Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Diana Dimitrova 5 4 Century BC Odrysian
Diana Dimitrova 5 4 Century BC Odrysian
VOLUME ONE
Sofia, 2022
St. Kliment Ohridski University Press
1
Volume One
2
ПЪРВИ ТОМ
под редакцията на Петър Делев, Тотко Стоянов,
Светлана Янакиева, Христо Попов, Анелия Божкова,
Майя Василева, Юлия Цветкова, Маргарит Дамянов,
Петя Илиева, Юлий Емилов
СОФИЯ 2022
Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“
3
VOLUME ONE
еdited by Peter Delev, Totko Stoyanov, Svetlana Yanakieva,
Hristo Popov, Anelia Bozkova, Maya Vassileva, Julia Tzvetkova,
Margarit Damyanov, Petya Ilieva, Juliy Emilov
SOFIA, 2022
St. Kliment Ohridski University Press
The four organizing institutions of the 13th International Congress of Thracology in 2017 have each celebrated important
anniversaries thereafter:
• 130 years since the foundation of the National Museum in Sofia (1892) [now the National Archaeological Museum
affiliated to the National Archaeological Institute];
• 120 years since the foundation of the Museum Iskra in Kazanlak (1901);
• 100 years since the establishment of the Department of Archaeology at the St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia
(1920);
• 100 years since the foundation of the Bulgarian Archaeological Institute (1921);
• 100 years since the establishment of the Department of Classical Philology at the St. Kliment Ohridski University of
Sofia (1922);
• 50 years since the foundation of the Institute of Thracology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1972) [now a Center
of Thracology affiliated to the Institute of Balkan Studies].
The editors dedicate the publication of the congress proceedings to the commemoration of these six events.
The printing of the proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Thracology has been sponsored financially by:
© the editors and the respective authors, unless where otherwise indicated
© 2022 NICE AN LTD, Sofia (prepress and graphic design)
© 2022 St. Kliment Ohridski University Press
Preface ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Congress programme ................................................................................................................... 11
Sorin-Cristian Ailincăi, Laurent Carozza and Alexandra Ţârlea
Once again on the Early Iron Age chronology at the Lower Danube. New radiocarbon
data from Babadag ...................................................................................................................... 21
Zeki Mete Aksan
Reinvestigation of Vize A tumulus in Southeastern Thrace ........................................................... 29
Amalia Avramidou and Despoina Tsiafaki
Preliminary results of the research project Attic pottery in Thrace .............................................. 35
Maguelone Bastide
Thracian sanctuaries’ myths and realities .................................................................................... 45
Dimitar Bayrakov
Clay portable hearths from the Chepino Valley (Northwestern Rhodopes)
with “Tsepina type” decoration .................................................................................................... 53
Ioan Bejinariu and Horea Pop
Recent research concerning the end of the First Iron Age – beginning of the
La Tène in the upper Tisa area ..................................................................................................... 61
Jan G. de Boer
A small world and middle grounds in ancient Thrace ................................................................. 73
Anelia Bozkova
Towards a chronology of the fourth century B.C. ........................................................................ 83
Margarit Damyanov
Hand-made pottery in the Greek colonies in the Black Sea: the case of Apollonia Pontica ......... 89
Zdravko Dimitrov
The Thracian sanctuary near the village of Angel Voyvoda, the Eastern Rhodopes ..................... 99
Diana Dimitrova
Fifth-fourth century BC Odrysian burial rites at the big Tundhza River curve ............................ 107
Dimitar Draganov
The silver coinage of Apollonia Pontica (5th – 4th century BC): iconography............................... 116
Zeynep Koçel Erdem
Cult studies in Turkish Thrace: understanding the Thracian religion – new approaches ............. 123
El-Sayed Gad
Thrace and the Thracians in the speeches of Demosthenes .......................................................... 129
William Greenwalt
Macedonian and Thracian relations through early 334 B.C. ....................................................... 137
6 Table of contents
Hristomir S. Hristov
The “Griffins” tumulus. On the structure and function of Thracian mound
facilities in the Classical and Hellenistic Age .............................................................................. 145
Rositsa Hristova Hristova
Technological changes and craft-specialization of the ceramic production
on the territory between Upper Thracian Plain and Burgas Lowland
from the Late Bronze Age to the Archaic Period .......................................................................... 153
Ekaterina Ilieva
Pottery on the move – geographical distribution of the Late Iron Age Tsepina pottery ................ 167
Hristina Ivanova-Anaplioti
Apollonia of Pontus and Thrace and the allocation of its weight standards ................................. 177
Miroslav Iliev Izdimirski
Deported Paeonians in the Achaemenid Empire as kurtaš – workers .......................................... 185
Hazar Kaba
Comparing the metal vessel acquisition patterns and trends
of the Thracian and Cypriot elite during the Classical Period .................................................... 191
Slavtcho Kirov
Le passé thraco-phrygien à la lumière de l’inscription RIMA, 2, A.0.100.5, 115B-127 ............... 207
Jeffrey D. Lerner
Skudrā and Kūšiya under Xerxes I ............................................................................................... 213
Kalin Madzharov
Trading post at Ruse? The evidence of the amphora stamps ....................................................... 221
Dragoş Măndescu
Where did they put the akinakes? On the Late Hallstatt Ferigile warriors’
panoply starting from the recent discoveries in the necropolis at Valea Stânii ............................. 231
Consuelo Manetta and Daniela Stoyanova
Architecture and decoration of the propylon at Seuthopolis ......................................................... 241
Philip Mihaylov and Borislava Galabova
The 11th – 4th century BC Dren – Delyan necropolis.
Cultural and physical anthropological analyses. Preliminary data.............................................. 261
Philip Mihaylov and Nikoleta Tzankova
Glass beads from Dren – Delyan necropolis (archaeological and archaeometric study) ............ 271
Petar Minkov
A Middle Bronze Age Ceramic Jug from Tell Russe ..................................................................... 279
Kabalan Moukarzel and Miroslav Izdimirski
On Skudrians in the Akkadian versions of the Achaemenid royal
inscriptions and some Late Babylonian texts................................................................................ 287
Kate Mower
Thracians as σύμμαχοι to the Greek settlements along the West Pontic coast ............................. 297
Yana Mutafchieva
Bronze biconical oinochoai from Thrace: morphology and chronology ....................................... 301
Nerantzis Nerantzis and Stratis Papadopoulos
Mining in the Thracian world: the case of Lekani Mountains in Northern Greece ..................... 313
Table of contents 7
Valley. The grave housed only part of the skel- Silver and bronze vessels were also found
eton of the deceased – pieces of the legs that had among the grave goods in the Yakimova
been cut off with a sharp object (an ax?) while Tumulus,17 some of them cut into pieces or ritu-
the soft tissues were still not rotted, and from ally “killed” as evidenced by holes in their bod-
the lower jaw, which had been dumped in the ies. A bimetal breast plate, made of bronze and
northwest corner of the chamber.7 The missing iron, was intentionally folded; an iron bridle and
head of the Thracian king buried in the Svetit- an open-work bronze frontlet were also set in
sa mound was replaced with a massive golden the grave. According to the style and the tech-
mask-phiale with an image of an individual hu- nology used the objects should be dated to the
man face.8 mid-5th century BC. The frontlet is an exception,
Two objects in the grave identified the de- belonging to an earlier type so far unknown in
ceased as a Thracian ruler: a gold pectoral and a Thrace. According to the material and the style
gold signet-ring.9 it is dated to the late 6th – early 5th century BC.
The pectoral was placed on the chest, de- The remaining pieces of the horse trappings set
liberately folded twice.10 Both its sides were were missing.
originally arch-shaped, the upper one being in- Three black-figured lekythoi similar to
terrupted by three semi-ellipsoid projections.11 objects from the necropolis of Apolonia18 with
The decoration is not of fine manufacture. The bands of floral and geometric decoration on a
pectoral was most probably produced in a hurry, white background date the grave to the mid-5th
especially for the funeral and was not used dur- century BC. They belong to the most common
ing the life-time of the deceased. It is a unique type used in this century and usually called cy-
find, a piece of Thracian art of high value. A lindrical. The style is black figures on white
vague resemblance can be found to the pecto- ground.19 Most probably they were made for fu-
ral from the Big Tumulus at Duvanlii,12 dated to neral use20 and were not used in every-day life.
the mid-5th century BC. Gold pectorals were not In inland Thrace, such items are rare to find. The
common grave goods in Thracian burials and closest parallel in form, execution and decora-
were rather reserved for rulers. Bearing in mind tion is an Athenian black-figure lekythos from
that the gold had a sacred meaning in Antiquity the collection of the University of Heidelberg,21
as a mediator between the worlds of the living as well as a fragmented one from Mieza near
and the dead,13 one can assume with a great cer- modern Naousa in Northern Greece.22 The
tainty that the buried in the Yakimova Tumulus graves in the village of Golemanite,23 district of
was of royal rank. Veliko Turnovo, and the Big24 and the Lozarska25
The second object that suggests his higher Tumuli at Duvanlii, district of Plovdiv, yielded
social standing is a golden signet-ring. It bears a items of similar shape but different decoration.
scarab-shaped carnelian gem. A musician play- According to the analysis of the ritual and
ing a lyre is depicted on it with a wreath on his the intentionally folded or “killed” objects in the
head.14 A ring of similar shape was discovered grave one can suggest that the person buried in
in inland Thrace, at Chernozem near Kaloyano- the Yakimova Tumulus was an Orphic adept. It
vo.15 This type of rings was common during the is possible that this practice of dismembering
entire 5th century BC and after the end of the was part of the Thracian ritual of immortaliz-
century it disappeared.16 An option might be that ing26 as known from ancient literary evidence.
the buried Thracian in the Yakimova Tumulus Precious metal objects, diverse luxurious ves-
had received the ring as a gift or as a winner’s sels and wealthy personal belongings testify to
prize in a competition.
17 Димитрова 2008а, 224, обр. 6-9; Dimitrova 2012, 79;
7 Kitov 2005b, 24, fig. 5; Димитрова 2011, 44. Dimitrova 2015b, 39.
8 Kitov 2005b, 26, fig. 11; Dimitrova 2015a, 158, fig. 127. 18 Иванов 1963, 191 сл.
9 Димитрова 2008а, 222. 19 Boardman 1997, 129.
10 Димитрова 2008а, 222; Dimitrova 2012, 77, fig. 3. 20 Τιβέριος 1996, 18, 45.
11 Димитрова, Сираков 2009, 291, обр. 2. 21 CVA 1966, taf. 177.7.
12 Венедиков, Герасимов 1973, обр. 215. 22 Ρωμιοπούλου, Τουράτσογλου 2002, 49.
13 Маразов 1994, 9. 23 Църов 2008, 60.
14 Димитрова 2008а, 223, обр. 5; Dimitrova 2012, 79. 24 Филов 1934, 104.
15 Kisyov 2005, 51 сл. 25 Филов 1934, 126.
16 Kisyov 2005, 54. 26 Гергова 1996, 78; Georgieva 2003, 317.
Fifth-fourth century BC Odrysian burial rites at the big Tundhza River curve 109
his higher social standing. Most probably he was picted on it was placed in the grave, tentatively
a higher placed noble, or a king of the Odrysian called by us a “mask”.35 In the royal burials it
dynasty of the third quarter of the 5th century BC denotes the essence of its bearer acquired in this
who would remain anonymous to us. world during the mysteries of status transforma-
The Dalakova Tumulus27 was situated near tion36 or the anthropomorphized idea of a dei-
the village of Topolchane, about 10-12 km to the ty.37 Since in the Thracian notions no one but the
northeast of the Yakimova Tumulus. An Odry- ruler could acquire divine status after his death,
sian noble of the first quarter of the 4th century it can be claimed with a high degree of probabil-
BC was buried there. The grave was dated ac- ity that the buried person is of royal rank.38 The
cording to two Thasian amphora stamps rang- Dalakova Tumulus mask shows elongated flutes
ing between 390 and 379 BC.28 A primitively on the back side typical of Thracian phialai. For
constructed tomb under piled stones was dis- the purpose of the funeral the phiale had been
covered in the Dalakova Tumulus. It was lined hammered flat and the weakest spots cracked.
and covered with wooden planks.29 It housed the The Thracian artisan did not repair the cracks
remains of a “regular”, at first glance, wealthy but just made two holes for sewing or attaching
inhumation burial of a member of the Odrysian it to leather clothing or to a shield thus turning
dynasty and his two horses, placed in a mirror the phiale into a decoration. The phiale-mask
position around it. The head of the deceased was from Dalakova Tumulus, turned into a pectoral,
severed in advance and placed near the pelvic is made of thick gold sheet and weighs 191 g.
area (Fig. 3).30 A gold signet ring was found be- Its final use, to mark the high social status of
side one hand, with a phalanx of a finger passing the buried Thracian ruler, made it similar to My-
through it. A profile of a male face was depicted cenaean and Macedonian masks, as well as to
on the bezel and two Thracian names in Geni- the phiale-mask from the Svetitsa Tumulus near
tive were incised along its periphery: ΣΕΥΣΑ Shipka, district of Kazanluk.
ΤΗΡΗΤΟΣ.31 The worn-out image on the ring The deceased was buried with numerous
betrays its long use. As there is no written evi- grave goods meant to preserve his high social
dence about a Thracian ruler from the late 5th rank after his death. All elements of a heroic
or early 4th century BC whose father was called banquet set, known from written sources and
Teres, the signet-ring most probably belonged from visual representations on vases and other
to an unknown paradynast or an Odrysian king monuments, were placed in the grave: two gold
whose name is attested for the first time.32 The phialai,39 two silver-guilt rhyta,40 a goblet,41
royal body was laid down on five red-figured le- three clay amphorae, a ceramic undecorated hy-
kanides, bearing painted scenes on their lids.33 dria produced in a local Thracian workshop, as
They were deliberately set in the grave open, well as a bronze oenochoe and a situla. One of
with the lids turned with their painted tops the rhyta is in the shape of a young ram’s head.
facing down, thus the body was symbolically On its neck two groups of three individuals each,
“served” on the clay bowls. And this was done three men and three women, are symmetrically
after the head had been severed and laid in the arranged on both sides of a rectangular altar.42
abdomen area where the skull was found.34 We The interpretation of the figures refers to the sto-
can only hypothesize that the dismembering of ry about the murder of the Trojan king Priam.43
the diseased was meant to assure his immortal- The five fine red-figured lekanides are
ity in the Other world. For this purpose, a spe- among the most attractive grave goods; they
cial gold object with a primitive human face de- bear representations of scenes from the gynai-
keion.44 The drawings on the lids and the deco- cult objects were placed in the grave: clay beads
rations of the vessels betray two painters. They of different shape and size, a rhombus, a disc
belong to Beazley’s Otchet group, dated in the with pierced decoration, the so-called “Zagreus’
late 5th century BC.45 toys”.56 Based on the grave goods the burial is
An almost full set of arms and armour dated to the middle or the third quarter of the 4th
was placed in the Dalakova Tumulus: a silver century BC.
helmet,46 an iron breast-plate, spears, bronze ar- In grave No. 2 of Taneva Tumulus an inhu-
row heads, an iron sword: all these were meant mation was performed in a pit situated high in
to project the deceased individual not only as an the mound filling.57 The lower part of the body
Odrysian noble or king but as a warrior as well. of an adult was laid in it. The archaeological
Two bridles with movable bits made of silver investigation revealed only pelvic bones and
and iron supplement the grave goods, as well as lower limbs (Fig. 4). Having in view that the
two sets of gold and silver appliques for horse skull is one of the most solid parts of the human
trappings. Besides frontlets, nose and cheek skeleton, it is most probable that, along with the
pieces, typical for Thracian rich burials, these remaining upper part of the body, this had not
sets contained little gold and silver bells.47 The been placed in Grave No. 2 at all.
situation in the Dalakova tumulus seems to echo The grave goods consist mainly of clay
Homer’s words about the Thracian king Rhesos vessels:58 two Thasian amphorae, different
and his horses “fit for the immortal gods”.48 bowls, jugs and mugs typical for the 4th century
The neighbouring Taneva Tumulus49 is situ- BC. The only bronze object was a jug whose
ated about 500 m east of the Dalakova Tumulus handle had previously been detached from the
within the territory of Topolchane. Two graves body and placed in another clay vessel. This
were found there.50 The one is a flat cremation would not have been accidental as vessels were
burial without a pit, covered by a bronze basin.51 set in one another in a number of other cases.59
The cremation was performed outside the burial A clay rhyton in the shape of a rooster’s
mound. Incompletely burnt bones, which turned body with a horse’s head stands out among the
out to be remnants of a skull and vertebrae, were grave goods.60 A relief image of a frontlet can be
gathered carefully and buried in a hand-made seen on the horse’s forehead. It has the form of a
clay urn, especially made for the ritual. Three big labrys. A similar silver labrys-shaped front-
bronze finger rings with incised images of Arte- let was found in a rich stone-built grave dated
mis Phosphoros,52 Dionysos53 and a sphynx54 are to the mid-4th century BC in Starosel, district
worth noting. The torch-bearing Artemis can be of Plovdiv.61 This royal insignia of the Odrysae
considered the patron goddess of near-by Kab- makes us think that the buried was probably a
yle where a Phosphorion was located according member of the Odrysian dynasty.62 The grave is
to the Seuthopolis inscription.55 This finger-ring dated to the middle or the third quarter of the
makes it possible to speculate that the Taneva 4th century BC according to the two fragmented
Tumulus was part of the northern necropolis of Thasian amphorae in it.
Kabyle. A bronze trilobate arrowhead marked The scarce remains of burned bones in
the buried noble in grave No. 1 as a warrior. The Grave No. 1 are insufficient for a DNA test in
grave is dated in the second half of the 4th centu- order to find out whether there was a connection
ry according to the two fragmented bronze fibu- between the two burials in the Taneva Tumulus.
lae of Thracian type discovered in the urn. Small As such analysis is missing one cannot make
44 Китов 2008b, обр. 486-490.
the assumption that the buried man found in the
45 Boardman 1997, 193. two graves is one and the same, dismembered
46 Dimitrova 2017, 50.
47 Dimitrova 2017, cat. No 32-39. 56 Фол 1990, 196; Димитрова 2003, 76; Конова 2005, 150;
48 Hom. Ill. X. 435. Димитрова 2008b, обр. 4; Dimitrova 2012, 81, fig. 9.
49 Excavations directed by Dr. Georgi Kitov in 2007. 57 Китов 2007, 45; Димитрова 2008b, 82, обр. 9-10; Dimitrova
50 Китов 2007, 45. 2012, 82, fig. 10.
51 Китов 2008а, 141; Димитрова 2008b, 80, обр. 3, 5; 58 Димитрова 2008b, 83, обр. 12.
Dimitrova 2012, 81, fig. 8. 59 Димитрова 2008b, 83, обр. 11.
52 Китов 2008а, обр. 7; Димитрова 2008b, 82, обр. 8. 60 Китов 2007, обр. 1; Димитрова 2008b, 83, обр. 13-14;
53 Димитрова 2008b, 81, обр. 7. Dimitrova 2012, 82, fig. 11; Dimitrova 2015b, 40.
54 Димитрова 2008b, 81, обр. 6. 61 Китов 2002, 12.
55 Велков 1991, 10. 62 Kitov 1999, 6.
Fifth-fourth century BC Odrysian burial rites at the big Tundhza River curve 111
in advance and offered to the chthonic and solar century BC to the East. The Kroushare – Topol-
Thracian deities. chane – Kaloyanovo necropolis (Fig. 5) in the
One more tumulus belongs to this group of hinterland of Kabyle within the territory of the
three; it is situated at the west end of the vil- present-day municipality of Sliven was a link
lage of Kaloyanovo. In Antiquity the tumuli of between the rich Thracian monuments from the
Kaloyanovo and Topolchane formed one ne- Kazanluk area and the rich graves investigated
cropolis. А tomb of ashlar masonry was found in the Elhovo area along the middle valley of
in the tumulus excavated in 1963.63 It consisted theTundzha.72 One can say that a separate con-
of an anteroom and two rectangular chambers. tact zone within the Odrysian kingdom appears
The burial of a Thracian nobleman accompanied documented in the aristocratic burial customs of
by his horse was performed in this tomb in the the 5th – 4th century BC. The main traits are rich
second quarter of the 4th century BC.64 The horse inhumation burials where parts of the skeletons
was laid down in the anteroom and the man – are missing or were laid out of anatomic order.
in the second rectangular chamber together Unlike the territories of the Kazanluk valley to
with rich grave goods: a gold pectoral,65 gold the west, it is an exception to find monumental
appliqués,66 an iron sword of the xiphos type,67 tomb constructions under the tumuli of Odry-
spearheads, a bronze helmet, a bronze situla, a sian nobles in the territory around the bend of
bronze tripartite lamp, a strainer, clay vessels68 the Tundzha, in the area of this investigation.
and a Thasian amphora with a stamp depicting Instead, burial pits and primitive graves lined
a double-axe, dated to the mid-4th century BC.69 with wooden planks are predominantly found
Among the several luxury imported ceramic here. This peculiarity could be associated with
vessels ther was70 an arhybaloid lekythos, a red- the contemporary rich graves in pits in the more
figured lekanis, three skyphoi and a pelike with southern Odrysian lands near Elhovo – Bolyaro-
a depiction of the god Apollo returning from the vo, differentiating this area from the one in the
land of the Hyperboreans on a swan. The last Kazanlak Valley of the Thracian Kings with its
item belongs to the Kerch style and may have perfect ashlar constructions under tumuli, differ-
been a work of the Apollonia painter.71 ently planned and with various roofing construc-
As a result of the archaeological excava- tions. In this contact zone, the influence of the
tions of mounds in the Sliven region in recent West Pontic colonies was strong, as evidenced
years, the geographical area of the Valley of the by the numerous imported vessels among the
Thracian Kings has been expanded in the 5th-4th grave goods.
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Fifth-fourth century BC Odrysian burial rites at the big Tundhza River curve 113
1. Location
of the elite
necropolis of
the villages
of Krushare,
Topolchane and
Kaloyanovo,
Sliven
municipality.
Author D.
Dimitrova.
2. Location of
bone remains
and grave
goods in situ
in grave No 1
in Yakimova
Tumulus. Author
D. Dimitrova.
3. Human
skeleton in
situ over red-
figured vessels
and other
grave goods
in Dalakova
Tumulus. Author
S. Dimov.
114 Diana Dimitrova
5. Location of the tumuli in the necropolis near the villages of Krushare, Topolchane and Kaloyanovo.
Author D. Dimitrova.