FROG

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

CONSTITUTION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

ALIMENTARY CANAL AND DIGESTIVE GLANDS.

WHY IS THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IN FROGS SHORT?

THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IN FROGS IS SHORT SINCE THEY ARE CARNIVORES SO THE LENGTH OF THE
INTESTINE IS REDUCED.

STRUCTURE OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

-THE MOUTH OPENS INTO THE BUCCAL CAVITY.

-THE BUCCAL CAVITY LEADS TO THE OESOPHAGUS THROUGH THE PHARYNX.

-OESOPHAGUS IS A SHORT TUBE THAT OPENS INTO THE STOMACH AND CONTINUES INTO THE INTESTINE,
RECTUM AND FINALLY OPENS OUTSIDE THE CLOACA.

PROCESS OF DIGESTION OF FOOD IN FROGS:

-THE FOOD IS CAPTURED BY THE BILOBED TONGUE OF THE FROG.

-DIGESTION OF THE FOOD TAKES PLACE BY THE SECRETION OF HCL AND OTHER GASTRIC JUICES BY THE
WALLS OF THE STOMACH.

-PARTIALLY DIGESTED FOOD CALLED CHYME IS PASSED FROM THE STOMACH TO THE FIRST PART OF THE
INTESTINE, THE DUODENUM.

-THE DEUDONUM RECIEVES THE BILE FROM THE GALL BLADDER AND PANCREATIC JUICES FROM THE
PANCREAS THROUGH A COMMON BILE DUCT.THE BILE WAS PRODUCED BY THE LIVER AND IS STORED IN
GALL BLADDER.

-BILE EMULSIFIES FAT AND PANCREATIC JUICES DIGEST CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS.

-FINAL DIGESTION TAKES PLACE IN THE INTESTINE.DIGESTED FOOD IS ABSORBED BY THE VARIOUS VILLI AND
MICRO-VILLI I.E. FINGLE LIKE STRUCTURE PRESENT ON THE WALLS OF THE INTESTINE.

-THE UNDIGESTED SOLID WASTE MOVES INTO THE RECTUM AND PASSES OUT THROUGHT THE CLOACA.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG:-

HOW DOES FROG RESPIRE?

FROG RESPIRES ON LAND AND WATER BY TWO DIFFERENT METHODS.

IN WATER: IN WATER THE SKIN ACTS AS A ACQUATIC RESPIRATORY ORGAN (CUTANEOUS

RESPIRATION).DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WATER IS EXCHANGED THROUGH THE SKIN BY DIFFUSSION.

ON LAND: THE BUCCAL CAVITY, SKIN AND LUNGS ACT AS THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.THE RESPIRATION BY
LUNGS IS CALLED PULMONARY RESPIRATION.

DESCRIBE STRUCTURE OF LUNGS IN FROG.

-THE LUNGS IN FROGS ARE ELONGATED PINK COLOURED SAC LIKE STRUCTURES PRESENT IN THE UPPER PART
OF TRUNK REGION (THORAX) .

HOW DOES FROG RESPIRE ON LAND?

AIR ENTERS THROUGH THE NOSTRILS INTO THE BUCCAL CAVITY AND THEN TO THE LUNGS.

HOWEVER DURING AESTIVATION AND HIBERNATION RESPIRATION I.E. GASEOUS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE
THROUGHT THE SKIN.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN FROGS:

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM OF FROGS IS OF CLOSED TYPE.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IS ASLO PRESENT IN FROGS.

WHICH ORGANS CONSTITUE THE BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM IN FROGS.

THE BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM IN FROG CONSISTS OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS AND BLOOD.

WHAT DOES THE LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM CONSTITUE OF?

THE LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM IN FROG CONSISTS OF LYMPH,LYMH CHANNELS AND LYMPH NODES.

DESCRIBE TH STRUCTURE OF HEART IN FROGS?

HEART IS A MUSCULAR STRUCTURE SITUATED IN THE UPPER PART OF THE BODY

IT HAS THREE CHAMBERS TWO ATRIA AND ONE VENTRICLE AND IS COVERED BY A MEMBRANE CALLED
PERICARDIUM.

WHAT IS SINUS VENOSUS?

IT IS A TRIANGULAR STRUCTURE WHICH JOINS THE RIGHT ATRIUM.IT RECIVES DE-OXYGENATED BLOOD
THROUGH THE MAJOR VEINS VENA CAVA.

WHAT IS CONUS ARTERIOSUS?

THE VENTRICLE OPENS INTO A SAC LIKE CONUS ARTERIOSUS ON THE VENTRAL SIDE OF THE HEART.

WHAT IS HEPATIC PORTAS SYSTEM?

SPECIAL VENOUS CONNECTION BETWEEN LIVER AND INTESTINE IS CALLED HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM.

WHAT IS RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM?

SPECIAL VENOUS CONNECTION BETWEEN KIDNEYS AND LOWER PARTS OF THE BODY OF FROG IS CALLED
RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM.

WHAT IS THE BLOOD COMPOSED OF ?

THE BLOOD IS COMPOSED OF PLASMA AND CELLS.THE BLOOD CELLS PRESENT IN FROG ARE RBC OR
ERTHROCYTES,WBC OR LEUCOCYTES AND PLATELETS.

HOW ARE THE RBC PRESENT IN FORG?

THE RBC IN FROG ARE NUCLEATED ANC CONTAIN RED COLOURED PIGMENT HAEMOGLOBIN.

WHAT IS LYMPH?

THE LYMPH IS DIFFERENT FROM BLOOD .IT LACKS FEW PROTEINS AND RBC.

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE BLOOD?

THE BLOOD CARRIES NUTRIENTS, GASES AND WATER TO THE RESPECTIVE SITES DURING CIRCULATION.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN FROGS:

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM?

THE FUNCTION OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM IS TO GET RID OFF NITROGENOUS WASTE FROM THE BODY.

WHICH ORGANS CONSTITUTE THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN FROGS?

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A PAIR OF KIDNEYS, URETURS, CLOACA AND URINARY BLADDER.

DESCRIBE THE LOCATION AND STRUCTURE OF KIDNEYS?

-THE KIDNEYS ARE COMPACT, DARK RED AND BEAN LIKE STRUCTURE SITUATED A LITTLE POSTERIORLY IN THE
BODY CAVITY ON BOTH SIDES OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN.

EACH KIDNEY IS COMPOSED OF NUMEROUS STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS CALLED URINIFEROUS
TUBULES OR NEPHRONS.

EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF URETUR IN MALE FROG?

IN MALE FROGS TWO URETERS EMERGE FROM THE KIDNEYS IN MALE FROG.THE URETER ACTS AS A
URINOGENITIAL DUCT WHICH OPENS IN THE CLOACA.BOTH URINE AND GAMETES PASS THROUGHT HE
URETER.

EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF URETER IN FEMALE FROG?

IN FEMALE FROG THE URETER AND OVIDUCT OPEN SEPARATELY INTO THE CLOACA.

EXPLAIIN LOCATION OF URNIARY BLADDER?

THE THIN WALLED URINARY BLADDER IS PRESENT VENTRAL TO THE RECTUM AND OPENS INTO THE CLOACA.

WHY IS FROG CALLED A URIOTELCI ANIMAL?

THE FROG EXCRETES UREA AND IS CALLED A UREOTELIC ANIMAL.

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF KIDNEYS?

EXCRETORY WASTES ARE CARRIED BY THE BLOOD INTO THE KIDNEY WHERE THEY ARE SEPARTED AND
EXCRETED.

NERVOUS SYSTEM IN FROG:

THE SYSTEM FOR CONTROL AND COORDINATION IS HIGHLY EVLOVED IN FROGS.

THE FROG CONTAINS BOTH THE NEURAL SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE GLANDS.

EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN FROGS?

THE CHEMICAL COORDINATION OF THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BODY IS ACHIEVED BY HORMONES WHICH
ARE SECRETED BY ENDOCRINE GLANDS.

NAME THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS PRESENT IN FROG?

THE PROMINENT ENDOCRINE GLANDS PRESENT IN FROG ARE PITUATARY, THYROID, PARATHYROID,
PANCREATIC ISLETS, THYMUS, PINEAL BODY, ADRENAL GLANDS AND GONADS.

ORGANISATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM PRESENT IN FROGS?

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN FROG IS ORGANISED INTO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(CONSISTING OF BRAIN
AND SPINAL CORD) ,THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CONSISTING OF TEN PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES
ORIGNATING FROM THE BRAIN AND SPINAL NERVES) AND AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM (CONSISTING
OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM).
HOW IS THE BRAIN PROTECTED?

THE BRAIN IS ENCLOSED IN A BONY STRUCTURE CALLED BRAIN BOX(CRANIUM).

HOW IS THE BRAIN ORGANISED?

THE BRAIN IS ORGANISED INTO THE FORE BRAIN, MID BRAIN AND HIND BRAIN.

WHAT DOES FORE BRAIN CONTAIN?

THE FORE BRAIN CONTAINS OLFACTORY LOBES, PAIRED CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES AND UNPAIRED
DIENCEPHALON.

WHAT DOES MID BRAIN CONTAIN?

THE MID BRAIN IS CHARACTERISED BY THE PRESENCE OF PAIR OF OPTICAL LOBES.

WHAT DOES HIND BRAIN CONTAIN?

THE HIND BRAIN CONSISTS OF CEREBELLUM AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA.THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA PASSES
OUT THROUGH THE FORAMEN MAGNUM AND CONTINUES INTO THE SPINAL CORD WHICH IS ENCLOSED BY
VERTERBAL COLUMN.

WHICH ARE THE SENSORY ORGANS PRESENT IN FROG?

FROG HAS DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENSORY ORGANS.NAMELY

SENSORY PAPILLAE: ORGANS OF TOUCH

TASTE BUDS: ORGAN OF TASTE

NASAL EPITHELIUM: ORGAN OF SMELL

EYES: ORGAN FOF VISION

EARS: ORGANS OF HEARING AND BALANCING. TYMPANUM WITH INTERNAL EARS

OUT OF THE ABOVE EYES AND EARS ARE WELL DEVELOPED STRUCTURE WHILE OTHERS ARE CELLULAR
AGGREGATIONS AROUND NERVE ENDINGS.

EXPLAIN THE STRUCTURE OF EYES IN FROGS:

EYES ARE SPHERICAL STRUCTURES SITUATED IN THE ORBITS IN SKULL.

THESE ARE SIMPLE EYES POSSESING ONLY ONE UNIT.

EXPLAIN THE EARS IN FROGS?

EXTERNAL EAR IS ABSENT IN FROGS ONLY TYMPANUM CAN BE SEEN EXTERNALLY.THE EAR IS AN ORGAN OF
HEARING AND BALANCING.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM :

MALES:

WHICH ARE THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS?

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS CONSTITUE A PAIR OF YELLOWISH OVOID TESTES WHICH ARE FOUND
ADHERED TO THE UPPER PART OF THE KIDNEYS BY A DOUBLE FOLD OF PERITONIUM CALLED MESORCHIUM.
VASA EFFRENTIA ARE 10-12 IN NUMBERS THAT ARISE FROM THE TESTES.THEY ENTER INTO THE KIDNEYS ON
THEIR SIDE AND OPEN INTO THE BIDDERS’ CANAL.FINALLY IT COMMUNICATES WITH THE URIOGENITIAL
DUCT THAT COMES OUT OF THE KIDNEYS AND OPENS INTO THE CLOACA.

THE CLOACA IS A SMALL MEDIAN CHAMBER THAT IS USED TO PASS FAECCAL MATTER, URINE AND SPERM TO
THE EXTERIOR.

FEMALE:

NAME THE ORGANS THAT CONSTIUTE THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM?

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS INCLUDE A PAIR OF OVARIES.THE OVARIES ARE SITUATED NEAR THE
KIDNEYS BUT THERE IS NO FUNCTIONAL CONNECTION WITH THE KIDNEYS.

A PAIR OF OVIDUCT ARISING FROM THE OVARIES OPEN INTO THE CLOACA SEPARATELY.

A MATURE FEMAL CAN LAY 2500 TO 3000 OVA AT A TIME.

HOW DOES FERTILISATION TAKE PLACE IN FROGS?

FERTILISATION IS EXTERNAL IN FROGS AND TAKES PLACE IN WATER.

HOW IS DEVELOPMENT IN FROGS?

DEVELOPMENT INVOLVES A LARVAL STAGE CALLED TADPOLE.TADPOLE UNDERGOES METAMORPHOSIS TO

BECOME AN ADULT.

HOW ARE FROG BENIFICIAL TO MANKIND?

-THEY EAT INSECT AND PROTECT THE CROP.

-FROG MAINTAIN ECOLOGICAL BALANCE BECAUSE THEY SERVE AS AN IMPORANT LINK OF FOOD CHAIN AND
FOOD WEB IN ECOSYSTEM.

-IN SOME COUNTRIES MUSCULAR LEGS OF FROG ARE USED AS FOOD BY MAN.