Optics Communications 462 (2020) 125272

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Optics Communications
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Deep neural network method for channel estimation in visible light

communication
Xi Wu, Zhitong Huang ∗, Yuefeng Ji
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and
Optical Communications, No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100876, China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Visible light communications (VLC) has been regarded as a promising technology for high-speed indoor wireless
Visible light communication (VLC) accessing since it can offer both lighting and network. However, the spectral efficiency of the VLC system based
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is always smaller than RF-OFDM because light-emitting
(OFDM)
diodes (LED) require real-value signals. Pilots occupy the spectrum in proportion for channel estimation(CE)
Deep neural network (DNN)
to improve communication quality. Based on this consideration, we firstly present the idea of introducing deep
learning technology into the CE scheme in the VLC system and propose a CE scheme based on Deep Neural
Networks(DNN) perform as well as conventional CE schemes with fewer pilots. The result of experiments
validates the feasibility of DNN-based CE.

1. Introduction it more complex. Generally, the transmitted optical signals must be

Due to the rapidly growing demand for Internet resources, VLC has
been considered to be the promising technology for indoor wireless
accessing accounting for its advantage of broad bandwidth, high speed,
and confidentiality [1–3]. Moreover, OFDM, which has been success-
fully used in radio frequency (RF) systems, is also widely employed
in VLC systems in view of its resistance to inter-symbol interference
(ISI) [4]. Two general forms of OFDM for generating monopole signals
in the VLC system are Asymmetric Limit Optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM)
and DC Bias Optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM), both result in lower spectral
efficiency compared with RF OFDM. Furthermore, redundant signals
such as pilots in the traditional channel estimation scheme further
occupy spectrum resources [5]. It is obvious that spectral efficiency
needs to be improved. We concentrate on the spectrum occupied by
pilots, which used to help channel estimation (CE), This article [6]
verify that the estimator, which adds more pilots to help, could get
better performance, this kind of schemes, of course, increases the
computational complexity or occupy more band resource. Some CE
schemes have been proposed in these works. The pilot-based channel
estimation methods, i.e., least squares (LS) and minimum mean-square
error (MMSE), have been adopted and work well in VLC. This work [7]
shows that the LS method is less complex and easier to implement,
however, it is more sensitive to external noise. MMSE algorithm can
combat both frequency selectivity and time selectivity of fading channel
and perform greatly. On the other hand, in order to get CIRs more
precisely, the auto-correlation matrix channel, statistics of the channel
and operating noise power are needed in MMSE, of course, makes
non-negative real values, as does channel impulse response (CIR) on ac-
count of the intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) mechanism
adopted by VLC systems. To satisfy the special constraints, conventional
CE schemes which work efficiently in an RF-based communication
system might be reconsidered or changed. This work [8] proves that
block-type pilot arrangement is more suitable for the DCO-OFDM sys-
tem over VLC channels rather than comb-type pilot arrangement which
is generally preferred in OFDM. This work [9] giving VSW function to
track the instantaneous indoor optical channel, has the same concern
on computational complexity as the MMSE scheme.
Deep learning (DL) [10], has received amounts of compliments
because of its excellent performance on computer vision, natural lan-
guage processing and pattern recognition with the help of growing
computing resources. It has already shown the potential when applied
in wireless communications, This work [11] proposed end-to-end learn-
ing of communications systems, shows its performance on the physical
layer. Concentrate on VLC systems. There also have been some learning
methods work greatly on VCL fields such as CSI-based positioning [12],
channel equalization [13], and channel estimation [14]. This one [14]
proves that neural networks could be effectively trained to predict the
nonlinear characteristics of the VLC. However, it is designed to adjust
the parameters depends on online data and do a real-time adjustment,
which means the burden of calculation and the delay because of the
dependency. This article [15] proposes a m-MIMO VLC system channel
estimation scheme based on fast and flexible denoising convolutional
neural network (FFDNet), [16] considering the time–frequency re-
sponse of a rapidly fading communication channel as a 2D image, and

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hzt@bupt.edu.cn (Z. Huang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125272
Received 25 November 2019; Received in revised form 4 January 2020; Accepted 7 January 2020
Available online 10 January 2020
0030-4018/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
X. Wu, Z. Huang and Y. Ji Optics Communications 462 (2020) 125272

using the principle of image restoration to estimate the channel, it

shows that the performance of the deep learning network in the channel
estimation of the communication system can be comparable to MMSE
scheme. Considering that deep learning fits wireless communication
channels well, and the principle is to train the deep neural network
to fit the channel response through data, so it can be introduced into
visible light communication.
In this paper, we adopted a DNN model which integrates deep
learning to the neural network [17], for channel estimation in DCO-
OFDM systems and provide an effective solution to reduce the spectrum
resources occupied by channel estimation. The performance is evalu-
ated by bit-error rates (BER) [18]. The result proves that deep learning
techniques can learn and analyze the characteristics of channels, gen-
erate a model to help recover polluted signal and substitute for
traditional CE. Compared with the conventional CE scheme, it offers
a method using fewer pilots and could work under bad conditions.
As far as we know, this is the first study to adopt an offline deep
learning model for CE in a VLC system. The results indicate that deep
learning techniques have greater exploration potential in the direction
of channel estimation.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we intro-
duce the overall system model. In Section 3, we present preliminaries in
terms of the DNN model, the performance of conventional CE schemes.
Fig. 1. System model of ofdm-vlc system with DNN model.
In Section 4, we describe the results of the experiments. Finally, we
conclude the paper in Section 4.

2. System model 2.3. Optical channel

2.1. VLC system
The architecture of the VLC system based on DCO-OFDM is illus-
trated in Fig. 1. It is noticeable that the CE part would be replaced by
the trained DNN model. The workflow will be introduced below. In
order to focus on channel estimation, we did not add forward error
correction coding technology. By applying a suitable direct current
(DC) to 𝑥(𝑛), non-negative signals are transmitted through the LED. On
the receiver, the optical intensity is captured by a photodiode (PD) with
direct detection. After analog-to-digital conversion and data recovery,
𝑌 (𝐾) is prepared to de-mod. CE data described by the DNN model is
applied to recovery 𝑌 (𝐾) before de-mod. Finally, we will get the time-
domain signal, it should be the same as 𝑥(𝑛) in ideal conditions. We
assume a sample-spaced channel which expressed as h(n). The output
received signal of the channel can be calculated as Eq. (1).
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) ⊗ ℎ(𝑛) + 𝑤(𝑛) , (1)
Visible light communication wireless links can be divided into
two categories: line-of-sight channel (LoS), non-line-of-sight channel
(NLoS). Indoor communication often uses LoS. Path loss can be cal-
culated by parameters. Consider the visible light communication light
source as the Lambertian model. The channel impulse response of the
visible light signal received by the receiving end can be expressed in
Eq. (5).
{ (𝑚+1)𝐴
𝑟
cos(𝜙)𝑚 cos(𝜓)𝑔(𝜓), 0 < 𝜓⩽𝜓𝑐
ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑆 (0) = 2𝜋𝑑 2 (5)
0. 𝜓 > 𝜓𝑐
Where 𝑚 is the Lambertian radiation, 𝐴𝑟 is the physical area of the
detector in the PD, 𝑑 is the distance between a transmitter and a
receiver, 𝜙 is the angle of irradiance, 𝜓 is the angle of incidence,
𝑔(𝜓) is the gain of optical concentrator. Noise is assumed as an AWGN
(additive white Gaussian noise).

where ⊗ denotes the circular convolution. After removing the cyclic 3. Channel estimation based deep learning method
prefix (CP) and performing DFT, the received the frequency-domain
signal is calculated in Eq. (2).
3.1. Least squares and minimum mean square error estimation
𝑌 (𝑘) = 𝑋(𝑘)𝐻(𝑘) + 𝑊 (𝑘) . (2)
Conventional channel estimation schema based on the training se-
quence (TS) technique is to insert sub-carriers as pilots which are
2.2. O-OFDM
already known both sides. The receiver could estimate the channel
Since the VLC system adopts the IM/DD modulation detection by the difference between the known signal and the corresponding
method, in order to ensure that the transmitted signals in time domain transmitted signal. The instantaneous channel impulse can be calcu-
obtained by the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) are real- lated in this way. The more pilots added, the more accurately estimate.
valued signals. In this case, zero-padding, and hermitian conjugate However, inserted pilot signal occupy the band resources and may also
operation are required, the input frequency domain 𝑋(𝑘) should fulfill suffer from noise which result in bad effort to recovery. The optimal
hermitian symmetry and the IDFT size must be at least twice the criterion of the LS method is to minimize the least square errors of the
subcarrier number 𝑁. 𝑥(𝑛) is generated by Eq. (3) so that IM/DD will data block and the target data block to find an optimal estimator for
not lose information. Eq. (4) further explains the parameter in Eq. (3). the unknown parameters. The estimated channel by LS is written as
follows,
∑
2𝑁−1 [ ]
1 𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑘 ̂ 𝐿𝑆 = 𝐘(𝑝1 )∕𝐗(𝑝1 ), … 𝐘(𝑝𝑛 )∕𝐗(𝑝𝑛 ), 𝐘(𝑝𝑁 )∕𝐗(𝑝𝑁 ), 𝑇 ,
𝐇 (6)
𝑥(𝑛)= √ 𝑅{𝐶(𝑘) exp( )} , (3)
2𝑁 𝑘=0 2𝑁
where 𝑝𝑛 is the 𝑛th pilot index of OFDM symbol. 𝑋(𝑝𝑛 ), 𝑛 = {1, 2, … , 𝑁}
is a pilot signal that is known between the transmitter and the re-
𝐶 = [𝐗𝑇 , (𝑍(𝐗))𝑇 ]𝑇 . (4) ceiver for channel estimation. The purpose of MMSE is to find the

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X. Wu, Z. Huang and Y. Ji Optics Communications 462 (2020) 125272

Fig. 2. Deep neuron network.

unknown parameters by minimizing the mean square error (MSE). Forward propagation performs a series of linear operations and
MMSE estimated channel is generated by Eq. (7). activation operations through the weight coefficient matrix 𝐰, the bias
𝜎𝑛2 vector 𝐛, and the input value vector, starting from the input layer,
̂ 𝑀𝑀𝑆𝐸 = 𝑅
𝐇 𝐻𝐻
(𝑅𝐻𝐻 + 𝐼)−1 𝐇
̂ 𝐿𝑆 , (7) calculating the layer backward, and continuing to the output layer to
𝜎𝑥2
obtain the output result. The forward propagation calculation is shown
where 𝑅𝐻𝐻 is the covariance matrix of the channel coefficient in the below as two steps:
frequency domain. 𝜎 2 is noise variance.
These two pilot-based channel estimation algorithms have been 𝑧𝑖(𝑙) = 𝐰𝑖(𝑙) 𝐲(𝑙−1) + 𝑏𝑖(𝑙) , (8)
adopted to compare with the deep learning method as a traditional 𝑦𝑖(𝑙) = 𝑓 (𝑧𝑖(𝑙) ) , (9)
scheme.
where l means the 𝑙th layer, i means the 𝑖th node of a layer, 𝑓 ( ) is the
3.2. DNN method activation function.
Backpropagation first requires a loss function to measure the dif-
‘‘Deep’’ refers to the number of layers in the neural network. Shal- ference between the output calculated by the training sample and the
low neural networks have a so-called hidden layer, while deep neural actual training sample output, where the output of the training sample
networks have more than one hidden layer. The basis of deep learning is calculated by the forward propagation algorithm. We use L2 as the
is distributed representation in machine learning. It assumes that ob- loss function.
servations are generated by interactions of different factors and that 1 ∑ ̂
𝐿2 = (𝑍(𝑘) − 𝑍(𝑘))2 , (10)
the process of this interaction can be divided into multiple levels, 𝑁 𝑘
representing the multi-layered abstraction of observed values. Simple
̂
where 𝑍(𝑘) is the prediction and 𝑍(𝑘) is the supervision, which is the
features (such as two pixels) can be layer-by-layer superimposed to
form more complex features (such as a straight line). transmitted symbols in this experiment. For each sample, it is expected
Usually, deep learning can be concluded in two stages: training that the following formula will be minimized,
( )
model and implement the trained model. In this paper, the train is 1‖ ‖2 1 ‖ ‖2
offline and implementation is online. In the offline training, the model 𝐽 (𝛩) = ‖𝑦𝑙𝑖 − 𝑎‖ = ‖ ‖ 𝑓 𝐰𝑖(𝑙) 𝐲(𝑙−1) + 𝑏(𝑙) − 𝑎‖
‖ . (11)
2 ‖ ‖2 2‖ 𝑖
‖2
is trained with samples that are OFDM signals and labels, labels are the
The neurons in each layer of the neural network will produce
received corresponding OFDM signals passing optical channel in this
predictions. Therefore, the gradient descent method of the traditional
case. The channel influence between transmitted signals and received
regression problem cannot be directly used to minimize the loss func-
signals could be represented by the model. In the online stages, the
tion, and the prediction error needs to be considered layer by layer
DNN model trained offline takes unknown received signals as input
and recover it to get close to transmitted signals through the trained and optimized layer by layer. In a multi-layer neural network, the
knowledge. Backpropagation Algorithm is used to optimize the prediction. First, the
DNN is popular while facing non-convex and nonlinear problems. prediction error of each layer is defined as the vector 𝛿 (𝑙) , and expressed
The structure of a typical DNN model is shown in Fig. 2. Generally as Eq. (12)
{
speaking, the inner neural network layer of DNN can be divided into 𝐲(𝑙) − 𝑎 𝑙=𝐿
three types, input layer, hidden layer, and output layer. As shown in
(𝑙)
𝛿 = ( (𝑙+1) (𝑙+1) )𝑇 ( ) (12)
𝐰 𝛿 ⊙ 𝑓 ′ 𝐳(𝑙) 𝑙 = 2, 3, … , 𝐿 − 1
Fig. 2, the first layer is the input layer, the middle layers are all hidden
and the last layer is the output layer. The neuron is the fundamental The activation function must be non-linear, otherwise, the output
unit of the neural network, also called Node. The middle layers are fully of each layer is a linear function of the upper layer. When a nonlinear
connected, that is, any node of the 𝑖th layer must be connected to any function is introduced as an activation function, the output of the
node of the 𝑖 + 1th layer. neural network is no longer a linear combination of inputs and can

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X. Wu, Z. Huang and Y. Ji Optics Communications 462 (2020) 125272

Fig. 3. Experimental setup of DCO-OFDM-VLC network.

approximate an arbitrary function. The activation functions are sigmoid In this paper, the CE model includes five layers, three of which
function and Relu function, defined as below: are hidden layers. The number of neurons in each layer is 256, 500,
500, 120, 16. The number of neurons in the input and output layers
𝜎Re𝐿𝑈 (𝑥) = max(0, 𝑥) , (13)
corresponds to the length of the input and output data vectors, re-
1 spectively. The number of neurons in the input layer of the network
𝜎𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑑 (𝑥) = . (14)
1 + 𝑒−𝑥
is n, which is the number of sub-carriers of OFDM. A random binary
Relu is a commonly used activation function in deep neural networks, number 𝑏𝑖 is generated as transmitted data, then it is modulated by
and it is faster and faster. Sigmoid is used in the last layer to map the m-mod to become a complex signal which is the training data. The
input continuous real value to output between 0 and 1. label is the corresponding constellation point generated by 𝑏𝑖. Training
the model to minimize the difference between the input and the label,
Algorithm 1 DNN Training Algorithm the difference is expressed by 𝐿2 loss. In the middle layers, we use
Input: The total number of layers 𝐿, the number of neurons Relu function as activation function, and the output layer use sigmoid
in each hidden layer and output layer, activation function, loss function to get the output in the interval [0, 1].
function, iteration step length 𝑀𝐴𝑋, maximum iteration num- To avoid over-fitting, dropout is introduced into the training, when
ber and threshold to stop iteration 𝜀; 𝑚 Samples and labels training a batch of training data, randomly remove some of the hidden
{( ) ( ) ( )} layer neurons, and use the neural network to remove the hidden layer
𝑠1 , 𝑟1 , 𝑠2 , 𝑟2 , … , 𝑠𝑚 , 𝑟𝑚 ;
Output: Linear relationship coefficient matrix 𝐰 and bias vector 𝐛 of to fit the training data, and then use this network to remove a part of
each hidden layer and output layer; the neurons to perform a round of parameter update. Before a batch
1: Initial 𝐰 and 𝐛 of each hidden layer and the output layer as a of data training, the DNN model will be restored to the original fully
random value; connected model, and then some hidden layer neurons will be removed
2: for epoch = 1 to 𝑀𝐴𝑋 do again, and the parameters will be updated.
3: for i = 1 to 𝑚 do In order to better evaluate the generalization ability of the model,
4: Initial the DNN input layer, 𝐲1 = 𝐱; Using the LOOCV method (Leave-one-out cross-validation), firstly, the
5: for l = 2 to 𝐿 do simplest method is to divide the training set and the test set into two
6: do forward propagation, calculate 𝐲𝑖 ; parts, one for training and one for verification. By training the model on
7: end for the training set, observe the size of the MSE corresponding to different
8: calculate the output layer 𝛿 (𝐿) through loss function; parameters of different models on the test set, and then select the
9: for l = 2 to 𝐿 do appropriate model and parameters.
10: do back propagation, calculate 𝛿 (𝑙) ;
11: end for 4. Experiment results and discussion
12: end for
13: for l = 2 to 𝐿 do We implement a series of experiments to prove the performance of
14: update 𝐰 and 𝐛 of the 𝑙 layer. the deep learning technique and analyze the results. As Fig. 3 shows,
15: if all 𝐰 and 𝐛 changes are less than the stop iteration threshold the OFDM signal is generated in the MATLAB and transmitted by
𝜀 then arbitrary-waveform-generator (AWG, Tektronix AWG5012). The signal
16: jump out of the iteration loop; bandwidth is set to 100 Mb/s, the bias voltage of the LED (OSRAM LUW
17: end if W5SM) is set to 6 V, and the drive voltage of the signal is set to 2 V.
18: end for At the receiver, the commercially-made avalanche diode (Hamamatsu
19: end for C12702-12) is used to receive optical signals and execute the photoelec-
tric conversion. Then, the signal captured by an oscilloscope(LeCroy
3.3. DNN model training SDA760Zi) is demodulated in the MATLAB. Different channel estima-
tion methods are compared in terms of BER under different conditions
It receives input from external or other nodes (usually the front expressed by signal-to-noise ratios (SNR).
layer) and calculates the output through an activation function, which
contributes to delinearization. The input corresponds to the weight, 4.1. Impact of pilot number
which is the relative importance of each input received by this node;
the bias (Bias) can be understood as a special input such as additive Fig. 4 shows that the DNN model provides the best performance
radio noise. when only 8 pilots are used to complete channel estimation. When a

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X. Wu, Z. Huang and Y. Ji
Fig. 4. BER performance for LS, MMSE and DNN model with 8 pilots.
Fig. 5. BER performance for LS, MMSE and DNN model with 64 pilots.
lack of pilots, LS and MMSE estimators both perform worse compared
with 64 pilots because of less channel information. DNN model perfor-
mance is excellent all the time. As indicated before, the DNN model
has already learned characteristics of the channel from train data and
its performance does not depend on the pilots.
From Fig. 5, when 64 pilots are added, the LS estimator provides
the worst performance, which degrades while noise increasing. Because
of enough pilots, the MMSE estimator has the best performance since it
has accurate channel statistical properties. DNN model is comparable to
the MMSE estimator. When we turn to complexity, the DNN model can
be trained offline and the optimization is excluded immediately with-
out the amount of calculation. On the contrary, the MMSE estimator
requires time and resources to realize.
4.2. Impact of CP
Fig. 6 illustrates the result for a DCO-OFDM system without CP,
which reduce spectrum occupancy furthermore. CP transforms linear
convolution into circular convolution and Maintain frequency orthog-
onality. It is guaranteed that the number of periods of the waveform
contained in the delayed copy of the OFDM symbol is also an integer
during the FFT period. Removing CP, the performance of LS and MMSE
estimators both decline along with increasing noise. MMSE estimator
still performs better than LS estimator, but greatly worse than DNN
model. In the meantime, accuracy tends to be saturated when SNR rises.
DNN model works better as long as the SNR ascends. Compared to the
performance with cp, neither MMSE nor LS can work effectively as well,
but the learned DNN still learn the characteristics of channel well.
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Optics Communications 462 (2020) 125272
Fig. 6. BER performance for LS, MMSE and DNN model without CP.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, based on the DCO-OFDM visible light communication
system, a DNN model used deep learning technology is proposed to
realize channel estimation with lower spectrum occupancy. The DNN
model uses transmitted signals as labels and uses received signals at
the receiver as samples to learn the characteristics of the channel.
Compared with the traditional LS methods, better BER performance
achieved. DNN model can also reach high BER performance comparable
to MMSE, and complex calculation of MMSE is not required at the
receiver.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Xi Wu: Data curation, Writing - original draft. Zhitong Huang:
Methodology, Writing - review & editing, Project administration. Yue-
feng Ji: Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the National Key Research and
Development Program of China under Grant 2017YFB0403605, in part
by the National 973 Program of China under Grant 2013CB329205,
and in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under
Grant 61801165.
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