hour. The infiltration rate decreases as the
cumulative time increases. Runoff will occur when the rainfall rate is more than the infiltration
rate. It is related to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the near-surface soil. The rate of
infiltration can be measured using an infiltrometer. It is different from the term percolation
because percolation means movement of water in the soil mass. From the definition it follows that
the process of infiltration will stop unless percolation removes infiltrated water.
Infiltration is mainly caused due to two forces namely gravitational and capillary forces. The
water infiltrating into the soil moves downward through larger soil pores under the force of
gravity. The smaller surface pores take in water by capillarity. The downward moving water is
also sucked in by capillary pores. The gravitational water moves towards the ground water
following the path of least resistance. When the capillary pores at the surface are filled and intake
capacity reduced infiltration rate decreases. As a trend the rate of infiltration is high in the
beginning. It decreases rapidly in the initial stages and then slowly till it approaches a nearly
constant rate. Clay particles in the soil may swell as they become wet and thereby reduce the size
of the pores. In areas where the ground is not protected by a layer of forest litter, raindrops can
detach soil particles from the surface and wash fine particles into surface pores where they can
impede the infiltration process.
3.3 CHECK DAMS

Identify the places of check dams in Puttur Taluk and collect the soil sample near the
check dams. Following are the places that are selected for the check dams,
1. Putthila (12⁰45’09.4”N,75⁰15’34.4”E)
2. Narimogaru (12⁰45’09.4”N,75⁰15’34.4”E)
3. Mura (12⁰78’17.89”N,75⁰18’49.92”E)
4. Hasanthadka (12⁰41’39.1” N,75⁰15’34.4” E)
5. Kumbra (12⁰68’88”N,75⁰25’07”E)
6. Saspetty (12⁰68’88”N,75⁰25’07”E)

Fig 3.2 Checkdams

Following tests are conducted for soil
1. Core cutter method: It is used to for finding field density of cohesive/clayey soils
placed as fill. It is rapid method conducted on field. It cannot be applied to coarse
grained soil as penetration of core cutter becomes difficult due to increased resistance
at the tip of core cutter leading to damage to core cutter.
2. Wet sieve analysis: The procedure is conducted as per code recommendation. The
sieve analysis determines the gradation (the distribution of aggregate particles, by size,
within a given sample) in order to determine compliance with design, production
control requirements, and verification specifications. The results of a sieve analysis can
be used to help classify a soil. Soils can be divided into two broad classes: coarse-
grained soils and fine-grained soils. Coarse-grained soils have particles with a diameter
larger than 0.075 mm. We conclude that sieve analysis is the simple and easy way to
determine the particle size distribution of aggregate.
3. Hydrometer analysis: It is specifically for soil particle sizes that are less than
approximately 0.75 mm in diameter. Hydrometer analysis is essential for obtaining the
complete particle size distribution of such soils. Particle size distribution obtained from
sieve analysis may be combined with the data from a hydrometer analysis to produce a
complete gradation curve.

Fig 3.3 Core cutter method Fig 3.4 Conduction of Wet Sieve Analysis
Fig 3.5 Conduction of Hydrometer Analysis
3.4 DOUBLE RING INFILTROMETER

Double ring Infiltrometer method was used for measurement of infiltration rates at all the sites.
In these two concentric rings were used. The diameter of the inner ring is 300mm + 10mm and
the outer ring diameter is 600mm + 10mm. The slight variation in diameter allowed nesting of
the rings during transport. Rings are 250 mm deep and were made from 6 mm thick steel plate
with sharpened bottom edge. The rings were driven at about 15cm deep in soil by using falling
weight type hammer striking on a wooden plank placed on top of ring uniformly without or
undue disturbance to soil surface. The observations for infiltration rate were carried out on
inner ring with field type point gauge and stop watch etc.

The rate of fall of water level was measured in the inner ring while a pool of water was
maintained at approximately the same level in the outer ring to reduce the amount of lateral
flow from the inner ring. Generally, the water level was kept at 50 mm depth; the difference in
height between the inner and outer rings was kept to a minimum. Other equipments used were
water container, a measuring flask, wooden plank, hammer, stop watch, hook gauge and scale.
The rate of fall of the water level in the inner cylinder water was measured at every 5-minute
intervals. The process was stopped once a steady infiltration rate had been found. The duration
of each test was 2 to 3hours in rivers of the country is 690 km 3. Human activities like artificial
dams, reservoirs are also included in the same category and have capacity to increase
utilization of the water.
Figure 3.6 Double ring Infiltrometer
3.5 DRAWDOWN AND RECUPERATION TEST

Measure the water of the well from the top of the well and always measure the diameter of the
well from the centre of the well. All these measurements should be in meters.
While the water is getting pumped out, we have to measure the water level for different time
interval and simultaneously collect the soil sample by core cutter and soil is tested for wet sieve
analysis, hydrometer analysis and water content determination. The pumping well should be
pumped for atleast 3 to 6 hours. During this measure the discharge from the pumping well using a
barrel or container of known volume. Use stopwatch to note down the time taken to fill up the
barrel. The experiment is conducted for 3 hours. After the pumping process, measure the water
level rise in the well for another 3 hours. Measure the rising water level for different time interval.

The test shows us when the well is pumped how the water level has gone down at a particular time
and how much time it took for the water to rise at the same height in the well. By conducting this
pumping test, we can estimate the transmissity and storativity of the aquifer.
The spatial analysis is carried in Puttur Taluk. For the selected 14 sites in and around Puttur
the infiltration test was conducted by pumping test method and core cutter method is used to
determine the density of soil.
Following are the places that are selected for the pumping test,
1. Nelappalu (12⁰78’51’’N,75⁰18’32’’E)
2. Mottethadka (12⁰44’13.4’’N,75⁰14’4.1’’E)
3. Aryapu (12⁰71’7’’N,75⁰22’21’’E)
4. Samethadka (12⁰76’69’’N,75⁰21’86’’E)
5. Narimogaru (12⁰45’09’’N,75⁰15’34.3’’E)
6. Nidimunda (12⁰71’7’’N,75⁰22’21’’E)
7. Barthikumeri (12⁰79’66’’N, 75⁰22’30’’E)
Fig 3.7 Visit the Site for Recuperation Test
Fig 3.8 Measuring the Water Level

The Cooper Jacob method (9) is a simplification of the Theis method valid for greater time values
and decreasing distance from the pumping well. This method involves truncation of the infinite
Taylor series that is used to estimate the well function. Due to this truncation, not all early time
measured data is considered to be valid for this analysis method. The resulting equation is:
s=(2.3Q/4ΠΔs) x log10(2.25Ttₒ/Sr2)
The above equation plots as a straight line on semi-logarithmic paper if the limiting condition is
met. Thus, straight line plots of drawdown versus time can occur after sufficient time has elapsed.
Time is plotted along the logarithmic X axis and drawdown is plotted along the linear Y axis.
Transmissity and storativity are calculated as follows:
T=2.3Q/4ΠΔs
S=2.25Ttₒ/r2

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 CHECKDAMS
4.1.1 Result of Core Cutter
Table 4.1 Soil properties near check dams
Checkdams Water content (%) Bulk density(gm/cc) Dry density(gm/cc)
Putthila 23.08 2.00 1.62

Narimogaru 25.23 1.70 1.35
Mura 15.88 1.85 1.59
Hasanthadka 27.40 1.87 1.47
Kumbra 19.30 1.92 1.61
Saspetty 12.07 1.74 1.55
From this above Table 4.1 we observed that dry density high in Puthila and Kumbra has 1.62 and
1.61 respectively and low in Narimogaru has 1.35. From this result we observe that bulk density is
an indicator of low soil porosity and soil compaction. Dry density of soil depends upon the
moisture content, beyond the optimum moisture content dry density value reduces.
4.1.2 Result of wet sieve analysis
Table 4.2 Value of wet sieve analysis near checkdams
Checkdams Percentage of Percentage of sand Percentage of silt and

gravel clay
Putthila 25 49.5 25.5
Narimogaru 35 38.5 26.5
Mura 30 37.0 33.0
Hasanthadka 8 37.0 55.0
Kumbra 14 46.0 40.0

Saspetty 23 54.0 23.0
Fig 4.1 Graph of wet sieve analysis for checkdams
From this test we determine the particle size distribution of soil samples. By plot the graph of
diameter of particles verses percentage finer find the percentage of gravel, sand and silt and clay.
From the above Table 4.2 and Fig 4.1 we observed that Puttur Taluk have a poorly graded soil.
4.1.3 Result of hydrometer analysis
Table 4.3 Value of hydrometer analysis near check dams
Place Percentage of silt Percentage of clay
Narimogaru 3 1.92
Putthila 3.2 1.87
Hasanthadka 0.39 0.24
Mura 2.26 1.47
Kumbra 1.2 0.86
Saspetty 1.9 1.34

Fig 4.2 Graph of hydrometer analysis for check dams
From above Table 4.3 and Fig 4.2 we observe that percentage of silt is varies from 0.39%- 3% and
percentage of clay is varies from 0.24%-1.92% in Puttur Taluk.
4.1.4 Result of double ring infiltrometer
Site: Puthila
Puthila is a village in Puttur taluk which is located at 12 ⁰45’09’’N,75 ⁰15’34.3’’E. Near the
stream there is a open well of depth 1.68m. The infiltration data of Puthila is tabulated in
table-

Table 4.4 Infiltration data of Puthila
Place Puthila
Date 21/04/2022
Diameter of inner ring in cm 30
Area of inner ring in cm2 706.85
Seria Time (min) Time (hr) Volume of Infiltration Infiltration
l No. Water depth, V/A in rate,F=df/dt
added (ml) cm (df) in cm/hr
1 5 0.0833 7800 11.035 132.47
2 5 0.0833 2920 4.131 49.592
3 5 0.0833 2220 3.1407 37.703
4 5 0.0833 2020 2.8577 34.307
5 5 0.0833 1920 2.7163 32.608
6 5 0.0833 1830 2.589 31.08
7 5 0.0833 1720 2.43333 29.212
8 5 0.0833 1610 2.2777 27.343
9 5 0.0833 1480 2.0938 25.136
10 5 0.0833 1350 1.9099 22.928
11 5 0.0833 1350 1.9099 22.928
12 5 0.0833 1350 1.9099 22.928
From Table 4.4 infilration rate varies from 22.928cm/hr to 132.47cm/hr in Putthila.
Site: Narimogaru
Narimogaru is a village in Puttur taluk which is located at 12 ⁰45’09.4”N,75 ⁰15’34.4”E. Near

the stream there is a open well of depth 1.38m. The infiltration data of Narimogaru is tabulated
in table-
Table 4.5 Infiltration data of Narimogaru
Place Narimogaru
Date 21/04/2022
added cm in
(ml) (df) cm/hr
1 5 0.0833 7900 11.176 134.17
2 5 0.0833 1000 1.4147 16.984
3 5 0.0833 940 1.3298 15.965
4 5 0.0833 740 1.0469 12.568
5 5 0.0833 700 0.9903 11.888

6 5 0.0833 680 0.962 11.549

7 5 0.0833 660 0.9337 11.209
8 5 0.0833 570 0.8064 9.6806
9 5 0.0833 570 0.8064 9.6806
10 5 0.0833 570 0.8064 9.6806
From Table 4.5 infilration rate varies from 9.6806cm/hr to 134.17cm/hr in Narimogaru.
Site: Mura
Mura is a village in Puttur taluk which is located at 12⁰78’17.89”N,75⁰18’49.92”E. Near the

stream there is a open well of depth 3.66m. The infiltration data of Mura is tabulated in table-
Table 4.6 Infiltration data of Mura
Place Mura
Date 14/05/2022
added cm in
(ml) (df) cm/hr
1 5 0.0833 7710 10.908 130.94
2 5 0.0833 660 0.9337 11.209
3 5 0.0833 280 0.3961 4.7554
4 5 0.0833 280 0.3961 4.4754
5 5 0.0833 200 0.2829 3.3967
6 5 0.0833 200 0.2829 3.3967
7 5 0.0833 200 0.2829 3.3967
From Table 4.6 infilration rate varies from 3.3967cm/hr to 130.94cm/hr in Mura.
Site: Hasanthadka
Hasanthadka is a village in Puttur Taluk which is located at 12⁰41’39.1” N,75⁰15’34.4”

E. Near the stream there is a open well of depth 1.62m. The infiltration data of Hasanthadka is
tabulated in table-
Table 4.7 Infiltration data of Hasanthadka
Place Hasanthada
Date 14/05/2022


l No. Water depth, V/A rate,F=df/dt
added in cm in
(ml) (df) cm/hr
1 5 0.0833 9650 13.652 163.89
2 5 0.0833 4215 5.9631 71.586
3 5 0.0833 1435 2.0301 24.371
4 5 0.0833 1330 1.8816 22.588
5 5 0.0833 1070 1.5138 18.172
6 5 0.0833 930 1.3157 15.795
7 5 0.0833 810 1.1459 13.757
8 5 0.0833 760 1.0752 12.907
9 5 0.0833 705 0.9974 11.973
10 5 0.0833 705 0.9974 11.973
11 5 0.0833 705 0.9974 11.973
From Table 4.7 infilration rate varies from 11.973cm/hr to 163.89cm/hr in Hasanthadka.
Site: Kumbra
Kumbra is a village in Puttur taluk which is located at 12 ⁰68’88”N,75 ⁰25’07”E. Near the
stream there is a open well of depth 1.74m. The infiltration data of Kumbra is tabulated in
table-
Table 4.8 Infiltration data of Kumbra
Place Kumbra
Date 25/05/2022
added cm in
(ml) (df) cm/hr
1 5 0.0833 8400 11.884 142.66
2 5 0.0833 1500 2.1221 25.475
3 5 0.0833 900 1.2733 15.2851
4 5 0.0833 800 1.1318 13.587
5 5 0.0833 750 1.061 12.738
6 5 0.0833 610 0.863 10.36
7 5 0.0833 610 0.863 10.36
8 5 0.0833 610 0.863 10.36
From Table 4.8 infilration rate varies from 10.36cm/hr to 142.66cm/hr in Kumbra.
Site: Saspetty

Saspetty is a village in Puttur taluk which is located at 12 ⁰68’88”N,75 ⁰25’07”E. Near the
stream there is a open well of depth 5.50m. The infiltration data of Saspetty is tabulated in
table-
Table 4.9 Infiltration data of Saspetty
Place Saspetty
Date 25/05/2022
l No. Water depth, V/A rate,F=df/dt
added in cm (df) in cm/hr
(ml)
1 5 0.0833 10350 14.642 175.78
2 5 0.0833 5255 7.4344 89.248
3 5 0.0833 3800 5.376 64.537
4 5 0.0833 2930 4.1452 49.762
5 5 0.0833 2460 3.4802 41.779
6 5 0.0833 2090 2.9568 35.496
7 5 0.0833 1820 2.5748 30.91
8 5 0.0833 1775 2.5111 30.146
9 5 0.0833 1705 2.4121 28.957
10 5 0.0833 1680 2.3767 28.532
11 5 0.0833 1680 2.3767 28.532
12 5 0.0833 1680 2.3767 28.532
From Table 4.9 infilration rate varies from 28.532cm/hr to 175.78cm/hr in Saspetty.
4.2 DRAWDOWN AND RECUPERATION TEST
4.2.1 Result of core cutter
Table 4.10 Value of core cutter test
Well Water content (%) Bulk density(gm/cc) Dry density(gm/cc)
Nelappalu 25 2.62 2.09

Mottethadka 10.34 1.87 1.69
Mottethadka 30.1 1.83 1.39
Aryapu 34 1.34 1.7

Samethadka 21.15 1.67 1.54

Putthila 23.08 2.00 1.62
Nidimunda 18.95 1.76 1.47
Barthikumeri 22.29 1.74 1.42
From this above Table 4.10 we observed that dry density high in Nelappalu has 2.09gm/cc and
low in Barthikumeri has 1.35gm/cc. From this result we observe that bulk density is an indicator
of low soil porosity and soil compaction. Dry density of soil depends upon the moisture content,
beyond the optimum moisture content dry density value reduces.
4.2.2 Result of wet sieve analysis
Table 4.11 Value of wet sieve analysis
Well Percentage of gravel Percentage of sand Percentage of silt

&clay
Nelappalu 25 35 40
Mottethadka 20 45.4 34.6
Mottethadka 19 48.4 32.6
Aryapu 31 26 43
Samethadka 10 39 51
Putthila 25 49.5 25.5
Nidimunda 7.8 38.8 53.4
Barthikumeri 8 36 56
Fig 4.3 Graph of wet sieve analysis for wells

From this test we determine the particle size distribution of soil samples. By plot the graph of
diameter of particles verses percentage finer find the percentage of gravel, sand and silt and clay.
From the above Table 4.11 and Fig 4.3 we observed that Puttur Taluk have a poorly graded soil.
4.2.3 Results of hydrometer analysis
Table 4.12 Value of hydrometer analysis
Well Percentage of silt Percentage of clay

Putthila 4.7 2.32
Nelappalu 2 1.2
Mottethadka 1.05 0.86
Mottethadka 2.6 1.34
Aryapu 2.75 1.4
Samethadka 0.97 0.6
Nidimunda 0.46 0.39
Barthikumeri 0.56 0.39

Fig 4.4 Graph of hydrometer analysis for wells
From above Table 4.12 and Fig 4.4 we observe that percentage of silt is varies from 0.46%- 4.7%
and percentage of clay is varies from 0.39%-2.32% in Puttur Taluk.
4.2.4 Result of drawdown and recuperation test
Table 4.13 Drawdown and recuperation test of
Nelappalu Place: Nelappalu(12⁰78’51’’N,75⁰18’32’’E)
Dia of well = 10.24m
Discharge Q=V/T= 0.46ltr/sec
Time (Min) 1 2.5 5 10 20 40 90 150 180

Drawdown(m) 0.87 1.02 1.22 1.42 1.43 1.46 1.55 1.62 1.63
Recuperation(m) 1.63 1.62 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.53 1.47 1.37 1.36

Table 4.14 Drawdown and recuperation test of Mottethadka
Place:
Mottethadka(12⁰44’13.4’’N,75⁰14’4.1’’E)
Diameter of well=6.9m
Discharge Q=V/T=2.96 ltr/sec
Time (Min) 1 2.5 5 10 20 40 90 150 180

Drawdown(m) 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.34 0.68 0.88 1.07 1.12 1.38
Recuperation(m) 1.38 1.38 1.33 1.32 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.11 1.08
Fig 4.5 Graph of drawdown test for Nelapalu and Mottethadka
Table 4.15 Drawdown and recuperation test of Mottethadka
Place:
Mottethadka(12⁰44’18.1’’N,75⁰14’7.7’’E)
Diameter of well=18.71m
Time (Min) 1 2.5 5 10 20 40 90 150 180

Drawdown(m) 1.88 1.88 1.90 1.93 1.99 2.09 2.19 2.65 2.86
Recuperation(m) 2.86 2.86 2.85 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.28

Table 4.16 Drawdown and recuperation test of Aryapu
Place: Aryapu
(12⁰71’7’’N,75⁰22’21’’E) Diameter of
well=14.42m
Time (Min) 1 2.5 5 10 20 40 90 150 180

Drawdown(m) 0.25 0.27 0.32 0.38 0.48 0.51 0.55 0.72 0.75
Recuperation(m) 0.75 0.72 0.61 0.58 0.51 0.40 0.17 0.14 0.11
Fig 4.6 Graph of drawdown test for Mottethadka and Aryapu
Table 4.17 Drawdown and recuperation test of Samethadka
Place: Samethadka
(12⁰76’69’’N,75⁰21’86’’E) Diameter of
well=9.5m
Discharge Q=V/T=0.64ltr/sec
Time (Min) 1 2.5 5 10 20 40 90 150 180

Drawdown(m) 0.23 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.50 0.55 0.58
Recuperation(m) 0.58 0.58 0.55 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.32 0.30

Table 4.18 Drawdown and recuperation test of Narimogaru
Place: Narimogaru
(12⁰45’09’’N,75⁰15’34.3’’E) Diameter of
well=10.8m
Time (Min) 1 2.5 5 10 20 40 90 150 180

Drawdown(m) 0.80 1.17 1.22 1.29 1.37 1.53 1.57 1.60 1.63
Recuperation(m) 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.56 1.53 1.49 1.47
Fig 4.7 Graph of drawdown test for Samethadka and Narimogaru
Table 4.19 Drawdown and recuperation test of Barthikumeri
Place: Barthikumeri(12⁰79’66’’N,
75⁰22’30’’E) Diameter of well=3.20m
Time (Min) 1 2.5 5 10 20 40 90 150

Drawdown(m) 4.51 4.51 4.59 4.63 4.67 4.91 5.17 5.35
Recuperation(m) 5.35 5.35 5.34 5.34 5.34 5.33 5.33 5.32

Table 4.20 Drawdown and recuperation test of Nidhimunda
Place: Nidhimunda (12⁰71’07’’N,75⁰22’21”
E) Diameter of well=25.13m
Discharge Q=V/T=2.04 l/sec
Time (Min) 1 2.5 5 10 20 40 90 150 180

Drawdown(m) 1.64 1.66 1.72 1.75 1.77 1.78 1.80 1.86 1.94
Recuperation(m) 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.92 1.91 1.88 1.81 1.78 1.75
Fig 4.8 Graph of drawdown test for Barthikumeri and Nidimuda
From Table 4.13 to Fig 4.8 the following S value is given below Table 4.21
Table 4.21 The specific yield of the well for different sites
Place Specific yield(S) value

Nelappalu 0.224
Mottethadka 1.512
Mottethadka 0.149
Aryapu 0.534
Samethadka 0.412
Narimogaru 0.144
Barthikumeri 2.515
Nidimunda 0.0464

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The ground water level in Puttur has decreased drastically from few years. As a result, water level
in the well and the borewell has gone down. To overcome these problems, ground water recharge
is a solution.
 Since Puttur taluk is having many streams where the water flows up to the month of January
to February. Constructing the check dams to these streams is one of the traditional and best
method to recharge the ground water.
 Five potential sites where the check dams are already constructed are selected to study the
effect of ground water recharge. From the result we can say that the variation of after level in
the bund will also effect level of ground water in nearby well and bore wells. As the
groundwater level decrease infiltration value increase.
 Infiltration rate depends upon the saturation condition of the soil and it is observed that
in Puttur Taluk Percentage of silt is more.
 From Drawdown and Recuperation test for well Specific yield (S) values for the aquifer
vary over the range 0.0464 to 2.515 in Puttur Taluk

FUTURE SCOPES

CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPES
 Rainwater harvesting is an important environment friendly approach. It is a Green Practice

having double benefit of keeping the groundwater level undisturbed and charging the
aquifer. The unused or extra water can be sent down the aquifer to charge the groundwater
level.
 Check dams are used primarily to control water velocity, conserve soil, and improve land.
It reduces soil erosion and flood hazards by collecting rainwater and reducing the flow of
stormwater to prevent urban flooding.

REFERENCES
1. Gaylan Rasul Faqe Ibrahim, Azad Rasul, Arieann Ali Hamid, Zana Fattah Ali and Amanj
Ahmad Dewana, The Suitable site selection for rain water harvesting and storage case
study using dohuk goverorate, pp.1-16, 2019.
2. P Anil Kumar, P V M Vardhan, S N Karishma, The Study of soil infiltration rates on

different soil conditions at selected sites: A case study on “International Journal of Latest
Trends in Engineering and Technology”, Vol. (10) Issue (1), pp.223-227.
3. J A Bonnet and M.A. Lugo Lope, The rate of infiltration of lateritic soils: A case study on
“International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology”, pp.161-162
4. Sandeep Kumar Tripathi, P. Raha and R. Tripathi, The Assessment of

rainwater harvesting capacity of check dam reservoir in Barkaccha, a part of central
vindhyan plateau of Mizapur district, Uttar Pradesh, India: A case study on “International
Journal of Agriculture Environment and Biotechnology”, January 2014
5. Ammar Adham, Michel Riksen, Mohamed Ouessar, Coen

Ritsema, The Study of Identification of suitable sites for rainwater harvesting structures in
arid and semi-arid regions: A case study on “International Soil and Water Conservation
Research 4”, 2016, pp.108-120.
6. Ashok Kumar, Bhanupriya Sharma, Vikas Vashsith, Digambae

Singh, The study of Rain water harvesting & conservation: A case study on “SSRG
International Journal of Civil Engineering” (SSRG-IJCE)-Volume 4 Issue 8-August 2017.
7. Shreyas D Modh, MS Hetal Pandya, The study of Rain water harvesting in sandy soil
reaervoir (Pond), A case study on “Journal of Information, Knowledge and Research in
Civil Engineering” Volume 3, Issue 2, November 14 to October 15.
8. Shao Hung Chung, Study of the rainfall infiltration effect and soil
strength variation on unsaturated laterite terraces: A case study on “Proceedings of 4th
World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environment Engineering”, Rome, Italy-
April,2019, pp. CGRE 184(1-8).

9. David Keith Todd, Groundwater Hydrology Second edition (2004).
10. Dr. B.C Punmia, Ashok Jain, Arun Kumar Jain, Soil mechanics and foundations 16th
edition.

PERSONAL PROFILE
Mr. Prashantha received the Degree in Civil

Engineering from NMAMIT, Nitte ,Karkala in the
year 2004.He is an Assistant Professor in Civil
Engineering Department an having teaching
experience of 16 years 7 months and Industrial
experience of 2 years. His subject of interest
including Geotechnical Engineering, Water
Supply Engineering, Waste Water Engineering,
Estimation and Costing, Hydrology and Irrigation
Engineering. He is a member of Indian society for
Technical Education [MISTE]. He has presented
10 papers in National Level Conference.
Ms. Ananya B M
USN: 4VP18CV002
Department of CV, VCET Puttur
D/O Mutthappa Gowda B
Boodipalla, Yenekallu post &
village, Sullia Tq, D.K-574238
Mob No: 9945711124
Email: ananyagowda2018vcet@gmail.com

Ms. Ankitha M
USN: 4VP18CV003
Department of CV, VCET
Puttur D/O Ramanna
Mudalaje, Balnadu village,
Ujirpade post,Puttur Tq,D.K-
574203 Mob No: 9686370687
Email: ankitha.blnd@gmail.com
Ms. Bhavya B
USN: 4VP18CV007
Puttur D/O Vasu
Bagilugadde, Indabettu Village,
Bangady Post, Belthangady Tq, D.K-
574214 Mob No: 8296876747
Email: bhavyab2019@gmail.com
Ms. Jahnavi V K
USN: 4VP18CV015
Puttur D/O Krishna Varma
Yermbu Pandaje, Sathya sai vihara
post, Alike village, Bantwal Tq, D.K-
574235 Mob No: 6363234718
Email: jahnavivk02@gmail.com

Mr. H. Hemanth Kumar
Executive Secretary
11th May, 2022
Ref: 7.1.01/SPP/91
The Principal,
Vivekananda College of Engineering and Technology,
Nehru Nagar,
Puttur – 574 203
Dear Sir/Madam,
Sub : Sanction of Student Project - 45th Series: Year 2021-2022
Project Proposal Reference No. : 45S_BE_1018

Ref : Project Proposal entitled STUDY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING USING CHECK DAMS IN
PUTTUR TALUK
We are pleased to inform that your student project proposal referred above, has been approved by
the Council under "Student Project Programme - 45th Series". The project details are as below:
Student(s) Ms. JAHNAVI V K
Ms. ANANYA B M Department CIVIL ENGINEERING
Ms. ANKITHA M
Ms. BHAVYA B Sanctioned
Guide(s) Prof. PRASHANTHA Amount 6,000.00
(in Rs.)
Instructions:
a) The project should be performed based on the objectives of the proposal submitted.
b) Any changes in the project title,objectives or students team is liable for rejection of the project
and your institution shall return the sanctioned funds to KSCST.
c) Please quote your project reference number printed above in all your future correspondences.
d) After completing the project, 2 to 3 page write-up (synopsis) needs to be uploaded on to the
following Google Forms link https://forms.gle/YMn9K7XETu96i8KbA. The synopsis should
include following:
1) Project Reference Number
2) Title of the project
3) Name of the College & Department
4) Name of the students & Guide(s)
5) Keywords
6) Introduction / background (with specific reference to the project, work done earlier, etc) -
about 20 lines
7) Objectives (about 10 lines)
45S_BE_1018
8) Methodology ( about 20 lines on materials, methods, details of work carried out, including
drawings, diagrams etc)
9) Results and Conclusions (about 20 lines with specific reference to work carried out)
10) Scope for future work (about 20 lines).
e ) In case of incompeted projects, the sanctioned amount shall be returned to KSCST.
f) The sanctioned amount will be transferred by NEFT to the bank account provided by the
College/Institute.
g ) The sponsored projects evaluation will be held in the Nodal Centre/Online Mode and the details
of the same will be intimated shortly by email / Website announcement.
h ) After completion of the project, soft copy of the project report duly signed by the Principal, the
HoD, Guide(s) and studetn(s) shall be uploaded in the following Google Forms Link
https://forms.gle/PciAaAVisn6bn8AM7. The report should be prepared in the format prescribed
by the university.
Please visit our website for further announcements / information and for any clarifications please
email to spp@kscst.org.in
Thanking you and with best regards,
Yours sincerely,
(H. Hemanth Kumar)
Copy to:
1) The HoD
CIVIL ENGINEERING
VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PUTTUR, DAKSHINA KANNADA
2) Prof. PRASHANTHA
CIVIL ENGINEERING
VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PUTTUR, DAKSHINA KANNADA
3) THE ACCOUNTS OFFICER

KSCST, BENGALURU

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI – 590 018, KARNATAKA, INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Signature of the Principal

We are thankful to the management of Vivekananda College of Engineering and

We, Ananya B M (4VP18CV002), Ankitha M(4VP18CV003), Bhavya B

Sl.no Student Name USN Signature with Date

Title Page No.

1.2 Global Water Scenario 2-3

1.3 Indian Water Scenario 3

1.4 Rain Water Harvesting 3-4

1.5 Methods of Rain Water Harvesting 4-5

1.6 Need of Study 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.2 Summary 9-10

3.2 Infiltration Process 13

3.3 Check Dams 13-15

3.4 Double Ring Infiltrometer 15-16

3.5 Drawdown and Recuperation test 16-18

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19

4.1.3 Results of Hydrometer Analysis 21-22

4.1.4 Results of Double ring Infiltrometer 22-26

4.2 Drawdown and Recuperation test 26

4.2.1 Results of Core Cutter 26-27

4.2.2 Results of Wet Sieve Analysis 27-28

4.2.3 Results of Hydrometer Analysis 28-29

4.2.4 Results of Drawdown and Recuperation test 29-33

Figure No. Title Page

4.1 Graph of Wet Sieve Analysis for Check Dams 21

4.2 Graph of Hydrometer Analysis for Check Dams 22

4.3 Graph of Wet Sieve Analysis for Wells 27

4.4 Graph of Wet Sieve Analysis for Wells 28-29

4.5 Graph of Drawdown test for Nelapalu and Mottethadka 30

4.6 Graph of Drawdown test for Mottethadka and Aryapu 31

4.7 Graph of Drawdown test for Samethadka and Narimogaru 32

4.8 Graph of Drawdown test for Barthikumeri and Nidimuda 33

Table No Title Page No

Department of Civil Page

1.2 GLOBAL WATER SCENARIO

Department of Civil Page 2

1.3 INDIAN WATER SCENARIO

1.4 RAINWATER HARVESTING

Department of Civil Page 3

1.5 METHODS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

Department of Civil Page 4

is still very much in use today.

1.6 NEED OF STUDY

Department of Civil Page 5

Department of Civil Page 6

Department of Civil Page 7

Department of Civil Page 8

Groundwater recharge is a function of the annual average rainfall, hydrological characteristics,

Department of Civil Page 9

Department of Civil Page

Department of Civil Page

3.1 STUDY AREA

Fig 3.1 Map showing the study area of Puttur taluk

Department of Civil Page