VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM

MAMBAKKAM

ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT REPORT
2022– 2023
TRANSFORMER
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this PHYSICS Investigatory Project on

the topic ……………………………………………………………………………….

has been successfully completed by …………………………………………

of class XII(BIOLOGY/COMPUTERSCIENCE), Roll.no………………….

at Velammal Vidhyashram, Mambakkam for the partial fulfilment

of this project as a part of All India Senior School Certificate

Examination-CBSE, New Delhi for the academic Year 2022 – 2023.

Date: …………………….

Signature of Principal Signature of the Guide

Name: Name:

Submitted for AISSCE 2022-2023, PHYSICS Practical

examination on ………………….

Signature of the Signature of the

Internal Examiner External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of any project depends largely on

people associated with it. I would like to take this opportunity to
acknowledge the enthusiasm of all these personalities. I hereby
express my heartfelt thanks to our Senior Principal ----------------
for having given this opportunity to do the project in the physics
laboratory and for his constant encouragement. I extend my
sincere gratitude to acknowledge my sense of gratitude to my
physics teacher_____________ for the valuable guidance offered to
me. Her wholehearted encouragement and constant stimulant
inspiration and advice enabled me to complete the project
successfully. I am also thankful to all our teachers and Non-
Teachers for their help during my course of study. I take this
opportunity to express my sincere thanks to my parents for their
encouragement and support.
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

To investigate the relation between the ratio of -

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary

coil of a self made transformer.
 INTRODUCTION

The Transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a static
electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits. Transformers range in size from a
thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage
microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in
power plant substations or to interconnect portions of the power
grid. All operate on the same basic principles, although the range
of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the
need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers
are still found in many electronic devices.

Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power Which

long-distance transmission economically practical. A transformer
is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. In
a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
 THEORY

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an

alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.'s induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils
of the transformer and each turnoff the coil at this instant, we
have
dθ/dt =rate of change of flux in

Ep = -Np dθ/dt--------------(1)
and
Es=-Ns dθ/dt.--------------(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing
2 by 1, we get
Es/Ep =- Ns/Np -------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1…
 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying

current is set-up in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in the
neighboring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce
varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring
circuit.
 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of

laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p1 &
p2 and S1 & S2 are wound on the same core, but are well
insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is
connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is
connected to S1 S2, the secondary coil through an open switch S.
Thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the

primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy
loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible. For
operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron
core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to
insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input
circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called
secondary.
 THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an

alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary.

Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.'s

induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and N、 are the
no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and,
Døú / d₁ = rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil at this
instant, We have
Ep = -Np dθ/dt--------------(1)
and
Es=-Ns dθ/dt.--------------(2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing

(2) by (1), we get

Es/Ep=-N₂ / N₂ ------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p₁, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E- Ep) in the instantaneous Cyalues of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
I=E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep = IpRp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be

neglected so therefore

E-Ep = 0
OR
Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation (3) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f/ input e.m.f= Ns/ Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

E, > E so K > 1,
hence N₁ > N₂
In a step down transformer

Es < E so K< 1,

hence N, < N₁
If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t.

And Is =value of sec. current at this instant,then Input power at

the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the same instant Es Is

If there are no losses of power transformer, then

Input power = output power

OR
Ep Ip= Es Is
OR
Es/Ep=Ip/Is=K

In a step up transformer

As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,

whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a
step down transformer steps up the current.
 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output

power to the input power I.e.

n = output power/input power = EsIs /Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, n =1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
 ENERGY LOSSES

In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always

less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a
number of reasons as explained below.

1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the

coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by

the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy

currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may,
however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.

3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer

possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat

produced in the resistance of the coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil

tapes the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So

Energy is lost due to hysteresis.

5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the

Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may
be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be
lost due to humming.
 USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and
NEON advertisement.
 Transformers used are in voltage regulators and stabilized
power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc.
 CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coll

depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coll

depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.
 Bibliography

The data used in this project was taken from the following
sources:

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 physics NCERT textbook