INTRODUCTION The modern term “state” is derived from the word “status”. It was Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 — 1527) who first used the term “state” in his writings. His important work is titled as “Prince” Definitions The state is the highest form of human association. It is necessary because it comes into existence out of the basic needs of life. It continues to remain for the sake of good life To Woodrow Wilson, “State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.” Aristotle defined the state as a “union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and self — sufficing life by which it meant a happy and good life”. Burgess defines the state as “a particular portion of mankind viewed as an organized unit.”> Chart showing the outermost and the innermost of the Sta’ society politics. state governmen erence between State & Society | Society is a broader term compared to the State © State has territorial referenc = State zn — Society is © State cannot exist without a government — Society may not be politically organized © State & Society differ in purpose Society does not not soverDifferences between state and society : State and Society The society consists of a large number of individuals, families, group and institutions. The early political thinkers considered both state and society as one. State is a part of society but is not a form of society. FSR ET Tee PTT ETT TENT SP State came into existence after the Society is prior to the state. origin of the society The scope of the state is limited. State has fixed territory Society has no fixed territory State is a political organization. Society is a social organization. The state has power to enforce laws. Society has no power to enforce laws. The scope of society is much wider. onan‘< # Differences between State and Nation : State and Nation: The word “nation” is derived from the Latin word “natio” hich means birth or race. The terms nation and state are used as synonym. Stat Existed not only at present but also in the ancient period Thus the distinction between the state and nation in clear. See the table below. Ee uecet Modern phenomenon or occurrence 2 It is legal political itis ethnic cultural ia People organized for law within a definite territory. People psychologically joined together with common will to live together heterogeneous groups of people 4 ‘A state must be sovereign. People continue as a nation even if they do not remain Sovereign 5 Inhabited (populated) by Inhabited (populated) by homogeneous groups of people.Differences between State and Government ; State and Government: Government is often used with the ‘state’ as synonym. But both the government and the state are two different entities (unities). There are differences between the state | and the government. They are explained in the table given | below Differences between State and Government : ir State consists of population, territory, government and sovereignty. Government Government is part of the state 2 | State possesses original powers. Powers of the government are derived from the state 3 |State is permanent and continues forever. Government is temporary It may come and go. 4 | State is abstract and invisible. Government is concrete and is visible.Elements of state: 1. People — the mass of the population living within the state. 2. Territory — demarcated area that rightly belongs to the population. - answer the question, “where?” - terrestrial, fluvial, maritime and aerial; - should be permanent and large enough to be self- sufficing. 3. Government — Refers to the agency to which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out. 4. Sovereignty — may be defined as the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from the people within its jurisdiction and corollary to have freedom from foreign control.Ea ti Sa ==" Definition: the area in which a state’s rule applies » A state must have set boundaries, but they are not always agreed on > Boundaries can change in three ways: * war — people win or lose territory + negotiation — people agree to trade territory * purchase — states can buy territory from other states Population It is the people who make the state. Population is essential for the state. Greek thinkers were of the view that the population should neither be too big nor too small. According to Plato the ideal number would be 5040. Accor: ig to Aristotle, the number should be neither too large nor too small. It should be large enough to be self sufficing and small enough to be well governed.THE ELEMENTS OF STATE Government : Government is the third element of the state. There can be no state without government. Government is the working agency of the state. It is the political organization of the state. Prof. Appadorai defined government as the agency through which the force of the State is formulated, expressed and realized. According to C.F. Strong, in order to make and enforce laws the state must have highest authority. This is called the Government. Sovereignty : The fourth essential element of the state is sovereignty. The word "sovereignty” means supreme and final legal authority above and beyond which no legal power exists Sovereignty has two aspects : 1) Internal sovereignty 2) External sovereignty Vv iInternal sovereignty means that the State is supreme over all its citizens, and associations. “External sovereignty means that the state is independent and free from foreign or outside control.Origin of the State 1. Divine Right Theory - holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people 2. Necessity or force theory - maintains that states must have been created through force 3. Paternalistic theory - attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family 4. Social Contract theory - asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact ong people to form a government of their ownOrganic theory The state is like a living organism and there is a complete inter-dependence among the individuals who constitute it. The State, according to the theorists, is a living organised entity, not a lifeless instrument. In 19" century Herbert Spencer adopted this theory in his famous book “Principles of sociology”The Marxian or Communist theory The exponents of these theory are Karl Marx and Fredric Engels. Marx detailed the theory in his famous work “Das Capital” They believed that state originated at a certain period of economic development. The state is an instrument of exploitation and coercion and is a product and manifestation of irreconcilable class antagonism Lenin, further clarified this point by saying- state is an organ for oppression of one class by another and its creates order which legalises and perpetuates this oppression byIdealist theory Immanuel Kant is regarded as the father of thi theory. He regarded state as omnipotent, infallible and divine in essence. Individual has no right to revolt against state Cardinal duty of citizens to serve the state He gave more s ress on the performance of individual duty Freedom does not mean that everybody is at liberty to act according, to their will It should be aimed at romoting welfSocial contract theory Dominated the European political thought in the 18!" century. Of all the theories, this is the important theory. Came into being as a reaction against divine theory Social contract theory reached its culmination the hands of Locke Rousseau and Hobbes. They are the chief exponents of the theory. It deals with some fundamental assumptions like, “state of nature— social contract” . civil society etc. According to Hobbes in the state of nature man’s condition ww: vas ble. It was a state of wild sav: _ where the According to Locke, in the beginning mans life was peaceful and man lead a very natural life. The pious laws of nature gave him, right to life property and freedom But there was no person to zovern this freedom. Everybody started to interpret these frecdoms in their own way. This lead to conflicts. According to Rousseau, man lead a blissful life in the state of nature or pre political age. But later, when property and population lead into conflicts.Functions Of State i) Defensive Function This primary function of state includes defence from external aggression and maintenance of law and order, as these two are essential for economic devipt. ii) Administrative Function Setting up of administrative structure and agencies for administering and controlling the different departments in the country. iii) To Provide Social Security Insurance against accident, assistance to poor, the sick and the unemployed. Promotion of natural and human resources by providing education, medical aid, housing, library, public parks, sports grounds, museums. —Assess, Explore and make Optimum utilisation of natural resources -Ensure growth by maintaining economic stability -Reduce economic disparities by minimising the gap between rich and poor and providing socio economic justice - Increasing the economic growth by arranging necessary raw material, machinery and foreign assistance & making and executing economic plans acc.to these.State in Political Science