Kocvnqsu H3cJreABaHHs n Et.

trupvr
Torvr2.CoQua IgTg

Eotteapcrca arcadexun Ha Hayrcume

Editorial Board

K. Serafimoz (Editor-in-Chief), D. Misheo (Secretary), I. ''-'

S. Chajkunoa, M. Gogoshe a,"n. niiii", i. spirii,iib;' Kutiev,

Pe4arqrouHa KoJrerr4fl

K. Cepafiu,troa (r.ras^en peAaxrgp)r !. Muweo (cerperap), LL Kymueo,

Cm. VawctHoo, M. fozoutea, A."Eouee, A. LnupuooHos

Address

S^paceResearch in Bulgaria
Central Laboratory foiSpace Research
Bulgaria, 1000 Sofia, Blvd. Rouski I

A4pec

KocMa.rHr.r u3cre4BaHua a Et.nrapua

[enrpa,rrna aa6oparopufl tto KocMtrqHu n3cneAtsaHufl,
1000 CoQufl, 6yn.,pycxau Nb I

Ze4arelcrso ua Et,nrapcr(ara aKaAeMr.rfl Ha HayKr,rre

@ P##,
lleHrpanHa ra6oparop ri tro KocMHrrHtr H3cneAaaHun
c/o, Jusautor, Sofla

629. l3(05)

KopeKrop )K. Tgnnapooa TexE. pcAakrop ,n. Ratuxoea gtu24222ll

l4aA. rs,qerc 7389 aa.[eHs sa Ha6op Ha 3. vIII. rg79 r, noaD. sa ncrrar Ha 28. Vlr. ,nrn-.]-xol rcffi
7000X1000/16 Tflpax( 000 fle{. roah 4,25 I,leA. roln ti,l6
flevarruqa
IIcHa 0,76 na.
- lll3 Coexa, yr.
Ha EAH feoprH DoHceB"
"AKaA. nop, 391
 Vo lu me 2 Sofia - 1979

Bulgarian AcademY of Sciences

Contents
D. N. M i s h e v, A' Y. S t o i m e 1 o I' A.' H' K t-o 9 t.9 I(ovac'hev'
^"'-S: J Changes in the
B.'P.'3 f;'; ; tt o n, t't. D. P el o.v a,.T'r-!1] L(',.V u
-
1u^Y il 29, 1976. I. AP-
iP-'""*
i'j tl,"r
Dalaluses
iiv oi' s
t t a"i"i
ir'.li aIlLl
n, ai,
i-i"t^r]" J'oi
lYlcLrluu
i i o-n aur
-ttt"r.ur i
ur IrEoJqr rr16
ng t
lrp
sSla
t
i ri'g t tre Changes i n So1 ar a'diation during
the Eclipse of April 29' 1976
-: .^'.
fi,'i"".'i,r.-p.
T. K. Yanev, ff;''N. D. P";iov'a,
P'el ov'a, A' A. Y'Y. sStoi qgnov'
t oi q9n ov' A'
A
v, O. N,- 4'! i s h.e.v ;^Clulgg: ili
ilriririili
. h ;"e :'.?;I;^*.'":
S.'T.'K o u-u ,'-l April i#:iffi
l,"oT,*
ir"ii-ne th"'Solu''E"lip.'.of 2e* I
i?19: P
lill 1l
;itd a;;tfi'itisoGi nuoiaticin durinrt tlie Eclipse,ot.A
K. I"
u.l;.'p
;,i=": 3."'r" 6'r.'
''i
iiJ"it'i."ei"ia r-ot ioioipr-'"ii. "--lon
stuaitt 1n!.E-]:ct1o3.,{
Performed with
t7
sitellite. : '-' : '^' '- j,'-
h ?,p.I u*n,li'^j;il^c^,?"li-,'-1i
M. M. c o-?';-! t.9
a: H ii I ",'t-..,<'
- Fiiii n.iuitJ irom lonospheric
^c Airglow Me
24
out irr Cuba the F-Region u Night Condi-
K, P. Seia i mov - The Negative lons
f JD
. tions.
V. Grechn-ev.V'uc{'trlv' Er,shov
c. L. c JuI"vich, K. -o:r"r ov, T-s' R, D
i"-iil V.-p. Mer c.ea, o' l',S'
i';;; J" i,l.-Ch;i"i i,v.schmil Risi
; ;,i.
ii;; .i-pR;; i . n u' a c !'j.' ?." h * l-l :.1:="1::
u.tenba.h,.l' auer . 4t 44
'"t lilt".-sii,"j*rn"til" una Piobe Measurements Carried ou 5l
B. 's ;;';: "p'"i;;
p. p .";';: "p'"1;;
with Quartz Stabilization
c;;;;"1or -ittr of. tj
ftqbiliz"atig.l 9t, I
FrequencY '
rth Satellites Used
.

r' J tL i,u |"

il. e'"aI u-" g'
' 0",
tii'int'it't".tri,ittir.3ystem
":< ".1,-ilp:l::i**lll"^:t'l
" wittr optimum Po,sition f
V' T' mov'
Si T:'t
DO

M. M. Gog ot
,^"';;il';-"",'S.
h
-P""'i;
-P-"'i;e v,'S. K'
t<' c"trap
Ch-a-p kuno'v,v'
k^u nov, T',S-i
ft:
H: o'r nov
o'u s. i' s.u
n o v a, S. surr goyqhslr,
g o--v :h t-' I
Ts'
p'J.',t.t'9,u
"^v', T "f
-U.t"imini p' r' Petl<ov-, N,
i\,i: V;i:;nu,
t"l"i i6t ng th" Overa-l 1 Planetary Disir ibu t'i o
"- EMO-I. I.I' Purpose and and R
"d;;;;";;;i-T""hnique, EMO-I.
cnhprin
,oti".ic F.missions
Emissions
optical Diagram and Mech cal AsPects 68

Ix
 Coaepx
,[. I-]. ]1 l ur e
n.c
feHcHBr il
I 976 r. n trtero4't1firf
ill'lM uo
I K n ,i..;, ';:'i:',i1,:3
K nu!u a.rc
n o 'j D, r(. rr. tvlt
[reB__l43MeHeHI.Ieult,renct7rjirott)
{luaruru Bo BpetuJ{ coJtHeqHoro 3arMeHr.rs Sg unp*ri" lg76 r. I}.
auaJtil3 It3nreueHrr co.lrrreqrrofl paAUauru
uo rJpeMrr co,lHeq
r.F tl.
l(. ,. attpeJr fl 1976 f.
r, I'l)r,
".' rl n,
('lleroror,r
rr.f .l.vs, 1' n o.,f'yto'.i ,1 ii:,il . . i rcl
'E.CepaS'i"'
t'., d

u i: I ,"'1
ir ; -i.i,i 9",i I "'u'rr,--l3'.
-" hl;,&"i,Li...i,l,jl,
y1
", .
ltoroctfepr,r aHarrr3a rioHorJ u e;ie41po.
#;ri brx lraPaMeTpoR
t qpo E .iiar_lrtB
_,tec Koru r on r, rI [) orrc,]rc, rroe | | p rj,,,rr";r; ]lB8t,:,i,i.lir1i#J
.o "'r erl,i{f,p r.t -

ro,Jo{l:i.I,:l I

;t, ;"';;;,"x.c rou:ra;r

^1 ^{ :..). A
\K
.pbr,
n,i -_ lrel-)Bbte p_e3JJ'tbTa,r.t)t H3MepcHHrr olrTHVecKflx
\' ,, ., rr-..- 'l
fl r jl (ic,.rr
(' IIa;lacuo,
corii
r;;)u1:eAcrrHbre Ha Ky6e. uouocQe-

i: r? .tf,o,i"*il,'':i ; bitt ;,'"\|'oliri o no.,noii r'-o6.',ar

^ r\ -.1, -- ". -
A,".'."'.
g'i:'f.:.",S r1; u u lZclouuu,
* J1_. q e-ix rz, P f --ry lpA '; ;," ",A.'r.ilb. ' p" i.t,ll",:?,
3 ,.^; -; j.1..
i i"to',J, 'rl' ?.'i ili 14sanona,
openu, IO.
p
#"1":, ]": J'" 9
Merp,Ir{ecru { i u" -
^lI.yx ilr'ar,,'epeur.lri,
x i,t.r 3oHA.Blrr "s
brar,
pe3y.,,";;'
AHa.'r
r<octltoc-
2", I " ";.A;;;;;
;;
j-,

'T .L,--L
R
rl. Lroq 11,u - g"n,1,.,rrcurir:irreueprrop
-l Hon, E. r\JreKca.H,r.lp ola" __br-r,1:,*"r*"",.irr-iji
n"upuenorl cra6r.n,.rsauue
r.rcirorb3onadlo'g- p
M r{ I'OrorlrcF!:C.
1{'.rvl. F _-crrcrhrvr'b ,,Zrirepcn1,1yr4K.. ,. ..
K.^.i-,l .rLxtr r.,or,b.'f..'-d rroo, g.
,

: n9rp]:_rr9,"j,,C.tr- Cir,r'p'r"rihi
'II.Qn,a, ft. 1'. fIe.rrbu,,Ul if. if "u, II.,Fi. f oro
a.n enapu or o .p".,ii*n'-Cnyruu
t anllaDaTvDa L
u. *
i
llff{l1.:
, i{,1 ry. * r, - "{oMo u. n p J;r.,r irx-i'rruocrliep-
' : :.'l ^pIT"*r
1_ g! eAH a
e'; ;; ;;";;;il;;r," "", e a:
!tr..tr,, o,alruqecxar .cxeMa.. u. ilie1a.Htr{ira. ,,. '; i.;. . .,: ^a,+u';
s, o/ira.*a ueMtipe-
..

t)

t,

t
ll
,i,
BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA' 2

Sofia . 1979

changes in the Intensity of solar Radiation

JrtiiiE-in. Solar Eclipsi: of April 29, 1976 in Solar
I.Apparatuses and Method of I{easuring the Changes
Radi'aiion during the EcliPse of April 29, 1976

D. N. Misheu A. Y. Stoimenoa, A. H. I(roumoa, S. T. Kouachea,

B. P. Sin'teonou' N.D. Peloaa, T. K. Yanea l

Introduction
methods worked out specially ior the
ge in the solar radiation during the et'-

land of Santorini in Greece.and in the

e related to the slow changes in the in-
se, attd to the rapid changes in its spect-
phase, in the second case.

Spectrgmetric APParatuses

3
 A
of inv [" purpose
ai,e;;
of the
ildi i-bioek
e..image
dispers

Fig. I

OUT II

Fie. ?

A
 basic characteristics are: transmission
1000 lines/mm; optical resolution -
use of this grating considerably sim-
, reducing tlie loss of light and ruling

sensitivity. The total

spectrum, is not belo
ral range from 450 to
channelNo.2-_710

of cluration Ips and repetition fre

of these pulses fixes the moment ol
signal.

Data Registration SYstem

7t0 .
Tati f ope-

the f
s
t*,$

TTU A5R

l{s s

con t ii;"- 'l| I

|
rr
controller
.!l

- 0310

v/ith
T
CCRE

HS PP \{
l:i,;
i 16, 2
w

regate of hardware and software pos.

 i'..r

' li'J during the

'
ex cii"t connection
'oi consecu-
be '
and
START

eqist:ration point;
omparisoil !,i'th th
reced i nq one

E nio r ne s s a cle i
points= Sper-trun No.
rrcEri'-.:tretion

Spect rum sl.. i p

Punclt of ptece-
ding spectrudr
po i n t s

Fig 4

7
 Conditions of Measurement and Resulti
the measurenlents on the island of San_
in intervals, the duration of each mea-
g not longer than 2 min. The measure_
urop both
riI 2 davs
Apr suih
ere I louds
direct solar radiation, records were
the flux of diffusely scattered li.ght.
t of the direct flux, the Airectiofi oi

80oo'

7000

6ooo

5000

irooo

3000
lo'lo
9'30
't 1'r5
2000

'1 000

4oo 500 6oo 7oo

Fig. 5

8
 eutral lilters have been reduced to
units. The intensity of a flux caus-
without the use of filter has been

reat volume ol data obtained, the

in tabular iorm, and the values
e tabulated ior each channel in-
vestigated.

eonelusions
In the course of the investigation oi th

provide for univer-

sar appric.ation
of ;tl:t ft?fJ1";",131
ones
- in the
of light the
The result
changes
-of
whic
tion t table
ing the oproc
th6ds of of Pr
real time.
 I4sMeueHrie nHTeHcuBHocrr.r conuequorl p
apna\r4kr
Bo BpeMfl co/'rHer{Hofo 3aTMeHr4a 29 anp^e,rls
tg76 r.
I' Annaparypa I'I MeroA Afiq^r,'MepeH'fl-r,sMeHeH,rl co.[uerrHorl
BpeM.fl, co,rrHelrHoro sarMeHafl parna\,,.r Bo
2g anpenn 1976 r.
r.
H"

(Pesrcrre1

rop'Hr.,,
B
Bp
pa6ore
H;?b*l$ ;.#"3flu"?ui,!fi1-
III4I{ Bo
29
ettus
" u roApo6soe ouucaHr.re
uoli cnexrpanbHori annaparvpbr 6nrcrpnx
6ase Mr.{Hu-OBM, ux napamerpu H
ycJroBHs
sKcirepr{MeHra u l\a{a npe/IBapr.rre
yqeHHbrx

10
BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA' 2

Sofia . 1979

changes in the Intensity of Solar Radiation

arri"fi the Solar Eclips"e of April 29, 1976
adi ation during
II. Statistical Analysis of the Changes in Solar R

the Eclipse of APril 29, 1976

T. K. YaneLt, N. D. Peloua, A' f' Sfuimenou' A. H. Kroumou,

S. T. Kouachea, D. N . Mishea
unout tt'" u'ii3J,':l:
A statistical analysis has been made of the data obtained resuits were obtained
in solar radiation autingirt ;.rlpi" "iApril29,1976' The
ol Zagota in Bulga-
on the island of Santorini in Gr6ece and in the town Stara

tained was about the slow changes in

the second case it was about the rapid
olar radiation, rnainlyat the maximum

The Island of Santorin

obta.ined during relatively long inter-
of l-2 s was es-
ol I(t) for an interval
rws that the ratio of two neighbouring

"-'-'irnt"
eclipse.
I contains
the values of the ratios
FjlJ+r: I@, ti I(1,,tp1)
f)' Tft: yaliSti.on coeificient
of the neighbouring in time recorded spectra ol I(f 'calculated"
nr't also been Under conditions
V6 ot ;it;"#;r-;f;tuin"a ot^-pr,+t
t1
 s
:E:sssssgsE5sdsEEgssE=g
99 9? F. C\ r.- o) (D €. (o 6l o (
I
FEHHqSnNiqA€EEHEB*3EssE
c =- -;;; j j; J j;c;c;66ajd;=
=:

s=siEsrlgsgsssgssssEE=E

EsgEs=rsEEirE:SfEsEEgi=

Esig=:trSs RgssgssEEsi

3gs5=s:lSeElRs::ssE35=E
+
*].
..i

s\

ll
c

o \
aa-'
-
C;

tsd z

I2
of completely hornogeneous sourcg-.of
reception tract, the variation coeificie
the movement of the Sun's disk and of
ring the g of.Vp t
mentof b ,lnnor
transmissi
Table ion coeiiicients related to the p.hase of the,ec-
lipse are the biggest and, at the same time, they are by one order bigger tnan
tde other variation coefficients.

Sta.ra Za.gortr

The main object oi the investigation in thc recordittg o"f the :g]_ut,:,tlil,=..jl:3li
Ziioii were'the rapicl transitional processes in the intensitv /(f) ot the solar
;r-firtid.-pr;;;;t.d in this article ut. ttt*-processecl data from'ihe "phase" of
time. In view
discretization
obtained from
urther used in

erences A,, i+, has shown the existence

annels in'- three intervals: for A;, i4r

gross deviations from A/ [3];

,-'
lllmax,min-/l :l
I

All differences A/)4 relative units proved to be.non-inherent to the assum'

three untervals' That is why these dif-
s of the basic information about the dy-

Fisher's F-criterion for adequacy

The analysis indicates that the correlation between ttre ;1191a]i1tl,"liij-

t.t.n... ir .oriparatively poor, with the exception of t.he fol-lowing pairs ol chan-
ilil-61i, O-rZ^,8-13;;id'-o-ie, tor which r>0.70 and F>F, at a confidence le-
vel oi p40.05.
 Table 2
Supraliminal Differences^for Groups of
of Correlation is' R)0.7u
Three Channels for l[/hich the Common Coefficient

EBz I ^t rroglrasalraoslraee 1444

VII] A
8
All 4 12 -16 -4 -44 44 4
VIII
6 8 -6 -4 26
-26 26
-6 -4 -24 24
-26

VIII
XII
XIV

one characteristic feature is that the synchronous appearance of suprali_

rninal differences in a given pair of channels ij aiviaea ny i."!!;l;;;jl";;iii,;;
intervals.
'lable 2 contains the combinations of each three
out of all channels in which
there is simultaneous--ap-pearance of supraliminai aiii"i."."r connected with
a
single correlation coefficient r>0.70.

Conclusion
Theprincipal results frorn the analvsis of the data about the solar eclipse of April
29, 1976, may be formulated as foilows:

Island of Santorini
Since on thij island -of Santorini the eclipse was annular during the phase (g60/o)
and the observations of the Sun's disk were carried out in w.uth"r, ii-.af
"Gu".
l4
be
are
4p
vic
ror

ters. That is why, neutral filters of unkn'

primary information about the intensity of the solar radiation (the constant is
Lancelled in the expression tot Vp).

The Town of Stara Zagora

7-u, in all chaturels is ex
qual io zero and bY inci-
This shows that there is
1 processes 1(l) take Place
e.
values of the supraliminal differences
is poor, with the exception of several pairs of channels for whicl-r r>0'70 and
F2F, level oi p40.05'
' Iiratchannels
a confidence
B to 13 theie exists z marked tendency toward simultaneous
appearance of the supraliminal differences [2].

References
l.Mishev, D. N', A' I. Stoimeuov, i'!' H Kroumov,S'T' I(ovachev'
B.P.Simeonov, N.D. Pelova, T I(' Yane\r' - S2ace Res' iti
Buig., 2, 3'
2. orqer rt -'stl. floArorosxa, flpoue)KJIar.1e I,r pe3yJ'r'fa'rfi o'r' I43cr'IeABaHero Ha CJII HueBotc
3artruHerine ua 29 anpin t976 roa. - (ll<V npu DAH, Cotprza, 1976 r'
S.CnnpHoB,
'
Il.P., 14.8... AyHu"-83, 1-,K.^o^B-cttnii' Kypc teoput't BepotrHo-
cleri u ltarentatuqecxoii crarltclllt<u M., 1965 t"

ZS\,reHeHue aHTeHCI4BHoCTH CoJIHeqHoli paAHa[I{H BO Bpevifl CoJI-

FreqHofo 3arMeHI'Iq 29 anpe.rra 1976 r'
II.Crarucrnqecxult aHaJIu3 IlSMeHeHHn coflHeqnoll paAuaLILtrl Bo BpeMff coJIHelI-
Horo 3arMeHus' 29 anPeJIfi 1976 r'

T. K. flnee, H.,lI,.[Ienoea, A' I;l' CmoulreHoE, A' X' Kpgnoe'

C. T. Koeauee, !. H' Muwee

(Pesrcne)
B pa6ore npoBeAeg crarucrr.rqecxuli aHanus AaI{HbIx -o6 uglteseH[]t corHe'IHoit
p1irutl"" I'no npennr colsequoii 3arMeHufl 29. IV. 1976 r' AanHlte cHI4MaJII4cb
itu' oatpou" Canroputttl, fpeqna H"rop. Cr.-3aropa, Donraptlr'

l5
 B. neptonr cJlyqae cHlrMaJracb unsopuaqtq o .MeAfleHHbrx l.roMeHgH4sx coJr*
HerIHOrz_paAl,Iaquu, a Bo.BTOpOTU
- 6uCrpue H3MeHeHIZrr no crreKTpy.,.B ocHoBHoM
Bo BpeMq MaKcrrMyMa $asrr sarueunr.
AHqnue MeAJIeHHbIX ttgMoHeHuIyI npoBoAr4u'rcs c uccJreAoBaqrreM. ornouregnfi
I- 4nr coce4Hr.rx Bo BpeMeHr4 cneKrpoB, a 6rrcrprre r,rsMeHeHurr pa3HocrflMn co-:
ceAHHx CneKrpoB. -
OcHoeHHe pesydrbrarbr npoBeAeHHoro aHaJrr.rsa:
- na6nrc4alorct{ sHaqI,ITerbHbIe rro aM[Jlr.rryAe oarueHl{fl,
TeIiCI,IBHOCTI4 COnneqgoli paj|\AarrTl4 Bo BpeMfl
MeAJreHHbre I4oMeHeHuq nH-
Qasn KOTOpbre MO>KHO
o6tqcHnrb HeroMofeuHocrblo sunwort no npemi Qasrr uacrn coJrgerrporo Ar{cKa.
.6rycrptre. HsMeHeHr{x (nepexo4nue npoqecclr) ue conpoBox{Aanrcfl KsKnM:
.nu6o- npenaJrr{pynqr.rM Br{Aol,r saKoHoMetHoe.ra Ro BpeMeHr.r.
_
BULGAXIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULCARIA' 2

Sofia . 1979

Ion and Electron Analysis in Retarding Electric

Field for lonosPheric Studies
Performed with- the Intercosmos-8
Satellite
K. I. Gringaus, G. L. Gdaleaich, V' F' Gubskig,
K. B. Serafimoa, S. K- ChaPkunoa

Introduction
Experiments on
The Intercosmos-8 satellite was launched on December 1, 1972.
this satellite were ;';;;i";;iion of the ionospheric .siudies
initiated.by the
il6r;;;il;-z ,ut.rtit.--it-ai- by the geofhysical rockets Vertical-1 and
""a
man Democratic RePublic' USSR and
rcosmos-B were the following: apogee -
7lo, and period -'93'2 mm'
rried out:
1. Positive ion densitY.
2. Electron ternPerature
5. niu.tion oendiiy and temperature'
'between the satellite and the ground-based
;: fit.tg;l .l;.i;;h density
'---
radio-receivfng stations.
5. eiectro? fluxes with 40 keV and protons with I
itr" totto*ing scientific equipment was installed
Sensors of 'the instruments lor ionospheric urements;
-
.emicon-aicti;e ;.d'Jrt-di;#g. counters toi trigtr- and pro'
tons (USSR).
Instrument for plasma pat'ameter measurements with the helf of
ion traps
-
rmecliate device for the registration of
memorv (GDR).
f electrori temierature with a high-fre-

t7
2 KocMuqecKH nscreAoaHhs, rH' 2
 an Democratic Republic and Czecho_
nd launch tests of the above items of
llite launch

Information on the Sovi,et-Bulgarian

Probe Experiment r,vith Intercdsmos_g

parameters is difficult to be accounted f

Fig. l. General view of the Intercosmos-g satellite

l8
Fig. 2. View of ti,e Intercosiilos-B ion traps

lar to the two traps'

t instrurnents wiih which .the successful
besun and the iirst distribu-
ations had been obtained [6].
on a number oi occasions for
in other countries.

the traps.
A iinearly changing voltage, vat'
pcct to the satellite, was applied to t
iase described in Il], this voltage w
The currents measured were comm
amplifier' [7], in order to reduce the indeterm
aiftiriitt OC-un'tplifi.ii, anci also to reduce the forenergy source'. the.weight
"i'tii.
---" tfr" r".ber of til;'t"i;;;iric channels necessary data broadcasting' .
"iti- ih; a;iei-inution Jt-tt" po.itive ion clensity was accomplished by the tech-
i. e. albng theslope of the volt.amper.e cuf;ve.-
niqo. ,ugg*rtea.in.;01,
,19
 .F lg, J. Vieu, cij'. il,i: Intercosmos-B Langnrrrir probe-

the temperature were measured bv the

lylindrical Langmuir probe was m6unt_
/. lne probe was detached from the sa_
eterand20mm long, and it u,as position-
-Ihe overall length of the probb and of
rne proDe voltage varied from-_lV to

9..,ui.9 the Langmuir probe operated in

lDre to retain the measurement results
Earth, followed by informational emls_
cation line.
during the satellite flight out of the
etric station.

Brief Characteristics of the Recorded Information

for almost two months.
of direct radio-communi-
tion kept by the memorv
ne \ot lli)
ations on

,1i,.Hi,:.
The'records of the telemetric control on the saw-tooth
the trap envelopes, as well as the volt-ampere.taiu.t*iiii.,voltage applied to
oi lfi" fiili;p;;
20
 metric control of the saw-tooth voltage
the protective electrocies of the Lang-
ord bi the volt-ampere cnaracteristics
data transmission.
the linearly changing voitage, and volt-
probe are-shown in memory regime on
[5] is ccntrolled under these conditions

Fig" 4. Ion traps teiemetric records

Fig. 5. Langmuir probe recot'ds in real time telemetry

2J
 Irig' 6' Lanp-rnriir probe teremetric records i'the meuror\/
regime

for 1 s and the corres,

generated
while during the following g
d.
aking the above measurements is des_

References
9 n, Ii. t lI],n e;r o ir c E u i\, fl.lll lr r.l .
r, l, i9/3.

x, B.,U, O e e p o B. _ ltlcxyccrneuubre cnyr-

ad. bulg. sci., p4, 11, 1971.

22
I4ccne4oeaHze crpyKrypllblx napaMerpoB uonocSepnt MeroAoM
a:Hailvga HoHoB 14 SJIeKTpoHoB
B 3arll4paIOUleM 3JIeKTpHqec5_oll noJle'
npoBeAeHHoe npl4 no*out" V.IC3,,I4rtrepxoclt'toc-8"
K. A. f pmeags, f . JI' f laneeu't, B' Q' f g6crcurt'
K. E. CepaQuuoe, C. I(. Vanrcamoa
(Pe:rorue)
Bxpa'rqe nePeiII'IcJIeHbI gKctl
I{EHHbIX B. COCTAB CNYTHNKA
FaccuorpeHsi. souAosble
ueHTpaqI4LI I,I SJIeKTpOHHOI{
qecKofo soHAa JIeHrMIopa' 14 AJIfl I'IccJIe
reMneparypu (n onpeAeJIeHHbIX fpaHull
qecKI4X IIOHHbIX JIOByIXeK.
lloxas
JIyqeHHbIx
3OH.IIOBbII4
MerpliqecKoit sanucu B SToM rIepBoM Ko
aKaAeMI4!{ HayK'
rpa.nouof, ;la6oparoplrr4 KOCMHqeCKI4X LIccJIeAosaHuiit Eo,nrapcxoli

23
 BUTGARIAN ACADEMT OF SCIENEES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA. 2

Sofia 1979

First Results from lonospheric Airglow Measurements

Carried Out in Cuba
M, !1, Gogolheu, S.
L. Palacl,o, G. Hill
K. Chapkunou, /. S. Gonzales,

Introduction

co-chemical processes which

state of excitation. A consi_
It of photoionizational exci_
ygen molecule can bring to

(1) ozih. (from Sun)+o*+o.

The atomic and molecular excitation.of the upper atmosphere can
also be
provoked bv collisions.with the precipitating pariidr;i
in a reaction of the following tyfe: f;;
trr",rsiltJrpi.i"
(2) of e+ o*+e.
The electrcn in the
superioi to-trr" tt..mur P-oi:::ttt enersv slishtlv
atomic o,
'or..uiui
as well as on the cross-se "*. ,:".1i:gt$';*i:'f:*il;
ns, the so-called photoelectrons obtain_
sS, can also take part in reaction (2)

by the recombination aerono_

ions of dissociative recombina_
onospheric processes. The main

(3) o.*+u
(4) No* +" + O*+O go(Nb+)
(5) l\2 fe N*+N
--> o"(Ni)
These reactions are
of an order of l0-?.cmss-r [.], 2] and their velocity con_
stants are written at the right-hand side or the exDressions.

24
 nally and they plai' a particularly iT-
erc is no ionizing source, Ihat ls
molecular ions are determined by these
he molecular ions during the night is
hange reaction of the following type:
(6) O+*Oz -' OJ-*O velocity ol Kz according to [3]'
In the ionosphere the aeronomical reactions of type.(7) are around-Iiity in
number or more. A t*i.; of these reactions in thi: ionosphere is offered in
greater d
The
molecule
The

during the 1960's..

results from
The purpose oI this paper is to describe the first measurement
'.mir.ionr ol'the upper atmcsphere carrjed out in Cuba and to show
trre aiigrJr 'them and the ionospheric parameters
the connection existing betwedri some of
measured there.

Selection of Measuring Emissions'

Measuring Techniques and Equipment

measurements.
The following purpose:.
for .the red oxy-
sen line with l. 63
doub
t.this is^the 4); Lttp
i;;'i;;ifi;J i" the green oxysen A' It is

25
 emitted mainlv in the,E-region (g0-r20
its intensity is emitted in ii" F-"Ai"n _r!{n), though about lb-20 per cent of
tsl.'hil"th?d i;";'. of the rines oi the
first negaiive system of the Nzl- morecule. Its rongitude
is 42zB A. rne negative

Fig. I

a second filter i4 order to isolate the phone, and by that filier

phone close to the emission. we rneasured the
The electrophotometer used for the observations consisted
system (full angle - l0o), a disk with interference filters, of an optfcal
and a photoreeei,Iei *
26
 I:,i
uoo *l
!
t
\50 xt

400 if
o ! ll
). s577
350 : r's
xi
I
300 x
\
250

500

\50
400

35.0

300 rlt
/i 1i
f ili
250

LUU

350

3oo

,qn

200

1t+zlS B
6
It
7
0
l9 20 22 2.i 00 01 02 03 0/r 06

Fig. 2
Noveinbet 4-5' lg73i 3-- November s-lt, 1975, (Hnvina)
,- Noieniber 3-4' t975; 2 -
27
 sreater details on the electron blocks are.to be found in [10]. The technique of
information processing is described in
[+1.

Measurement Results

I
,l 63oo E I
150 xI
I
I
140 I
I

o 120
'l'1, 'ltu' s;
I

I xi- A^''nt \,o*--i I

I00 !f'r. . i^u' ^'

^ ,1"r, "^.Vl
fr!-i -'
-- t'* rtt^/Ii!
f*
',.*,--ol
8.0

160
t
ilro I
I
I
I
'/'20 I
o^."- "-J
I00

80

tz0

I00'

80

50

40
22 2) 00 . , | ___l___-
0t oz 0j 0t 05 05

Local tinc
Flg. 3
Dgsignations as in Fig. ,
,

at lunar phase smaller than 0.5, though the best situation is about
be effected
the new moon Deriod.

;i il:: pending
rJ, behavrg.ur of-the intensity of the measured atmospheric emissiops,
',The on the time, is shown,in Fig: 2 (green ana,ilu"Tintg;; de-
ir'Figi'5'1r"a
28
line). The threshold sensitivity of. 1!,. equipment for .all thre-e lines is of the or-
a.i'ot ++ n, therelalive error of the m'eaiurements is.5 per cent and the tempo-
an in-
ral resolutjon is 6-imil ii. .. two neighbouring values are divided by
terval oi 6-7 min for one emissicn).
The behaviort ot-in. giuen emission rvhich had been observed lor four
nights
t'ements of this line at midlatitudes -
nBed within the range of 190-400 R,
cJnditions. Quick intensity fluctua'
midlatitudes, this was explained by
ed in the E-region in the rangeot 80-120
km at a reaction of the following type:
(7) o+o+o-'o2+o(rD)'
Chapman, is known as the tri.gle col-
fluctirations (atmospheric density) can
ission" It is also well known that strong

of the apparatus.
The bahaviour oi the red line will be examined further on.

Correlation between the Irradiation

of the Red Oxygen Emission and
Some Parameteri of the F-Region
pala'
IthasbeenshownbY D, Barbier t12l that b.etweenl'Fand and-lt'F
meters of the night 1-tJei"n uniin.lltuhiution oi the red olygen line there exists
u a.tinit. relation of the following tytre:
(8) 16s66:K(f6F)' exp (-!-ff)+c'
where loF is the critical frequency and h'F is the operative heisht of the for
F-
region, while l/ ir ih;;i;.'n"ig4i K and C are two'constants dEtermined
each station ."pu.ui"ty a*ing'simultaneous ionospheric
and optical observa-
tions. and Go-
on thebasis of a more up-to-date theory of the.region, Serafimov
in fgZi *hi.h is similar to (8),withtheempi-
soshev worked nut u'n.#t"ord"i;
Fi*i-""ottunt -K of formula (8) now beir g the following:
(9) K:1.24X10a ' RzlOz]zoo'
wirere 3, 6] is the rate constant oi exchange leaction (6)
una tO ol-ygel.1.density at 200 km level'
ot .-ifa-,-i+1; shori the use of the N" (ft) proiile for the
calcula sibn theoretical Profile
9q

-_=-=-\
 Figure 4 shows the
for the nig ht of Novem
observations at the San
netically quiet day as r

I,R
140

120

100

8o

OU

lo
o.u
).u
4.0
en
2,0

300
n
5*?t*'*--.- /# :
250 j *.r*_
-f.l-X /"-o.l-*"
ol'-
700

r 50

Loca I t ime
Fig. 4
| Iusoo experimental (Novemtrer g-4, 197S, Hava na); 2 _
- Iaaoo theoretical

werecalculatecl, having the following values: (:1,g6

correlation function and C:60 R by the

(l 0) I u*n-ffffoF)'exp ( -Y#)l
rical intensities of the red emission were

Befcre examining the emission behaviour during the other days,

examine the solar and geornhgnetic activity. levels iot oou period'oi we shall
;td;;;:
30 1
 In-
tion. Data from solar observations were obtained at the Observatory of thewith
stitute of Geophysics und A.ttonomy of the Cuban Academy-bf Sciences,
the exception of the radioemission in the range of 10 cm -- Boulder' They are
given iri Table l.
Table 1

-15
Novembet
I'
515 516 Dl/ 519 523 525 525 526 524 522
Radioemission 2 cm
Radioemission
A
cm 149 150 i5l 154 ro/ r59 159 t59 r56 155
80
72 74 77 80 82 82 83 80
Radioemission 10 cm /r)

The radioemission data are given in l0-22 w/m? llz uttiLs'

R.coraing to the data obtained, the lirsi _days _of_ November were quieter'
ou"i, p"riod'of three iryi ihe
-- On the l.st
Irom to the 3rd November, the radioemis-
sion increasecl from li toi iuntts. 4ih day it had already risen lo 77 , and on
tit. ftf, ary it ior. to g0,-remaining constant on the 6th and 7th days' The inten-

I
'R
150 A
---2 l\
1lr0

I
120

100

.\ K'=1,96 C=60
8o

60

lr 0

1975

120

100

80
\t**---

20 21 22 23 00 01 0? 03 tjrl

Local tinir:

Fig. 5
/-experimenlal:2- theoretical
,

sitv decreasetl after the Bth clay. The magnetic data show ihat a magnetic dis-
tuibance had set in on the second day and that its maximum;qppealed about the
i
4th to the 5th November,
3l
 Resulting from the increase in sol
ed a gradual intensity increase
and 5. Thus the minimum nisht
already of the order of 60 R. On
and on November 5-6 it rose to more
A bright star source crossed the zenith about23:45 and 01:30 of the first

on the negative ionospheric disturba

sult of the geomagnetic storm. This w
drop of the critical frequencies.
As it is known,_ onb of the su de for a drop is
the redistribution of the electron er.ght, o.rilty n.
controllgd by vertical sounding. In th ti'e el maxiqnum
of the F-region can contribute consi o the cli i; iiiii
uncontrollable,
In all probability, at this point the thermal excitation source O (1D) bv reac-
tion. (2) already begins operatihg, but because of the unavailability oi aLta on
the ionospheric temperature at that time it is difficult to express a opi-
nion on this problern.
iositive
one mole source for the inclease of l,
we know, the upper atmospheric den-
r during solar and geomagnetic acti-
at higher levels (cf. for instance the
ease ol K in the theoretical calculation
data would best agree with the expe-
K:20. This means that we have aug-
formula (9) and assume that the coeJ-
co ei f i ci
increase of [9a]ro. More.precisely, yg should say
e n f iilifi #iT ir' ili"H":l 3H,f1:
that the product [(r].Orroo
has increased by one order of magnitude.
"lJi?
. Finally, we would like to mention that this was one of the probabilities
given above.

Conclusions
ic emissions in Cuba and their compa-
g. those in [1,3,4, B, ll, 12]--
-thee.emissions was the same, e. g.-the
ease of the red oue there were deTinite
the red ernission, which represents the rate of the night recom-
b.ina , shows a definite increas-e after midnight. This reiults from
the. recombinational increase in the F-regioi. T'hese procetr.r ui"
proq to the increase of the critical frequencies loF aft'er midnight,
as described
'in [17];, but their physical mechanism is still unilarified.
32
 esscrKiril Selalin-ov' Direclcr ol the Cent-
,ut I-u'il=, d io Dr' Rosanco Alvarez' Dircctcr ol tne
nu-,1oi the all-rcund help rendered by them
Institute
iiiiiite trt in cuba"

References
u I'I3JIyqeHI'ls a'rvocseplr' Mocrna'
1.rIervr6ep,neiiU, f. @usuxa noJlqpHblx cunsuit

65,579.
Hue s dltg14xe I'roHocQepbI. Jleuuurpaa, 1975'
1973/x, 2300, Base1.
in Bulgaria , t, t97B' 73'
f 'C*;;et.
;-'5;;!;
R"d.
rend. Aiad' butg' sci', 2e, 3'
notr peraKunu f. Paex,ru$Sa, Mocxna' 1963'
. New York-London, 1963'
C.'"i iil ; o n. - Planet' Space Sci'' 22'

COSPAR, Varna, Bulgaria' 1975'

- Preorints
Corhpt. rend' Acad' bulg' sci', 25"4' \YL<'
- C;;ii. t"na. a.ua' bul!' sci ',25' 2' 1972'
-
icationes No' 15' 1974'
1964, 1.
*n"f lxHpor' Aox'naAst
u"ono.tp"pe cpeAHI'IX -
EAH, 1972'

l{oHocQepbl'
flepnHe p$yJrbTaTbl ll3MepeHufl onTI4qecKI'Ix 3MI{ccI4ft
npone4eHHoro Ha Ky6e
M. M. foeowee, C.l(. Vanrcttuoe' X' C' fonss/tec'
JI. Ila,qacuo, X. Xutt

(Perrcme)
HI{fl OIITI{qCCKNX 3MI,IC-
npoqeccaM B AHeBHbIX
M6l{Haquil MoJIeKYJISP-

33
3 Kocuuqecru n3cfleABauut. trn' 2
 : nepBbrx p$yJrbTaToB, r.r3MepeHr.rE Onrlr-
c rroMorqbro 6o.rrrapckor? eaexrpo$oro-
- I pecny6nuxu .
ru Ky6a. .

IlllrpoTax, r{ yr(a3aHbI HeKOTOpF{e

i;3+
BULCARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCI{ IN BULGARIA' 2

Sofia . 1979

The Negative lons in the ^FRegion

under N-ight Conditions
K. B. Seraf imou

[8], which is still iar from being a uni.fied. tepresentatipr-r :-oi' the -average'

35t;l
 i takes. place mainly through the radia_
entirely of the atomic oxy'
gen on accormt of its farniliar electron uirllit$'tout
(l) Ole*O--1-2y, Kl
where ftv is a continuum ph_olon_(1,*qg463 A),g' the-coefficient (r
of (l) is in
Ill]: Kr:1.3x
accordance with l0-16
cmrs-i.'
pear by an associetive detachment reaction
part of itr" n.srii"d i""i:'air"p-

(2) o-*o:oz*e-, .Kz

where the velocitv Kz:1.4x10-10 cm's-1 [12], while the other essential part
is involved in the ion-ion recombination:

\ REt 00

\ r".'9()ok
\.
I

Fig. I

(3) O++O--O*+O*+KE, Ks
*h.t: l!:_IuLofitv,Sr:l.bx l0-? cmss-,. [s, l3].
uonsequenilv. the equilibrium equation of th'e negative oxygen ions in the
F-region f or the prrotocriemi;;il;dil-i'" "iirJi r'i,p"i"'iiii tion wi u be
36
(4) ry :KilolN" - { K,1o1 -1- K,[o+l ] to-I.

Under conditions ol equilibrium we have

(5) o-: offia+i:&@o+i<,dm'

Fig. 2

ectron density which, just as [O]' [O*]

irJlJ.g',.":'f5 til:
here ProPose models
determined by

(o) t:?:-#tr",o^kq

of the negative ions [O-](/z)by using

of I. Likewise, using such a model o
[O-] at a given altitude, geographic
 100d

\
900
.\ \
.\'\ \
306
,
,-\ .r,
R-t oo

trrf
6oo
l-
I

50tJ

nic.. 3.

(7) ?i*^,b13*8. 4 R.

, ,Ffofr figr..l, 2,,?, !,b it is possibleto deduce the following principal laws
related to the altitudinal, latitudinal, cyclic una.euiinuisiecitics
.cient of the negative ions l,:' of the coeffi-
1. The mdximum value.of 1" is at the beginning of the F-iegion where,
any conditions up to altitrides ol'220 km we-gaveo ' ' under

(E) : Krlol>(dlo+1.
... . It follorys in this cdse thal
(9) /(,'^^.
;tr:or=:o.93x
lg:l
3B
 oi 1, in the F-region are rather low and they always
rem x 10-6.
the sector h>h,nF the distribution of l(h).is
clos h the exception of"th-e equinoxes' With the rise
in t u consiaei'abie complicafion in the 1"(h) pro{ile'

\'\
A,!lol
\1 r".-30oli

.\
T^"=5501(
\\
-\

Fig.4

showing a number of extrema and inf lex regions in the summer and at the equi-
by a sharp rise in the values
ve-maximal outer ionosPhere.

*' ;tr i??,-,1 xl#fi i"',lH

' un shows maxima of l" for most of the
ly outlined maxinl4 during the summer
ow seographic latitudes (q= l.8p) are ge-
titudes anil bear confitmation for the re-
e.-
 :10 and R=100) of:the.solar activity according.to.
the electron density the data for l, in Fig. l and
in the ion densitv naii ttt .
ii'i. ?r"Lrr that there is a considerable increase
f9:i
tive ions in the F,iegron "t:ililrr
."rr.'r.iiriit i't,!i"t"i i""mre. or the nega-

n; ioo

Fie. 5

(r0) Ni:
t0c0

I lo1,a,
r60

40
 to its value at average
tron density at high geographic latitudes ). will decrease
conditions' lo to certain interes ting efiects, parti'
The low ion densities ^- *.',
^r O-
--'L'^^ of may lead
compare the local
qlarly in the .u.u oilo.ui il.u.ur"*6ntt, boi i".iun..' if we

io-1,.''r
gFi. 6

iniensity of the night airglow obtained from the dissociative /3soo and from the
ion-ion iecombination /Lsoo we shall obtain the following expression:

1[r.,n A desooKrKzlo]1o+11t+r1ni1
(l l) '
/3 aoo loaoo ,46s00{/(s[O+]+Kr[O]v1[Ol]
-:-
where B(h):v#*l#, the
-und'nittog.n
the rates of recharg'
th the oxygen.atomic
inp the oxv{ei
"
iofir, *frii.'a-,
-ana-
o, ur.
-th" ve recombination of
Oi and NO+' 4:0.0091 s-1; Aasoo:
Under different conditions the rat

deiined from the ion-ion recombination'

wismuch lower thanihatat altitudes of
ating mechanism of the red oxygen
is why, the examination of the ion'

4l
 es (/r>500 km), is justified taking into

Appreciation is cue to M Gogoshev and Ts. Gogosheva for the discussions

rvith them on certain aspects oi tt. i,..i.- aoi". held

References
de.s Sauerstof fs uncl ihre Bedeuiulg iLiri io-
ag, Bei.lin, 1963,
. C., bAH; 1969 .- - .

c., BAII, 1970.

4343.
. Arrrr- Geoph., 80, f asc. l, 1g74, 21
r.-t. .

- Journ. Geoph. Res., 80, 16, 197b,

, .\kadernii. Vqrla*, 1973.
: _B il i I t a..prilinriltar.v Relr.,.L:l:c pro_
d Teirp. protrr. ior ihc l;rt,'tt.i. fo:,o.1riioiI,
j\l! 3, 19\/7.
.l3ulg. Sci.,80, 19i7.
rmpact phenomena, 2, Loldon, Oxfcrd and

* r{ep. ERLlrl#fll,t.3o,uin&.,"rriI, r:. E. Fer-

n,J qss{Tech.
s11son.
13,oIs;;lr: R Fot-"'rliii'rl),i..1r-.-yi ::;,i;:"i.oph.Res,76, ts7t,
l'r'cct.'r3r,lii"fvff:',tt;rl'"roueB, tI' roroueBa,
- reovarir*H3rur u Aspo-

4.1
'x4
OtpurlareJlbHble l{onbl n noquofi F-o6nacru
K. E. CepaQunoe

(Peerorr're)
rpa.nlHoft atuocSeprt u uono-e$epu'
q' orpuuareJlbHblx I'IoHoB s F-o6nacru"
HoHoB 1,, MaxcuMaJlbHoe 3Hat{eHI'Ie Koro"
blBoabl o6 oxu/daelublx cesoHHbIX lt npo-

1 BbICOTe
14BHOCT}I
I{OHHO-
cBerleHfif HOTIHOTo ne6a, qsflgloillerocfl
t it"*
--
p"^o^,ortruqt". Bxlaa o6ou s Bblcorax

500-600 xrrt.

43
 BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA. 2

Sofih . Iszs

Analysis- of the Results of Mass-Spectrometric and

Probe Measurements carried out ofi tnt.tcosmos-l2
9, L^ Gdaleuich, K. V. Grechneu, V. A. Ershoua,
V. G. v. p. Ozerou, Ts. p. Dachi,- i-.-S'. Kutiuo,
T. Y. , J.Chereii, V. Mercea, n.nirioii, G-ioiirion,
J. Ru J. Schm'ilauer

Introduction
Intercosmos-12 satellite was launched

44
Equipment

2 equipment was used as sensor of the

is mbr6 refined than ihat oi MH-6407P
ffi:
plitude-modulated high-frequency nous
[;i;;dr';t-th. inr:ut Eitects'the au nput
sisnal voltage.
Iti lt?* are iour scales with amplif ying coeff icient ratios of I :10:100:1000.
-numbers are measufed in three subran-
a. m. u. The recovery of these sectors
discrimination within the accelerating
mutual control of the measurements at

sectors of the range: about I a. m. u.,

most important parameters frequ
with resbect to
-the - the
retarding potentia
and some others become stable.

Results and Discussion

e spherical traps shows' as a rule, the
ioriospheric plasma at multiple orbital

etition frequency at a given difference

shown that the maximal frequency of
is about M:14+15, which suggested
ions (H+, M-l) and
ere characteristig was
two ion species [5, 6]'

45

_.--"_--__._
 "" 9n qrj:-tp" of reproduction seances Nos.
ol,,,tt |l_d.iu (91
or rne ldbth orbi
as well as the direct emission
tude _ b00.7l0 .km, geomag-
netic latitude
-
usnG-l rv
l5
' LZ
9
b

usuo-i
_2 | 2 3 6 I 8'e lo lr.
15
1Z
g

3
0
-3 7 I 9 10
ll
'Tl'l'"U
6

<c
'-"2
4

1
I,
P,
u

1513119 7 5 3 10-l
l*-:sy6 - 1 ;y

l.ig.'l . Interc_o-!mos.l2. 34 orbit: H:b79 kin, 4l.:-F14.15.

l.-=1,14, tt:19", L'I==21 ,37 h. tr:l}4.r,t"

Table 1

Geornagnetlc Local tlme,

Helght, km latltude, deg. hour mln

71r 2223 tt 0.5-0.1

712 -32 2221 76 0.5-0.1
7rl -29 34
0,2
-34 0.5
688
693 -8 21 58
2241
76
82 -6.1 0.15
688 -21 2t 57 77 -0.1
-13 34 -0.2 0,4
638 u 2t 34 76 2-0.4 012
553 34 20 58 76 2-0.4 0,72
560 20 2l 30 34 2,0

46
I'-is.2. Tvpe of iufor ard the Intercosrnos-I2
sat-ellite. Data acquis shape ol the peaks de-
ter'mines the range of sitivity. The pararneter
is eoual to: O volts at - <6>i 10'g V,4.5V --
< 6'X 109 V. The SI i due to the- small trans-
the telernetry storage device. MS niass spectrun. '['he tneasured peaks
theFI*andOf ionsaredesignated. -The rest--peaks oi the ions subject to
ng the reverse course of scanning'and limited by the amplifier at the auto"
o[ its dial

47
 The mass-spectrometric information obtained in reproduction seance No.
77 is given in Fig. 2. fhe selection of the processed material was determined by
the volume of spherical trap data processed by now (orbits 34,76 and 185). The
results compared between mass-spectrometric and spherical'trap data are given
in Table 1 and Fig. 3"

H* /
t

F
6 10'
z-
U

z
0+

10

| , I **l____t__3*"
UNlVER5ALItt4ET.Sl 8.01 8.05 B:09 g.jj 8.17 g.Z1 g.Z'S
ALTTTUDE(<m) 489 5\6
,3\ S9B 6\3 6lA' loz' llz 707
DtpoL.E 45 23 .l
0 _3 . 17 -31 _43
larrruof(oec)
Fig.. 3. .Data abou.t.the ion composition obtained by traps and mass spectrome-
ter in data acquisitiorr regime 77 on Ihe Intercosmos-12 artiiicial'satellite.
Traps, absolute ion concentration (solid and dashed lines). Traps, comDonents
ralio (dashed-dotted I ine)

The mass-spectrometric data have determined the ion densitv ratio n [H+l/
/l[O*]. As mentioned, the absolute calibration of mass-spectrometric data by
the electron density was hampered becar se no processed data on satellite orien-
tation were available, and that resulted in impossibility to determine the angle
value between the mass-spectrometric analyzer and the satellite velocity vector.
Because of that, the ratio nfH+llnlO+] is given with error bars for the ririnimum
angle of attack (evidently exceeding 0'). In order to evaluate these error bars
the "angle characteristics" of O+ and H+ obtained for the analogous experiment
Oreol-2 [7] have been used. The minimum attack angles were obviously locatetl
within the limits oi 30-60".
Certain indeterminateness of the ratio ol ion densities, determined in me-
mory regime, is introdu-cq4 by the electronics speciiicity (the dynamic range of
the equipment was not fully realized). In real time telemetry regime the picture
was more positiver providing the fact that the results along the lB5th orbit were
from this disadvantage.'rData on ion composition, obtained at the lB5th orbit,
were used for the specification oi the minimum attack angle as well as the den-

48
trap measurements'

Conclusion
Table the relative H+ density changes with
As seen in Fig. 3 and
respect to O+ obtaine4- by ric data agrees suflicientlv with the
probe measufemenrs. The"v i;; ;;;r?d by the traps, is within
ih; lifitt "f ttre intervat a e mass-spectormeter'

References
n' J'--Chtre ji' G' To ea n' D' Ri stoiu'
l,Mercea, V., V' ls toniFlight j dor
R.u. Roum. Phys., 8, 839'
caiibrator for Space Mass-sp.*6#.t"i.
n, A.3. PaSa,lbcon, M' E' C'rrY{'
966. 1

.,'rl. Ch. Petrounova, I('B'Sg-tne

1975'
MerpuqecKre I{sMepeHI.{t
4 Koctuuqecxu llscaeAsaHsq,
and Ion Density and Tenlperatu-re.o.n'
ll, iVtit Meeting of CoSPAR' Varna'
B: I4HTEPKocMoc' Hexoropute pe3yr'lbrarbl
x ,,Bep'ruxa.tu I u 2" u Ha cnvrHuKax "rlHrep-
, li".i"tyt eJlel(rpoHllKI{, p"a' IO' Pycreu6ax'
cad. bulg. sci', 26, 755' 1973'
tti
3l oit y n b ti r{ u r{ H, .,l A' -9 ra s q e I ?'
;;.-E. 6h a n, X.-A. c o s o' Macc-cnehrJo-
'-iiot*"u' HccneA' (n neuarn)'
.nyt",inE',,"Optln:f
"u "-' 49'l
xs' 2
 AHa"[Hs peoyJrbraroB Mscc-cr€KTpo]vrerpr{qec*}rx
H3MepeHrrfii npone4er{Hbrx Ha cnyiurxe'
n goHAoBbrx
;,I,IH.repxocnnoc- t2,,

(-Pesroue)

orml6pri 1974 r.. llaparrerDu

ucpurel 250 xlr, Hax.rroseHne
a o6pa6o'rxa MeloAlxrr lrsMe-
H NraccoBofo cocraBa uoHoB B HoHo_
e 6ur.na ycraHoBJretra Macc-cneKrpor,ar-
AJrrr H3MepeH[fl KoHueHrpa4uii u lernr_
3TOMy oI(a3aJIOCb RoSx{o)tKH,blNI npo_
'aBa HoHOB, IIOJIyqeHHblx c noMolllblo
)Ke soHAa JleHrurcpa H paAuortacror_
rryrHHKa _ rocpeAcrBoM BCeX nepeqprc_

50
BUI.GARTAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA' 2

Softa ' 1979

Pulse Generator with Quartz Stabilization

of the Frequency
B. P. Peeu

Introduction

litv reliability of ihe pulse gene-

and
mlde of circuits with highiy stable
elements.
analyzes the characteristics oi a
tiorr oi the frequencY, which has
TTL NAND gates. The circuitry plopo.s-
circuitries (difficulties' in
t the quartz
- of the familiai oi
ed avoids some of the shortcomings
hig
s variations ano o
t Y ratio of t ation o
i of the seria itY oi v
within narrow limits).

General Considerations Related to the Quartz

Stabilization of the Pulse Generatots
BV the inclusion of a quartz resonator in the circuitry of the pulse generator,
rrider thermostatic conditions of the resonator and of the electronic elements'
if is poisible to obtain instability of the frequen-cy generated over a long period
'"ifr"within the limits of l0-6 to 10-0oi[2].itre quarlz resonator is approxiruately
"- time
of
.quivalent electrical circuitry
of the following type [2-a] Fig. I'
t- -
(l)0J1:-fi=Irequencyoftheseria.lt:esonhnce..j',.
\-/ ,lLecq

5ir
 (2) arz=or(l*0.5 rn) frequency of the parallel resonance,
(3) *:#=l coeff icient of incorporation of the quartz in the circuitry.
The circuitry proposed

tQ

,Q co rate
In-series control-makes it possible to ope-
n;il.T#lt?'J 3Jfiii:-j;#i::
"to#'t"o-ii"J
For the excitatibn of the quartz resonator in
R the circuitry of the pulse generator it must be
connected between points in the circuitry which
show great variation in the potential difference
diiference
during operation tl.
[, 21. hand. it is
2]. On the other hand,
desirable for the quart2.crystal
otatlz crvstal fo participate
to
-conditionnarticinete in
Fig. I the feedback circuit; this is not com-
Zq cq- plied with in most practical circUits, but
self-inductance o[ quartz;
- an
seli-capacitance ot qtartz; Ro-reiis- additional condition is
additiOnal iS introduced. namelv. that
lil:: of
tance :i quartz
:,i::l: contacts
":'^:::,co
- capaci- the period of the free oscillationi g.n.iut"a'(*h";
the quartz resonator is not included in the circuit-
{y) shall -be 1.2 to 1.5 times smaller than the oeriod
period of the stabilized
stahilized neeille-
oscilla-
tions [, 3].

Operation of the Circuitry

on. application -of the supply.yoltage_.thg circuitry begins generating free oscil-
lations with a frgquency [o;\1.2
--t_.9) l,
ttr" quirtz ilsonitor ptaying the role
of a capacitor. After about 100 ms [4] the resonalor is excited and Uegini to oscii-

I LJ

9tart -stop control

late with a steadilv ql:yjn_g Upon reaching the rated ampritude of

lrplitude.
the oscillations, th-e pulse g:eneritor is syn'chronizea wltn tne f;;q;;-n.y';ii;;
quartz tesonator (Fig. 2).

63
 Let u
ges with a
diagram.
the sum o

uBt'V

(1)

'0
uB2
'v

A
v'
0

u^,v
t
4

Oo
-2
a
-l+

z
6
-1

ntz'
9.,
0

Fig. 3
 and Duty Rario
$"if;:,t3t,"*nou*o.y
m the lre-
generates
be varied
fecting an
is that it can operate ai rliiferent dutv
ifi ff5 "fifi, ??#-"" Tlli,f ',nlni, ;?i;
The maxi'rum frequency at which the circuit will generate with the
standard integrated cirCuits is Lu*:lS MHz. use of

Start-Stop Op_eration
In view of the fact that the stabilizatio

Influence of Variations in the Supply

Voltage and in the Ambient Temperatur*
As regards the influence of the variations

v.
ply voltage and in the am-
*5 V+5o/0, ?n!-0:'70'C)
a duty ratio for the outrrrri
al conditions. , :

r.54
Practical Realization of the Circuitry
of the Pulse Generator with Quartz l

Stabilization of the FrequencY

Several variants have been realized of the examined circuitry, use being made
of high-stabllity quartz resonator !eJv^)- gna. g1^1!"
folloiving eleciro'nic elements: 4OON, lN9l4'
lNgl6, iiAYTt, 8AY74,2N2907 f the quartz rc-
sonators 501<tIz anrl lOd kHz, of uty ratio of the
prfr". d:0.5, without taking an1' stabilization oi
ihe circuitry, an instability of Tx.lit- of I hour under
lzrboratorl' conditions.

References
l. ll c c n, D. I'lvnvlircr!Ir rcjteparopll Tp1'1one llirr'rf , r' -]ll, 1971'
2.5l x o B.rt e B, T3.- LI . Cnpaeott llliK llo-Itittit-v.'tt,cttoii fexlltlr(o' Krrcn, l1)70'
3. i\,,r L, T lrr \r,q,rr e ,t, I'. b. I(uuptr""n.rt c'ra6r.r,,r*:lar(i,'t rracto'l'l.r . ,\'1., trJ74.
4. "Ii r, s o s H.r, A. ,\., }o. B. f'c ii c u a rr. Br,tcouocra6r.'r l,ttt-.tc iioetptlcot'tc rcilcpa rt)p),1
Ire ry!iHe,;tbttbl x,rl t{o,1ax. M.' 1970.
5. ]{rc.t<:,tnatrc tra cncKTpa.lHl.l xapar{'rellplc'r}r rirr 1a c"rlhrtllclo rro Bl)cn{c lta cJl1)llrtcli0r0
3arbrtHeHtre 29. l\/. 1976 r. l|.ilKIl' DAll.
6..4I a y, F. Multivibrator ttsing IC. Elcctr. Appl ., 29, 4' 1969'

I,luny.ttcurru rellepaTop C I{BapIIeBoH cTa6HJI}t3aIIHeI? qacTol'bl

B il. [Iue
(l)carortc)

B csssu c rugpoKnM np,HMerIeH[eM HHrerparbHblx cxet\'I n rpe6onanttrtl't x ctabt't,ltl-

IlocTr4 ,II HaAelKHoCrlI IlluIIyJIbCHbIx regeparopoB B cucreMax o6pa6orxa uHQopua-
IHH npeAJlaraercfl cxeNla HMnyJtbcHoro reHeparopa c KBapqeBott cra6u,rnsa[Heii
qacToTbL
- B pa6ore or1,tcano Aeftcrslre Lr aHadrrnsapylorcf oco6enuocrlt npe4,laraeuoit
cxeMbr nMnyJrbclrofo reHeparopa. Laswax cxeMa JIuilIeHa HeKoropblx lleAocrarKoB
HgBecrHblx exeM; a trMeI{Ho: orcyTcrByror rpyAnocrl{, cBsgaHHble c nos6yx4euuev
xBapileBoro pesoHarop
Hanps}Xefl.Hfl YrvTAHWfl.
'uennrtit'ro@$rUueH+
ropa Ha l4qrore cepHftHoro pe3oHaHca' 1

ropblx
- Itpe!,e;[aX;
llpu-noAr.tea.IoilyqeHHble'p$)MiTarbl npH npaKrlrqecKoH peaII43a'lII'lH cxel{bl
Iil\tn)',rrbcrroro reHepaTOpa c xaapirenOf.t cra6u,[ilsat(treit qacrorbl.

oo
 itlca,ftrnN AcADEMY oF SclENeEs
PACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA. 2

SoJia 1979

Crbits of Artificial Earth Satellites Used

in the .lntersputnik systern with optimum position
for Bulgaria
P. Stoyanoa, E. Alexandroaa

I nls ls
timum
elliptic
authors
in the Intersputnik system when the sa
our country. Quantitative evaluations
communication with an artificial earth satellite on elliptic and geostation-
ary orbits.

Introduction
One of the forthcoming objectives of Bulgaria is the construction of an earth
station (ES) for communications through- In
lcrpant ln the lntersp el_
.Bllgaria will operate nd
rnlng tne optlmum or tic
One basic variable parameter in the op
ration with AES on an elliptic orbii is the
fion to Bulgaria. The distince between the
the.latitude trss of the ES determines the,p
orbit.
The aim,of our present work was to deterinine X,l in such a manner as to
obtain optimum conditions for communication between the AES and the ES of
Bulgaria.
The-optimum elliptic orbit is the one which ensures the following:
l. Maximum time for communication performance with AES; -'
re of the ES;
rizontal direction.
atibility with RRL
ration with ES.
of the ES station

56
Basic Dependences
between an ES and
The radius 16 ol the legion of possible radio-communication
an AES travelling ,r;;i:; iiript*l,rtif oi ttr. Molniya-1 type is determined bv
the dependence (Fig. l)

(l) ro:ffinR,
where Zat \s an arc angle of the radiovisibility
regioq irom the
'"''";li:'-i,t'.--. satellite;
., r'r - points irom the elliptic
orbii; lnJ' n is the average Earth radius
(6,370 km).
The angle 1 characterizes the range oi vision
from an AES

(2) ,,:ui..inffi&*[grad],

(3) v;<@[ Jn,

where 2 y; is the span of the radiovisibility

1p:,x
,n-gf" ttoin an AES upon its travel along an el-
liptic orbit.
"'"zoi'.l- ls the width of the diagram of AES an-
t.nnu oliJnted for operation at a half-power level'
According to [l], 2@[:Jr:20"'
-Hsat:rr-R Fie l
(4)
radius vector of an I
is the heieht of the satellite above the Earth's surface; r; - at the partieular mo-
;'"il;;'ii"#'"riipiil""iiif ;h.t; the satellite is to be found
ment; and B; is the ;i;i;;;ngi. oi oi the aerial oi the Es above
"p"iation
the horizon.
In view of considerations lor reducing the noise temperature of the aerial,
as introduced from the Earth, F;>5"'
The dePendence between tire above angles is determined
from

(5) g.r:90i(r1f P) [grad]

and
prHsat
(6) Fr:arccos5SR = sin;Y [grad].

Determining the OPtimum EliiPtie

Orbit for Bulgaria
23'e. l' and rP:43o n' l') was'se-
'
the visibility .of the satellite pass
the s4tellite in a vertical plane is

5t
 deterrnined b)' the angle above the horizon Ao, wlrile the
horizon is detlrmined."by ttre ,rimutfi ungf" ' - '-'- -'l
direction toward the
t.
The angle Ao is determined by the dipendence

(7) A : arcts"ffi : arctg!9{il [grad],

rvhere r is the radius-vector of the point at u,hich ilre AES is to be iound, and
@ i.s the geocentric angle between the point
P(North) ol observation C (I, q) and the projectibn of

7
the satellite on the Earth's .surface N (I*r,

&
(p.,t). T'he angle @ deternines the distance
c(t --*---) between the points C and i/ by the clependence
Psat

a=0
_\So______l> (s) a:# . nR. .

I
lru r Equator

l.i g. 2
The angle @ is determined from the
spherical triangle NCP (Fig, 2)

(9) @:arccos [gin,p.sin <p.u1f cos q. cos rp.,1. cos A],]

[grad],
rvhere l. and rp are the coordinates of the observation point;
l'561 ?fld p561 3re geographical coorclinater or tti" iui.tiiid
prolectic,n:
(lo) AL- Lsat-2u.
The azimuth angle f, laken in a North-East sor_rilr-west direction, is
determined fronr -
(l l) E:LA
when 1..^1 is to tlre east of the meridianl":28" e, L ancl from
(12) 6:360"-A.4
when l,r.1isto theWest of the nieridian l,:23"e. l.,rvhilc A,4 is cletermirred
the spherical triangle NCp frolr

(lB) /,4--arccos+#.#'_o 1grad1.

of the satellite lsar, gsat at any monent of its

it are determineel b), the geocentric proiection
. Figu_re 3 shorvs ilre geocentric projection"ot the
to [2], due account being taken dt ttre Earthis
The projection oi the.even ellip,tic trajector.lz is.a qontinuation of
the odd onc
and has the position of the apogee l,'j:
(14) li:.rl+ 1,ggo. .i. . , .,

,, Figrrre.4.slto.rvs graphicallv
presentedellipticorbitsu,iilr rlifferent longitudeof
.tlrc.apogee ihey 'seen
LLtxl1, arb
as- from the r;i;;i;;"o'uiiurton pJini, Tnl.
p.osition-:of the satellite is defermined in relation to the rnoment
the.AE-S.passes through.tlie perigee point (lo:00 til. . ,'
"'-, of time in which

5B
 Table I gives the basic quantities which are characteristic ol the .elliptic
orbit, namely: the radius-vector r, V" (the angle between the direction to the per'igee
and r), the radiovisibility zone lrom the satellite (o, ro) and the distance from the
observation point to the projection of the satellite on the Earth's surface (@, p)
lor the selected elliptic orbits u,ith different longitude of the apogee in function
of absolute time.
For the prlrpose of determining the duration of the session for communica-
tion with the AES, \r/e com-
pare thb visual zone of the
AES from (l) and the dis-
tance to the undersatellite
point from (8) (Table 1). t1
vJ.a t.O'-
7no
1. At p;ro (@>o) the -:
50"
8 th 6 3h
AES cannot "5ee" us with 500 9 l0h 52h
its aerials. Our visibility 4oo l0:l 0h30m 4 t h3orn
toward the satellite is deter- fU
mined by A from (7) and <t 1r l1h 3 rh
from (ll) or (12), and de- zDo
r oo
pends on the overlap angle rz l tnJum
to the horizon. When it is |]o
oossible to ensure a nini- -l oo 13
inum covering angle (g,oin: -zoo
5') for all orbits shown on
Fig. 4, we can follou, the -4oo
movement of the satellite
-)u
within an approximately I 1- i /^o
hour sector. In order to re- -ou
alize the comnrunication ses- -Joo
sion it is necessary to ad- "' -9oo -600 -3oo o 3oo 6o0 9oo,lsat
just the diagram of direct.
ed ooetation of the satel-
lite's aerial.
2 can be communication
rvith k sYst Y line P:ro al
D:5o ine on es the duration
6t ttre Table ained shori' that
upon using one AES travelling along an elliptic orbjt with diiferent positions
oi th" upog""e, the iotal time of the communica{ion session is a sum of tu,o variable
comnonents.
'The
dimensions of the biological zone of the ES ior protection from the ir-
radiation of the aerral within the microwave band for persons not professionally
involved in radiation and for the population is determined, as regarcls intensity,
at I pW/cm'? [3].
The size of itre biozone depends on the power oi the operating transmitters
,.-and on- the values of ,theoperative angles,in. horizontal and ver.tical directions.
The dimensions of the bioz6nes for the selected orbits at transmitter power Pi,
:lO kW, as well as the bypass angles from the aerial in,a horizontal direction,
-are given in Table 2: -- ''
ihe noise temperature of the aerial d from dry atmosphere)
.is significant to thb quality of
,the sig_na the satellite, whose va-
-lue is of the order oi 10--14 W//?rz. It angle ahove the horizon
'--
' A"'at whrch the'aerial isbB6iatin$ :..

59
 r t--
R
qi' Io
s IT
=F
II
*l
rol ro @
rtr ;^
I

rJ al
oo rr<rF p
.it
B3
a
N
D,\
6l
ESB AI
ro !o
co
rol
FI ri
FlNlr
!olFlo,
(9tt\tt.-
ro- | ,o.
s F. rJ:| Io a lD
<F
dt
<t
fi
<tr !n -f(ol
6I ;A O)l$ld
u:l(olts-
I

.jl- ; o
-:; lJ $ tR tg tt)
Nl(l'ltJ! C-l p rn
2"L lo
60 |
<F

n
*l4
lL
ls
@ ld
nlulslH'le R IF
:=T;
dil-E
"^1lq
6d
q
t-

; E
t\
c\
N
T\
c\ alal-lElFlsl-
*l-lRl-lpl-
I

il- j;- Io t-lh^||-

< l6
<l
@
c\ 6l N
sN
ql
IO
.ii I @F
AIF
ro
$
€
N
oi
I c-{ g
CD

? @ €
YV 6t
$ F\ Fi 00
o
€ otat^
6l
6l :;trt3
€lcol@
t!) FrO (€ lro lL(t
6l 6!F cOlt\lco
tl
,.: j
.ti
rP. ei ld l--
0olcol
X@
wl
dt-
*l
oiF EITIRIF
FlFlNl6l
CY) I,-
CYJ
C\ (t)
L"^
Yd5

818 o|o
-l-l-l*
l*lFl,-
fr: |
'rJ t! (O
i5 lE16
^l^l^

-tr)tv
oo
c\t oi
loo loo
o: tJ!
SiSlflBls @ l'F.
F.lFilF.
l@

t- {r
"00 t/)
$ cA

(o lF- 1'lr-1,.)-l lor rJ1 'l .o 6l

t9 ts le t3 I l$
rJ>
F- l- B 6l
-l-lFlHl6l c\ c-,1 N -l* ao
N N

(,

d
F
 qe
to
.oN
-o/
N.

-<-

t^,

o
3-- { -o-
----J-4
o
o
\rs
/t

o
@

o
i: z^
N
o
h
"o &tr N oo
-AO o
o g\ c -r:o
o
\ @ r
N
ol tl

-r-- l-. -L \E
!9 ?< o
|- 3i
r, -lr
o

o
E

o
=
- -3 iA--- .{r
'o-\
-o
N
oll

$
t N

€
N

N----d
N

N+
t -sm

'&

6l
 EA
i3 I rf]
t\
N
t-
N
r $ N ao @ ot
ie --:- 6l c.l e-l
co
c-t
ao
c-q oa
c\
^l
c\ 6l c.l v o
lJ:
Fr t: t.. t.- 1.o ro t\
ci t- ro co
oo € (Y:

N @ rJ
@
_t_ co cp

6l
N N tr @

2o
6U: I.e, g:a !:E
.or f\
N Fgs
Eex
-l
:- |
Xsr I @ co 6l
E-E
Ea i
et
ro
c\
rO
oo
el
rji
@
co c{ @
ots c.l
EO __
OO
C.l
o: N N o rr) ro
6l c\ crt h\
<tr t'- t\ rr
ul
ro C€
6l (O

ol 6l

.co E
co ct
co 1r)
ci 6l CTJ ut N t\.
I
I I I I I
I I

$ rJ:| N ro
ol ci lrj
6l o, cr,
I
F
e.l ol ot cl
'l 'l' 't. .t. ,t. 't. 't' 't.
E E
$
to
c\| N (YJ
t/)
N s -3

!o
$ 6l
E
C€ 6t co
€ @
t-
I
I I I .,| I
.E tr I

ro F- ro
rl:| c-q
r)
F O)
.t. .l'
't. 't. 't' 't.
ro ro co
c.l @
6l tlt
ol

el
q aa.
diF qi> qi> aj> d> d> d> d- ,
@
bbro
cr? vt$ (o ol e.| Go
6Or
(o rl!
o) oo ir

0g
 B
lu o
o €
14d I

09 - stv

o
o

'.:

o
o
I
$
o
a;

6t
o tl
\o
o

a
tr
o
o

o
.- -----' -- - -;oe-:rv----1,:- N

N
O

r o-<A
- - clt/

ro
o o' --. O- - o- - -O --.O oq O - -O;
a, ' 4 o - 6 ,a o s
= {_ ,n - N . N I (r

,.63
(15) r"^:ffiVT
according to [2]. This formula is valid for the 1+B GHz band and A>3+5". The
values of the noise temperature of the aerial, calculated for an angle, which is
the averaged value oi the angles at which the aerial of the ES operates during
most of the session for AES satellite communication, are plotted in Table 2.
A comparison of all optimized quantities in Table 2 shows that the ellip-
tic orbit with l.l:95' e. l. and l.i:85'w. f . is optimal both as regarcls the time
of the communication session through the AES and also as regards the other pa-
rameters: the bypass angle of the aerial in the horizontal plane is minimal, the
area of the biozone is also minimal and the noise temperature of the aerial Tru
is very close to the lowest calculated value,

Geostationary Orbit
The visibility of a geostationary satellite (angles zi and g) is determined with
formulae (7) to (13) for a satellite travelling along an elliptic orbit, and for a
geostationary satellite gsat:0 and (9) it is as follows:
(16) @:arccos (cos rp. cos A1,l [grad].

At a constant height 11.,t:36,000 km and constant distance r:.[/.ut#R for

a geostationary satellite, (7) becomes as follows:

(17) A:arctg ""'a1#

cos @-0.15
[grad].
The angle AA for a geostationary satellite is determined from (13) and be-
comes

(lB) ,4:arccosllqe(/ll .
I'tg
The azimuth angle f is determined from (11) and (12). Figure 5 shows a gra-
phically presented geostationary orbit with visibility from the selected obser-
vation point of Sofia. Broken lines show the intervals oi possible oosition oi a
geostationary AES in the Intersputnik sysem from 6 to 2Bd w. 1. and from 68 to
95'e. l. [a]. The positions have been designated of a western satellite at 10'w. l.
and an eastern satellite at 68" e. l. which have been established as fully satisfying
the needs of Bulgaria for communications over an AES with all countries in the
world. For the purpose of comparison, Table 2 contains the values corresponding
to the optimizing quantities.

Analysis of the Results Obtaine

The visibility of the optimum for our country elliptic orbit from several points
with changing latitudinal parameter __ Moscow (56'n. l.; 38" e. 1.), Novosi-
birsk (55" n. 1.; 82" e. l.), Warsaw (52'n. l.; 20" e. l.), Ulan Bator (48" n. l.;
107'e. l.), Sofia (43'n, l.; 23'e. 1.), and Cuba (22" n. l.; 80" w. l.) calculated
according to formulae (7) to (13), is shown on Fig. 6. Girren below are the cal-
culated times for the communication session.
The conclusion may be drawn from the above data and from Fig. 6 that the
conditions of operation offered by this orbit are' not unfavourable both as

64
 E o
rl/r.
I
E +u,,
E '€-'
I
o
€o
o
ol €o
o o
N
N

6
o
o
--o-"-:'-a^ +ul
o

6
,2- @"

a io
o
€

L o
9- @
N [\ -aE|
e
@ N
N
r = \ I
=O-@
ah
I

N
rl

€oN

e
.t
6l

o
N
3{

o
-\s\ o
-----____.ol o
N

e o
fl E 09 +{r.
d b4

5 Kocugiecira itcacAsa8nt, i(r. I

 Communication time

lst revolutlon

Moscow 8h58min 7 h 38'min 16 h 36 min

Novosibirsk thS4min 7h 16 h 34 min
Warsaw 8h33min 7h53mtn 16 h 26 min
Ulan Bator t h 50 miri 6h12min 16 h 02 min
SoIia 8h21 min 7h42min 16 h 03 mln
Cuba l0 h 36 min l0 h 36 min

regards-tlie duration of the comnunication session and as regards the operating

angle of the aerial. The data available warrant the conclusi-on that shiiting to
the south results in a decrease in the period of the sessiotl.
The deterrnination of an elliBtical orbit which is oBtimal for the countries
belonging to t he Interspqlnik sysiem has not been the object of the present work.
It can be seen frorn Fig, 5 that the ES in Sotia can establish communication
with geostationary satellites at a minimum o\rerlap angle toward the horizon
of 5o, abovetherneridians fron 94.3'e. L to 48.3" w.-1. vrhich are visible in a ho=
rizontal plane in- the directions fron 103" to 257". For the pui'pose oi comparing
the changes in the conditions of operation with the above \Mestern and Eastern
geostationary satellites; Irom two points of different latituele, calculations
have been made for Sofia rnd Warsaw.

Eastern AES Western AES

Locatlon
blozone Idca) Tna ["k] | btozone [dca1

Sofia
Warsaw
23.7
16,0
6.2
ol
1380
1425
30.1
24.4
E.o
6.05 |I
,rro
1380

I.t is poss.ible to conclude from the comparative data presented above that,
practically,. the conditions of operation ch-ange only insignificanily with the
change in latitude;

Conclusion
The analysig_ of the results obtained shows that the optimum elliptic orbit for
Bulgaria is that with apogee of an even revolution over meridian gb. e. t. ana oi
the odd one over meridian 85" w. 1.
For our latitude the geostationary satellites examined offer definitely bet-
ter conditions for comnunication through AES,

References
I' OcHosut.rexrxutlecKoro flpoeKTupoBaHHr aflnap-alypbt cr.rcreM crJ'l3r.t c noMorrlbro I4C3. pea.
A. !,. @oprytueuxo. Mocrrna, T. I, 1070; ror,a II, lg72 r.
2^. \a na ttr H u x o e. H. I,l. Cucrelrsr cBfl3l4 llepe3 I{C3 Ceael.
3. { n u u s, D. A. Cl3tI n 6egonacrrocrt ue,nouexa, M., lg74 r.
M., lg6g r,
4.cepa-$uu.o^a,. K.D,l. I'eu\eu, I(ocru'uuecxn paAr{oe,neKrponnneucrenl.cn,
Qun, 1973 r,

66
Ontzua.nuHble AJIfl HPB oP6raru VIC3,
ICTIOJIb3OBAHHbIE B cr,rcte[,r-e,,I4H'rep
cnyrHt{K"

IL Cmonnoe, E' Anerccat+}Poea

(Pesroiue)
orITI'IMaJIbHoir' Ltts HPE gr-
reocTallploHapKafl' ll gtrl[lr4ll'
rorbl I{ anordg flo oTHoureHI'IP
B CI{CTEMC
alnoft Ann
co GUYTHII:
apnoft op6urax'

67
 BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA. 2

Sofia . 1979

o
b

Emissions EMO-I
IOptical
fur.pqse
'and Research. objectives, Measurement
rechnique,
-
Diagram and Mechanilal Asoects
M. M. Gogoshea, S, K._Chapkunou, V. T. Simoa, V. Vatsoa,
M. H_. Petrounoua, S. /. Surg'ogcheu, Ts. I{. Gogosheaa,
M, Vatsoaa, P. T. Petkoa, N: P. petkoa

Purpose and Research Objectives

The interest shown in the studv of th
that the_y can be used in obtaining inf
. A. Important aeronomic procdsses
of 60 to several thousand kilometers ab
these processes.are the dissociative rec
E and F ionospheric,regions, a large spectrum of ion-exchange reactions, and
the radiative recomDlnarlon.
ation of. protons and electrons of different energy.

,il.'Hf 111,.:iT";llTiJifl :'*l:.t,'ftT,"j.:i,i:1r*r-,1.#;

P. Jh.
E.
ionospheric-magnetospheric interactions.
lne study oI various aspects of the physics of solar-terrestrial rela-
IIONSNIDS.

,ii J i,Ttf '"T% l'fiT,.','#:':i,. I ; x:: \fll:

6E-
nal rotation of the Earth, to the cons.tant change.in. the. direction to the Sutt,
ts not oossible to obtain sufficientlv com-
such a'Iixed point. The network of obser-
ributed. and observations are often unavail-

Fitt. 1

Fig. 2

69
 mo.st.neededr fhe mid_
and in the c
even ir there
r data would fi SILT-
magneto-

SEtel llte

Fig.
Irig. 3
B

two reasons: The first one is that in view

n the
aim
and e
Atm
photometr.ic apparatuses designed at
I.the Bulgarian Acadenry of Sliences
ribution of the following major at_
red oxygen doubte Oi 1sp_rp)}. 6300_6A64
l, Ilr* green A.
:. lle oxygen line OI (rD___rc))r SBTT A.
3' The line7' 42'/8 A from tlie lirst negative syitem of the singly-iolized nit-
rogen molecule.
Tlg intensity of these lines was measured by what is k'own
,ter method as the two_fil-
which has been explaietl in I6j.
All filters and the calibrdted standlrd source are situated
on a revol=
ving disk"

70
 A general view
vidual units ol the
lized by means ol a
ed and stabilized wi
is iiited to the board side and is oriente
(y:79"). An analogous diagran is to
The angle y is selected irl accor
a niininum altitude of the satellite
must be tangential io the Earth's suriace
and at the periqee. the photonreter measu
lavers at a'certiin altitide above the Earth.

Optical Diagrant
is
determined by the orbital parameters,
distribution of the emitting layers, and
ier. In accordance with the above consl-
as been selected with vertical dimension
: photo receiver was FEU-79 whose spec-
tral curve embraces the range examined with very high sensitivity.

lnterf erence
Current/supply filter

rens of FabrY

\Hermet ic
i conta iner
I

Fig. 4

7l
 "":# ::, iHJ"i gl'sl$ f #'# r T:,ll:
interferential photo
-placedfilters,'sealed
the photo-
rcn blocks, is in a con-
Field'apertLre
( I nterference
f il_ter)
rens of Fabry

Fig. 5

EaFfle

I en

€ I o
N

F'ig. 'j

tainer ensuring suitabre temperature conditions and normar atmospheric

pres_
sure. on that account, and arso in view limitationi i;';ir. and weight, the
optic_system was cf the joint type (Fig. 4). .of
The free diameter of the irit'erfererJce irnoto filters, which has
also been se-
lected on consideraticns of compactness, isiB mm. rne'iotii-ai.trir*;;fih;
sual angle selected (Fig. b), is ihe following: . - "---' ;;_

(l) F.: u-Zfu,

where {o is the focal distance oJ the objective, Da is the size of
visual iield, and % p o-ne-half the angie of lh";i;";-i-ri"ia. rnthe blind of the
visual, angle.oi 3.,b",'.the focal distan.. 6t tt.
1rii
z{+.2 mm. "aie,:ui'"
I ne basic ratio for the telescopic systems"nj""ii*'ir'
is
(2) Fo .
I0-: n{'
ntr--Do
72
 Frr is the focar distance of the
,sshere
"'t,L!l3I1ililf,.?,i'",:;ndd'fi",t:T:
tic sYstem as a transmit-
ol FEU to be in the Plane
ture must be equal to or
t follows irom (2) that at
all have
(3) To: l0 and Fn:24'42 mm'

ulae
Do
(4) "t'- rgwt-tg\v.)
whereDo is the lree diameter of the ob.jectiv-e, .Yt.is the angle of the
protection,
;;A V(/tis one-hali the angle of the visual iield'

(5) /1-tn:ffi'
where B, is the depth of the blind and Lwt is the angle of .def lection of the axis
;i;;:;;p;r;ilr-iio'n itr no*inal position- as a result of the incomplete stabi-
lizatlon of the object.
n. _n tgl{/r+tglYio
(6) "P- "Qtgl71-tg W6

iatibn the optic glasses reduce their trans-

This leads to errors in measurement.
in order to avoid this shortcoming, and
radiation.

Mechanical EquiPment -

The body oi the EMo-1 device consists of the. following principal units,(Fig.7):
b;; (it'cover (3) una tulu with protective diaphragms (2). Fitted to the base
,i"ifl"'Lnit *ittr'FEU, itt" blectr6nic block, thi: disk with the filters, and the
---'ii-,i. generator.
step-by-step
the device, since
dbsl"gn prouid"r for easy.assembly and adjustment,ol
tru uo..r, it ?Utain.a io ltte Uaiic unit by the removal of the covef' The base
73
 has six apertures by means of which t
providing fcr efficient heat exchange.
contains vacuum rubber 4 mm thidk.
the front part of the cover. The latter

irig. B

the optic elements are secured. Further

admitting the photo itrlx t"9.ltie.J"Jp*t
fitted to the cover are an illumination
and a pipe connection for firing the de'vice "it-rr";;;i..;"fo,;,. sealed connectors
with ineri-;;!.'"-'

Kinematic Diagram

Irig 9

seng11t9r provid pulses

_" -]l:.p_!lsg
I hese pulses are sent the_qy 'while ms.
pM.
The prohibiting pu]se io
from ,Flt of .1.2
ID converts the pulses received utor
e _syste d B.
t+
 are fed to the step-by-step
These rectangular pulses from- the power amplilier the design of PG, PM, ID
motor M. Integrat.{j;il .ii.ritr rrrie bien ured in
and CP. u19 is fed by a d' c'
The power amplifier PA is of the non-reversive LypS the IDpulses obtai-rr
. supply. p.A consists^"ittit"^iif."ii.ui.1tunn"ts
ampliiving

I'rg. lC

ed. The PA amplifier is designed with silicon transistors operating on a

key

o the block diagrani on Fig. 10, will

ulse from PM. Upon reaching a parti-
th filters connected to its axle stop for
rnent is taken. Aiter that the rnotor is

of the Bulgarian Academy of lciences

lcir Space F.esearch in Sofia. The auth
gratitude to him.
 References
o rr t. --J. Geoph. Res., 78, 1973, EebS.
, I(es., 75, 1970; 6298.
l^9dy, c. G. Shep her d, J. C. c.
369.
NalIv, Il .S. Kerr._Appl.Optir, 12,

J*t"'l i,'J;tlt1
til;,,,
oeoph. ,rnurnar, B,
j'. f] I a trr o lr t. .J [,, J. rlt i. lr r o
tr, J tln,rfit,. l(e;., 77, lgl1, :Jl;3 j.

cny'Hnxonan anraparyp a r\Jrr onpeAeJreH'q o6ulen"naHerapHofo

pacfipeAeJreHr'rq Ba)KHeriut4x arMoc$epnnrx gMr,rcc[r?
3Mo^ I
npeAuasHaqeglr'e u Hayr{Hbre 3aAaqr.r, Me?oAHKa H3MepeHr.rrr,
-
OTTI,IqCCKAq CXCMA H MCXAHIZKA

y y foeowee, C..K;_tlanrcomoe, B. T.^CutLoe, B. Barqoe, M. X. Ilempgnoea,

c. Ll. catpeoduee, Il. H. fozoweeu, tvt. aoL+o,to,'tI f.'7iiknou, H. u. Iremrcoe

(Pesrcn're)

Paccuarpnnaercf [peAHa3HaqeHHe r.r Ha_yrrHbre saAaqr{ lpz6opa

3,Mo l, BKrrr.oqeH-
Horo B cocraB HayuHoli annaparypbr o6rexra ri;na AVbc s cnorsercrBHr4 c npo_
rpauuoii,,ZHTepKocMoc". BNpaiqe nepeqrrcJreHbr re aouoccpepHua
pbl' o Koropblx Mo)KHo cyAl'lrb no pesy,rlraraM rz3MepeHHfl, rroryqeHHblMr.rnupur,"r_
c np[-
6oporu 3MO 1.
PaccuorpeHa npI'IMeHBeMafl olrrl,IqecKag cxer,ra, Bbrrro,rlHeHHarr
B coorBercrBlr.I
aHutrMu, npeAb-
MexaHr4Ku npn-
oAa Ii3MepeHr.rfl
Kar;CxeMa.

7S