Magneto-optical mediated coupling of surface plasmon

Magneto-
polaritons in 2D magnetoplasmonic crystals
Paolo Vavassori, Nicolò Maccaferri, Xabier Inchausti, Antonio Garcia-
Martin, Juan C. Cuevas, Debashish Tripathy, Adekulne O. Adeyeye

CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian (Spain) and IKERBASQUE,

Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao (Spain)

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 Surface plasma polariton

Electromagnetic waves coupled tosurface plasma charge oscillations propagating at the metal–dielectric interface.

- Because the wave vector ksp of these nonradiative SPP modes is

greater than the wave vector of a photon of the same frequency in
vacuum, it is necessary to enhance the momentum of the incident light
in order to couple SPP modes onto the surface of the metallic film.

- The required momentum enhancement can be provided by the

presence of a diffraction grating or a prism.

Wavevector matching

+1
-1

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 Sample & Experiment

Magnetic diffraction grating

Antidot array (square lattice ):
material Py (Fe20Ni80), thickness = 80 nm,
lattice parameter = 405 nm, hole diameter = 265 nm
500 nm by deep-UV photolithography (Prof. A. Adeyeye, Singapore)

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 Spp band structure: modes classification

Perturbative approach (limit of vanishing small

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
900
900

(-1,0)
holes) 800 800

700
700

Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength
600
600

500
500

(-1,-1)&(-1,+1)
400
400

f = 0o 300
300
(+1,0) (0,+1)&(0,-1)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
q
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(+1,+1)&(+1,-1)
(+1,+1)&(+1,-1)
Incident angle

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
900
900

800
800

700
700
Wavelength (nm)

(-1,0)&(0,-1)
Wavelength

600
600

f = 45o 500
500
(-1,-1)

400
400

(+1,0)&(0,+1)
300
300

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
q
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(+1,+1) Incident angle

(+1,-1) & (-1,+1)

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 Spp band structure: modes classification

Perturbative approach (limit of vanishing small 900

900
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

holes) (-1,0)
800 800

700
700

Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength
600
600

500
500

(-1,-1)&(-1,+1)
400
400

f = 0o 300
300
(+1,0) (0,+1)&(0,-1)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
q
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(+1,+1)&(+1,-1)
(+1,+1)&(+1,-1)
Incident angle

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
900
900

800
800

700
700
Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength
(-1,0)&(0,-1)
600
600

f = 45o 500
500
(-1,-1)

400
400

(+1,0)&(0,+1)
300
300

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
q
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(+1,+1) Incident angle

(+1,-1) & (-1,+1)

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 Spp modes coupling with light: selection rules

 Linear dispersion bands k|| || G (& || kSPP); slope dependent on the sign of G
 Hyperbolic bands k|| || G (& || kSPP); slope independent of the sign of G (degenerate)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
900

(-1,0)
800
SPPs modes can be
700
excited by both p- and
s-pol light
Wavelength

600

f = 0o 500

(-1,-1)&(-1,+1)
400
Excitation of SPPs with
300
(+1,0) (0,+1)&(0,-1)
linear dispersion band
10
(+1,+1)&(+1,-1)
20 30 40
Incident angle
50 60 70 80
is forbidden for s_pol
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
900

800 For p_pol there are no

700
restrictions (just the
cross section would be
f=
(-1,0)&(0,-1)
45o
Wavelength

600

(-1,-1) SPP-type dependent)

500

400

(+1,0)&(0,+1) G. P. Bryan-Brown, et al., J. Mod. Opt. 37, 1227 (1990)

R. A. Watts, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3978 (1997)
300

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 F. J. Garcia de Abajo, Rev. Mod. Phys. 79,1267 (2007)

(+1,+1) Incident angle

(+1,-1) & (-1,+1) C. Billadeau, et al., Opt. Letters 33, 165 (2008)

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 Reflectivity maps: calculations

Rpp (f = 0 ) o Rss (f = 0o )
(-1,0)

(-1,-1)&(-1,+1) (0,+1)&(0,-1) (-1,-1)&(-1,+1)

(0,+1)&(0,-1)

(+1,0)

Rpp (f = 45 ) o Rss (f = 45o )

(-1,0)&(0,-1) (-1,0)&(0,-1)

(-1,-1)

(+1,0)&(0,+1) (+1,0)&(0,+1)

“Generalized scattering-matrix approach for magneto-optics in periodically patterned multilayer systems”

B. Caballero, A. García-Martín, and J. C. Cuevas, Phys. Rev. B 85, 245103 (2012)
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 Reflectivity maps: calculations

Rpp (f = 0 ) o Rss (f = 0o )
(-1,0)

(-1,-1)&(-1,+1) (0,+1)&(0,-1) (-1,-1)&(-1,+1)

(0,+1)&(0,-1)

(+1,0)

Rpp (f = 45 ) o Rss (f = 45o )

(-1,0)&(0,-1) (-1,0)&(0,-1)

(-1,-1)

(+1,0)&(0,+1) (+1,0)&(0,+1)

“Generalized scattering-matrix approach for magneto-optics in periodically patterned multilayer systems”

B. Caballero, A. García-Martín, and J. C. Cuevas, Phys. Rev. B 85, 245103 (2012)
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 Reflectivity spectra: comparison experiment-
experiment-theory

0.8
Ref. Film f = 0o
30° Sim
45°
60°
Simulations Experiment
0.6
0.5 0.5
30° Rayleigh anomaly 30°
RPP

0.4
0.4 45° 0.4 45°
60° 60°
0.8
0.2
500 600 700 800 0.3 0.3
0.7
Exp
Wavelength (nm)
RPP

RPP
0.6 0.2 0.2
0.5 (-1,0)
RPP

0.4 30° 0.1 0.1

45° Wood anomaly
0.3
60° (-1,-1)&(-1,+1)
0.2 0.0 0.0
500 600 700 800 400 500 600 700 800 400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)
0.9 0.8 0.8
Sim
0.8
30°
45°
0.7 0.6 0.6 60°
RSS

30°
0.6
45°
RSS

RSS
60°
1.0
0.5
0.4 0.4
500 600 700 800
Exp
Wavelength (nm) 30°
0.8 Rayleigh anomaly 45°
0.2 60° 0.2
0.6
RSS

0.4
30°
45°
500 600 700 800 500 600 700 800
60°
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)
2
0.2
500 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm) Rayleigh anomaly sin q n  sin q i  n  k 0  k 0 sin q i  n
a a
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 Reflectivity spectra: comparison experiment-
experiment-theory

0.8
30°
Ref. Film f = 45o
Sim
45°
60°
0.6
Theory Experiment
RPP

0.4 0.5 0.5

(-1,0)&(0,-1)
0.8
0.2 0.4 0.4
500 600 700 800
0.7
Exp
Wavelength (nm)
0.6
0.3 0.3

Rpp
Rpp
0.5
RPP

0.2 0.2
0.4 30°
0.3
45° 30° 30°
60° 0.1 0.1
0.2 45° 45°
500 600 700 800 (-1,-1) 60° 60°
Wavelength (nm) 0.0 0.0
0.9 500 600 700 800 500 600 700 800
Sim
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.7 30°
RSS

0.7 0.7 45°

30°
0.6
45° 60°
60° 0.6 0.6
1.0
0.5
500 600 700 800
Exp
Rss

Wavelength (nm) 0.5 0.5

Rss
0.8

0.4 0.4
0.6
30°
RSS

30° 0.3 45° 0.3

0.4 45° (-1,0)&(0,-1) 60°
60°
0.2 0.2
0.2
500 600 700 800 500 600 700 800 500 600 700 800
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

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 Ferromagnetic metals: magneto-
magneto-Optical Activity

s Reflected Light s
s Reflected Light s
s
z z
p p
p p
M p

θ θ
Polarization Plane Polarization Plane

x s Sample x s
Sample
John Kerr Michael Faraday John Kerr Michael Faraday
s 1824 - 1907 1791 - 1867 1824 - 1907 1791 - 1867
p p
Transmitted Light p Transmitted Light

Dielectric tensor
 0 0 0  0 i z  i y  x = 0 Q mx
M  
ˆ   0 0 0  ˆ   i z 0 i x  y = 0 Q my
 0 0  0   i y
  i x  0  z = 0 Q mz;

qK,F
MOA = q K2   K2
K,F

Microscopically, the coupling between the electric field of the propagating light and the electron spin in a
magnetic medium occurs through the spin-orbit interaction splitting of optical absorption line (Zeeman effect).

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 Longitudinal MOKE: why?

Magneto optical activity

sp
ps

The concerted action of LSPRs and MO activity allows for the

controlled manipulation of Kerr rotation/ellipticity.
Nano Letters 11, 5333 (2011)
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 Experimental setup

Modulation polarization technique q

for recording the longitudinal and
polar Kerr effects, both q and .
H
P. Vavassori, APL 77 1605 (2000) sample

I0 K(H) qK(H) 2q
q q
DC w 2w PEM (w)
ref (w, 2w)
Lock-in
5mW
I 1nm
photodiode pol lens
lens pol
AO
Monochrom
qK, K H -H (400-800 nm)

 < 
Dq
DK  MOA  q K2   K2
DK
 >  Supercontinuum
Source
t (450-2000 nm)

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 L-MOKE spectra: experiment vs. theory

Ref. film f = 0o
30°
1.6 Sim 45°
MOA p_pol (mrad)

1.2
60°
Simulations Experiment
2.0 2.0
0.8 (-1,-1)&(-1,+1) 30° q = 30°
45° q = 45°
0.4 1.5 1.5 q = 60°

MOA p_pol (mrad)

MOA p_pol (mrad)
60°
1.6 30°
MOA p_pol (mrad)

45°
60° 1.0 (-1,0) 1.0
1.2

0.8
0.5 0.5
0.4 Exp
500 600 700 800 0.0 0.0
Wavelength (nm) 500 600 700 800 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
1.6 Sim 30°
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)
45°
MOA s_pol (mrad)

60°
1.2
2.0 2.0
q = 30°
(-1,-1)&(-1,+1) 30° q = 45°
0.8
1.5 45° 1.5

MOA s_pol (mrad)

MOA s_pol (mrad)

q = 60°
0.4
60°

1.0 1.0
1.6 30°
45°
(-1,0) !
MOA s_pol (mrad)

60°
1.2
0.5 0.5
0.8

0.4 Exp 0.0 0.0

500 600 700 800 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
500 600 700 800
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

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 L-MOKE spectra: experiment vs. theory

Ref. film f = 45o

30°
1.6 Sim 45°
MOA p_pol (mrad)

60°
1.2 Simulations Experiment
0.8 2.5
30° 2.5 o
(-1,0)&(0,-1) q = 30
0.4 45° o
2.0 q = 45
60°

MOA p_pol (mrad)

2.0

MOA p_pol (mrad)

o
30° q = 60
1.6
MOA p_pol (mrad)

45°
60° 1.5 1.5
1.2

0.8 1.0 1.0

0.4 Exp 0.5

0.5
500 600 700 800 (-1,-1) 0.0
Wavelength (nm)
500 600 700 800 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
30°
1.6 Sim Wavelength (nm)
45° Wavelength(nm)
MOA s_pol (mrad)

60°
1.2 2.5
30° 2.5 o
q = 30
0.8
2.0 45° o
q = 45
MOA s_pol (mrad)

60° 2.0

MOA s_pol (mrad)

0.4 (-1,0)&(0,-1) o
q = 60

1.5 1.5
1.6 30°
45°
(-1,-1)
MOA s_pol (mrad)

1.2
60°
1.0 1.0

0.8 0.5
0.5
0.4 Exp 0.0
500 600 700 800 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
500 600 700 800
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength(nm) Wavelength (nm)

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 MOA : simualtions

MOAp (mrad) (f = 0o ) MOAs (mrad) (f = 0o )

MOAp (mrad) (f = 45o ) MOAs (mrad) (f = 45o )

B. Caballero, A. García-Martín, and J. C. Cuevas, Phys. Rev. B 85, 245103 (2012)

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 Reflectivity: off-
off-diagonal terms simulations
(polarization conversion terms)

| rsp | (f = 0o ) | rps | (f = 0o )

(-1,0) (-1,0)

(-1,-1)&(-1,+1) (-1,-1)&(-1,+1)
(0,+1)&(0,-1) (0,+1)&(0,-1)

(+1,0) (+1,0)

| rsp | (f = 45o ) | rps | (f = 45o )

(-1,0)&(0,-1) (-1,0)&(0,-1)

(-1,-1) (-1,-1)

(+1,0)&(0,+1) (+1,0)&(0,+1)

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 MO activity: dependence on polarization and
explanation of the enhancement

f = 45°
q = 30°

2.0
RSS MOA_S
(-1,0)&(0,-1) MOA_P
RPP 1.5

MOA (mrad)
1.0
rPSx1000
rSPx1000
0.5
(-1,0)&(0,-1)
(-1,-1) 0.0
400 500 600 700 800 400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

Plasmonic channel “open” for resonant polarization

conversion via MO activity

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 Perspectives o
Antidot: thickness = 80 nm; lattice parameter = 415 nm; hole diameter = 145 nm; f = 0

0.8
Holes diameter 145 nm
0.7 0.5
 Cross section tuning

Rpp
Rss
0.6
q = 60
o
0.4 ?
o
(-1,0)
0.5 q = 45 0.3
o
q = 30
(-1,-1)&(-1,+1)
0.4 0.2
400 500 600 700 800 400 500 600 700 800
1.5 1.5

MOAp (mrad)
MOAs (mrad)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

 Band engineering1 900

900
1
800
800

0.5 0.5 (-1,0)

700 700

(0,+1)&(0,-1)
Wavelength (nm)

0 0
Wavelength

400 500 600 600700 800 400 500 600 (-1,-1)&(-1,+1)

700 800
600

wavelength (nm) wavelength (nm)

500
500

400
400

300
300

 Magnonic crystals 10
10
20
20
30
30
4040
Incident
q 50
50
angle 60
60
70
70
80
80

Magneto-Plasmonics and Resonant Interaction of Light with Dynamic Magnetisation in

Metallic and All-Magneto-Dielectric Nanostructures
I.S. Maksymov, Nanomaterials 5 , 577-613 (2015)

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 Acknowledgments

Nicolò Maccaferri, Xabier Inchausti

CIC nanoGUNE, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian

Antonio Garcia-Martin
IMM-Instituto de Microelectronica de Madrid (CNM-CSISC), Tres Cantos, Madrid

Juan C. Cuevas
Departamento de Fisica Teorica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, E-28049

Debashish Tripathy and Adekulne O. Adeyeye

Information Storage Materials Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, National University of Singapore

Funding from the ETORTEK Program, Project No. IE06-172, the Basque Government under Program
No. PI2012-47, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education under Project No. MAT2012-36844

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 Concluding remarks

 We investigate here a two-dimensional plasmonic crystal with a

periodic array of cylindrical holes in a ferromagnetic layer, namely a
two-dimensional magneto-plasmonic crystal, supporting surface
plasmon polariton modes and displaying a 2D photonic band structure.

 We demonstrate that under proper conditions, namely having the

intrinsic magneto-optical activity acting in the crystal plane, incident
light can couple to selected surface plasmon polariton modes through
the synergistic action between diffracted coupling and magneto-optical
activity induced polarization conversion.

 Our results suggest a novel way to the design of metamaterials with

tailored and enhanced magneto-optical response by engineering the
plasmonic band structure via lattice design.

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