AISSCE – 2024

NARAYANA SCHOOL (RISHRA)

NAME:-

ROLL NO:-

XII – SCIENCE
BIOLOGY (044)
Certificate
This is to certify that Cadet ______________CBSE Roll No: ______________
has successfully completed the project work entitled
________________________________________________ in the subject
Biology (044) laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose of Practical
Examination in Class XII to be held in NARAYANA, RISHRA on
________________.

PRINCIPAL

Signature of external examiner Signature of internal examiner

Acknowledgement
Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express
my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful
completion of this project.
I express deep sense of gratitude to almighty God for giving me strength
for the successful completion of the project.
I express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents for constant encouragement
while carrying out this project.
I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the individuals who
contributed in bringing this project up to this level, who continues to look after
me despite my flaws,
I express my deep sense of gratitude to the luminary The Principal
Ma’am, Narayana Schools, Rishra who has been continuously motivating and
extending their helping hand to us.
I express my sincere thanks to the academician The Dean, Narayana
Schools, Rishra, for constant encouragement and the guidance provided during
this project
I am overwhelmed to express my thanks to The Administrative Officer
for providing me an infrastructure and moral support while carrying out this
project in the school.
My sincere thanks to Mrs. Sucharita Saha, Master In-charge, A guide,
Mentor all the above a friend, who critically reviewed my project and helped in
solving each and every problem, occurred during implementation of the project.
The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed
and who are contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project.
I am grateful for their constant support and help.
Contents
Certificate............................................................................................................2
Acknowledgement...............................................................................................3
Introduction.........................................................................................................5
Malaria.................................................................................................................9
Symptom............................................................................................................11
Causes................................................................................................................12
Diagnosis............................................................................................................13
Prevention..........................................................................................................14
Treatment..........................................................................................................17
Survey................................................................................................................20
Conclusion.........................................................................................................23
Bibliography......................................................................................................26
Introduction
One of the most widespread and ancient infectious illnesses that has afflicted
people for ages is malaria. This Plasmodium-genus parasite-borne disease is still
a serious worldwide health problem, especially in tropical and subtropical areas.
It is spread by mosquitoes. With its complicated life cycle, sophisticated
mechanics of transmission, and vast range of clinical symptoms, it is a
dangerous foe that poses a challenge to researchers, medical professionals, and
governments globally. Malaria's past is intricately linked to human civilization.
It is possible to find references to malaria-
like symptoms in ancient Chinese, Greek,
and Roman manuscripts. The medieval
assumption that the disease was caused by
noxious air flowing from wetlands is
reflected in the name "malaria," which means "bad air" in Italian.

It was not until the late 1800s that British surgeon Sir Ronald Ross made the
ground-breaking discovery that Anopheles mosquitoes were the vectors used to
spread the Plasmodium parasite.

Global public health is still severely impacted by malaria, with an estimated 229
million infections and 409,000 fatalities recorded in 2019. Carrying the brunt of
malaria cases and fatalities worldwide, Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for over
94% of cases and deaths. A portion of Oceania, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin
America are also impacted by the illness.

Environmental elements that provide ideal hatching circumstances for

Anopheles mosquitoes, such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall, have a
significant impact on the transmission of malaria. The disease's persistence and
spread are further exacerbated by variables including treatment resistance,
changes in land use, and population shifts.

Plasmodium is a genus of protozoan parasites that cause malaria. Five species

of P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi are known to
infect humans. P. falciparum is the
deadliest of them, accounting for
most fatalities caused by malaria.
The life cycle of the parasite entails
intricate interactions between
mosquitoes and people. Sporozoites
enter a person's circulation when a
female Anopheles mosquito carrying
the infection bites them. After
reaching the liver, these sporozoites
develop into schizonts and release merozoites that infect red blood cells. When
mosquitoes bite again, they take in the contaminated blood, which completes
the cycle.

A variety of symptoms, such as fever, chills, headaches, and exhaustion, are

indicative of malaria. The condition can vary in severity; in certain cases, it can
worsen to the point where organ failure, anaemia, and cerebral malaria develop.
If left untreated, these consequences can be deadly. If P. vivax may establish
latent liver stages (hypnozoites), it can cause relapses. P. falciparum is known to
cause severe malaria. The distinct biology of every Plasmodium species creates
difficulties for methods of prevention, treatment, and diagnosis.

A quick and accurate diagnosis is essential for managing malaria effectively.

Common diagnostic methods include molecular techniques, rapid diagnostic
tests (RDTs), and microscopic inspection of blood smears. But there are
difficulties, especially in places where money and healthcare are few. The use of
antimalarial medications is essential for both treating and preventing malaria.
For simple P. falciparum malaria, artemisinin-based combination treatments
(ACTs) are presently the first line of therapy; nevertheless, the advent of drug-
resistant forms poses a danger. To overcome resistance and guarantee successful
treatment, new antimalarial medications and tactics must be developed.

A variety of tactics are used in malaria control efforts, such as community

involvement, antimalarial treatments, and vector control. Targeting the
Anopheles mosquitoes that are responsible for transmission, indoor residual
spraying (IRS) and long-
lasting insecticidal nets
(LLINs) are essential
elements of vector
management. Another
preventative measure is
intermittent preventive
therapy (IPT), which is
especially useful for
expectant mothers living
in endemic areas. Additionally, although research is still being done to increase
coverage and efficacy, the introduction of malaria vaccines like RTS and
S/AS01 marks a revolutionary advance in the prevention of malaria.
Malaria control has made significant progress, but there are still many obstacles
to overcome. The persistence of malaria is caused by several factors, including
socioeconomic status, climatic change, healthcare accessibility, and the intricacy
of the parasite's lifecycle. Control attempts are made more difficult by the rise
of drug-resistant strains and insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. Developing novel
medications, improving current therapies, and promoting the development of
vaccines are the main goals of ongoing research projects. Governments, non-
governmental organisations, academic institutions, and the commercial sector
must work together to overcome these obstacles and accomplish the worldwide
aim of eliminating malaria.

Malaria continues to be a serious worldwide health concern that has a

significant effect on economies and communities, especially in areas with little
resources. The epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, therapy, prevention,
historical background, and continuing difficulties all add to the difficulty of
managing this age-old illness. But the goal of a world free of malaria is
attainable with persistent international cooperation, creative research, and all-
encompassing public health initiatives. It is hoped that if the international
community persists in its efforts, future generations will not have to endure the
pain and loss brought about by this tenacious and stubborn foe.
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by various species of the
parasitic protozoan microorganisms called Plasmodium. Malaria is a disease
that humans has battled with for a long time. Certain mosquito species can
transmit the potentially fatal illness malaria
to humans. Tropical nations are where it is
primarily found. It can be treated and
prevented. The parasite that causes the
illness is the only thing that spreads from
person to person. There are moderate to
life-threatening symptoms. Cough, chills,
and fever are considered mild symptoms. Breathing difficulties, exhaustion,
disorientation, and convulsions are examples of severe symptoms. People with
HIV/AIDS, pregnant women, children under five, and travellers are more likely
to get a serious infection. Malaria may be avoided with medication and by
avoiding mosquito bites. Treatments can prevent the worsening of mild
instances.

The primary method by which malaria is transmitted to humans is by female

Anopheles mosquito bites. Malaria can also be spread via infected needles and
blood transfusions. The initial signs and
symptoms of malaria may be obscure at
first, resembling many other feverish
conditions. P. falciparum malaria can
cause severe sickness and death in as
little as 24 hours if left untreated. Human
malaria is caused by five different species of Plasmodium parasites, of which P.
falciparum and P. vivax represent the biggest threats. The most common malaria
parasite in Africa is P. falciparum, which is also the deadliest. Outside of sub-
Saharan Africa, P. vivax is the predominant malaria parasite. P. malariae, P.
ovale, and P. knowlesi are the additional malaria species that may infect people.

In contrast to 245 million cases in 2020, there were 247 million cases of malaria
in 2021, according to the most recent World Malaria Report. Compared to
625,000 in 2020, the expected number of malaria fatalities in 2021 was 619 000.
COVID-19 related
disruptions increased
the number of
malaria cases by
about 13 million and
the number of
malaria fatalities by
63 000 over the
pandemic's two peak years (2020–2021). The WHO African Region is still
responsible for an excessively large part of the world's malaria cases.
Approximately 95% of all malaria cases and 96% of fatalities in 2021 occurred
in the Region. About 80% of all malaria deaths in the region were in children
under the age of five.

Just over half of all malaria deaths globally occurred in four African countries:
Nigeria (31.3%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (12.6%), the United
Republic of Tanzania (4.1%), and Niger (3.9%).

Symptom
The most typical early signs of malaria include chills, fever, and headache.
Usually, 10 to 15 days after
being bitten by an infected
mosquito, symptoms appear.
Some people may only
experience moderate symptoms,
particularly those who have already caught malaria. It is critical to get tested for
malaria as soon as possible because many symptoms are nonspecific.

Certain malaria strains are deadly or extremely sickening. Pregnant women,

young children under five, tourists, and those living with HIV/AIDS are among
the groups most vulnerable. Among the severe symptoms are:

 severe exhaustion and lassitude

 lowered awareness
 several convulsions
 breathing difficulties
 bloody or dark urine
 jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
 unusual bleeding

Severe symptoms should be treated immediately with emergency treatment. If

malaria is mild, therapy can prevent the infection from getting worse. A low
birth weight or early delivery can also result from malaria infection during
pregnancy.
Causes
If a person is bitten by an infected mosquito, they may get malaria. An insect
must carry the Plasmodium parasite in order to infect a human. Although this
parasite comes in a variety of forms, only five of them are known to cause
malaria in humans. Moreover, people cannot contract malaria unless they are
bitten by a female Anopheles mosquito. The
parasite enters the bloodstream when a mosquito
bites a human it goes to the liver, where it starts
to grow. New malaria parasites are released by
the liver into the circulation, where they grow and
infect red blood cells. Recurrence occurs because
certain malaria parasites stay in the liver and do
not spread until later. Depending on the kind of
Plasmodium infection, symptoms generally start
to show up 7–30 days after infection as the parasites grow. Symptoms of an
infection that develops after taking antimalarial medication may not show up for
weeks or months.

The cycle can potentially be restarted by an unaffected mosquito consuming

blood that contains parasites.

Diagnosis

Early diagnosis is critical for recovery from malaria. People can acquire an
infection even after taking antimalarial drugs. In this case, symptoms can show
up to a year after infection.
Anyone with symptoms that may indicate malaria should speak with a doctor as
soon as possible. They should tell the healthcare professional if they have been
in an area where malaria has been present in the past 12 months.

A doctor will ask the person about their symptoms and travel history. If they
suspect malaria, they will order some blood tests.

These include:

 a complete blood count to test for anaemia

 rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) for parasites, which can provide results
in 2–15 minutes

 microscopic examination of blood cells

RDT tests are available as a kit but only through laboratories.

Prevention
By taking medication and avoiding insect bites, malaria can be avoided. See a
physician about using medications like chemoprophylaxis prior to visiting
regions where malaria is prevalent.

Reduce your risk of malaria by staying away from mosquito bites:

 If you sleep in an area where malaria is prevalent, use a mosquito net.

 After sunset, use insect repellents with DEET, IR3535, or Icaridin.
 Employ vaporizers and coils.
 Put on safety gear.
 Make use of window screens.
 Taking antimalarial tablets when traveling to an area where malaria
occurs
 Getting a prompt diagnosis and treatment if someone thinks they may
have the disease
  Administering the vaccine to children who live in places where malaria is
endemic

Antimalarial drugs are around 90% effective in preventing malaria. If a person

uses these drugs, they should still take measures to prevent bites when spending
time in an area where the disease is likely. Anyone planning to travel to an area
where malaria is common should enquire about malaria tablets in good time. In
most cases, people need to start taking the drugs several more days before
traveling. They may also need to take tests before using some drugs, and it can
take time to organize these screenings.

Vector Management

Because vector management is so successful at avoiding infection and limiting

disease transmission, it is an essential part of methods for controlling and
eliminating malaria. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying
(IRS) are the two main
therapies. A growing resistance
of Anopheles mosquitoes to
pesticides is a danger to the
progress made in the global
control of malaria. Other
threats to ITNs include
inadequate access, net loss
from daily stress outpacing
replacement, and mosquito
behaviour changes (apparently
biting before people go to bed
and resting outside, avoiding insecticide exposure). These threats are detailed in
the most recent World Malaria Report.
Chemoprophylaxis

Visitors to regions where malaria is endemic should speak with their physician
several weeks before to leaving. The doctor will decide which
chemoprophylaxis medications are suitable for the destination nation. Certain
chemoprophylaxis
medications need to be
begun two to three
weeks before to travel.
For the course of the
visit to the malaria risk
region and for four
weeks following the last
potential infection
exposure, all preventive
medication should be taken as prescribed. During this time, parasites may still
emerge from the liver.

Preventive chemotherapy

The use of medications, either alone or in combination, to stop malaria

infections and their effects is known as preventive chemotherapy. Regardless of
whether the receivers have malaria or not, it calls for administering an entire
course of therapy with an antimalarial medication to susceptible individuals at
certain times throughout the peak malarial risk. Mass drug administration
(MDA), post- discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC), intermittent
preventive treatment of malaria in
pregnancy (IPTp) and school-aged children
(IPTsc), seasonal malaria chemoprevention
(SMC), and perennial malaria
chemoprevention (PMC) are examples of
preventive chemotherapy. These safe and affordable tactics are meant to
supplement current efforts to reduce malaria, such as vector control measures,
early detection of suspected cases, and antimalarial medication treatment of
confirmed cases.

Vaccination

Since October 2021, children residing in areas with moderate to high P.

falciparum malaria transmission are advised to get the RTS,S/AS01 malaria
vaccine. It has been demonstrated that the vaccination dramatically lowers the
risk of malaria, including the fatal severe form, in young infants.

Treatment
Early detection and treatment of malaria lowers illness, averts fatalities, and
helps to lower transmission. The World Health Organisation advises that
parasite-based diagnostic testing—either by microscopy or a quick diagnostic
test—be used to confirm any suspected cases of malaria. As a dangerous
infection, malaria always has to be treated with medication.

Malaria is treated and prevented with a variety of medications. Physicians will

select one or more based on:

 The type of malaria

 The weight or age of the malaria patient
 whether the patient is pregnant
 whether the malaria parasite is resistant to a medication

The main antimalarial drugs are:

 chloroquine

 hydroxychloroquine

 primaquine
  artemisinin-based therapy

 atovaquone-proguanil

The treatment period usually lasts 2 days.

The following are the most often used medications for malaria:

 The most successful medications are often those that use artemisinin as a
basis, such as artemether-lumefantrine combination treatment
medications.
 Chloroquine should only be used to treat P. vivax infections in locations
where the parasite is still susceptible to this medication.
 In order to stop P. vivax and P. ovale parasite infections from relapsing,
primaquine needs to be included in the primary therapy.

Treatment for individuals with the disease includes:

 medication to eliminate the parasite from the bloodstream

 supportive care

 hospitalization for those with severe symptoms

 intensive care, in some cases

The bulk of medications are taken as pills. For injectable medications, some
patients might need to visit a hospital or health facility.
Survey
1. Student to Doctor- These questions aim to provide a comprehensive
understanding of malaria, its symptoms, prevention, treatment, current
research, and the role of community involvement in combating the
disease.
i. What are the common symptoms of malaria, and how can someone
differentiate them from other illnesses?
- Common symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, sweats,
headaches, muscle aches, nausea, and fatigue. It's important to
note that these symptoms can overlap with other diseases, so a
definitive diagnosis requires a medical test for malaria parasites.
ii. How is malaria transmitted, and what preventive measures can
individuals take, especially in endemic areas?
- Malaria is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected
female mosquitoes. Preventive measures include the use of bed
nets treated with insecticide, wearing long-sleeved clothing,
using insect repellent, and taking antimalarial medications if
prescribed.
iii. What is the current state of malaria treatment, and how effective
are the available medications?
- Malaria treatment involves antimalarial drugs, and the choice of
medication depends on the type and severity of the infection, as
well as the geographic location. It's crucial to complete the
prescribed course of treatment to ensure complete recovery and
reduce the risk of drug resistance.
iv. Are there any recent advancements or ongoing research in the field
of malaria prevention or treatment that we should be aware of?
 - Researchers are continually working on improving malaria
prevention and treatment strategies. There are ongoing studies
on new drugs, vaccines, and mosquito control methods. Stay
updated on reputable health sources for the latest information.
v. What role do community health initiatives play in controlling the
spread of malaria, and how can students contribute to such
efforts?
- Community health initiatives are essential in malaria control.
Students can contribute by raising awareness about preventive
measures, participating in local health campaigns, and
supporting initiatives that provide mosquito nets or promote
proper waste disposal to reduce mosquito breeding sites.
Education and community engagement are powerful tools in the
fight against malaria.
2. Student to Patient- These questions aim to capture the patient's personal
experience with malaria, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment,
preventive measures, and the broader impact on their life and community.
This information can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding
of the disease and inform future malaria prevention and control efforts.
i. Can you describe the symptoms you experienced when you had
malaria, and how did you initially realize it might be more than a
common illness?
- My symptoms often included fever, headaches, muscle aches,
and fatigue. I initially mistook these symptoms for the flu.
However, the persistence of symptoms and the recurrence of
fever cycles indicated that I should seek medical attention.
ii. How was your malaria diagnosed, and what was the process like
for receiving treatment?
 - Diagnosis involved a blood test to detect the presence of the
malaria parasite. Treatment varies based on the type of malaria
and its severity. I typically prescribed antimalarial medications,
and was told by the doctor that it's crucial to complete the entire
course of treatment to ensure full recovery.
iii. Were you aware of the preventive measures for malaria before
contracting the disease, and what steps do you take now to protect
yourself and your community?
- No, I was not that much aware of the preventive measures but
after consultation and treatment by my doctor, I got to know
some preventive measures which included using bed nets
treated with insecticide, wearing long-sleeved clothing, using
insect repellent, and taking prophylactic medications if living in
or traveling to malaria-endemic areas. My doctor also said that
the patients who have experienced malaria may become
advocates for these preventive measures to protect themselves
and others.
iv. How has malaria impacted your daily life, and are there any
lingering effects or challenges you've faced during the recovery
process?
- It had a significant impact on my daily life, leading to fatigue
and weakness during and after the illness. Some individuals
may experience recurrent episodes or complications.
Understanding the long-term effects helps in developing
comprehensive support systems for patients during and after
recovery.
v. From your perspective, what role do you think community
awareness and education play in preventing and managing
malaria?
 - I think community awareness and education are vital in
preventing malaria. Patients can emphasize the importance of
early detection, seeking prompt medical attention, and
following preventive measures. They may also stress the
significance of community-wide efforts to eliminate mosquito
breeding sites and promote a healthier living environment.

Conclusion
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium
parasite, continues to be a significant global health challenge, particularly in
tropical and subtropical regions. Effective prevention and treatment strategies
are crucial in reducing the burden of this disease. In this comprehensive
discussion, we will explore the current state of malaria prevention and
treatment, highlighting key interventions and innovations that contribute to the
global effort to control and eliminate malaria.
Prevention Strategies: Preventing malaria transmission is a multifaceted
challenge that requires a combination of approaches. One of the most widely
adopted methods is the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs). ITNs create a
physical barrier against mosquito bites and are treated with insecticides that kill
or repel mosquitoes. This cost-effective intervention has proven to be highly
effective, particularly in high-transmission areas. Indoor residual spraying (IRS)
is another key
preventive measure.
This involves
applying insecticides
to the interior walls of
homes and other
structures, killing
mosquitoes that come
into contact with the treated surfaces. IRS has been successful in reducing
malaria transmission in various settings, but its sustainability and long-term
efficacy depend on factors such as the choice of insecticide and the
development of insecticide resistance. Chemoprevention is yet another crucial
strategy for preventing malaria, particularly in vulnerable populations such as
pregnant women and young children. Intermittent preventive treatment in
pregnancy (IPTp) involves giving antimalarial drugs to pregnant women during
routine antenatal care visits, reducing the risk of malaria-related complications.
Similarly, seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) targets young children in
areas with highly seasonal transmission, providing them with antimalarial drugs
during peak malaria seasons. In recent years, the development and deployment
of new tools, such as next-generation insecticides and novel vector control
strategies, have shown promise in enhancing the effectiveness of malaria
prevention efforts. Additionally, the use of community engagement and
education programs plays a vital role in encouraging the adoption and sustained
use of preventive measures.
Treatment Strategies: Prompt and effective treatment is essential for both curing
individuals infected with malaria and preventing the spread of the disease.
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have become the cornerstone
of malaria treatment. These combinations of drugs, including an artemisinin
derivative and another antimalarial, are highly effective in rapidly clearing the
parasites from the bloodstream. However, the emergence and spread of
artemisinin resistance in some regions pose a significant threat to the efficacy of
ACTs. Surveillance and monitoring of drug resistance, coupled with research
and development of new antimalarial drugs, are critical components of the
global strategy to combat drug-resistant malaria. In addition to drug treatment,
efforts to improve case management include the use of rapid diagnostic tests
(RDTs) to enable quick and accurate diagnosis in resource-limited settings
where laboratory infrastructure is lacking. This ensures that appropriate
treatment is administered promptly, reducing the risk of severe disease and
death. The integration of community health workers into the healthcare system
has proven to be effective in expanding access to malaria diagnosis and
treatment, especially in remote areas. This decentralized approach empowers
local communities and strengthens healthcare systems, contributing to better
overall health outcomes.
Challenges and Future Directions: While significant progress has been made in
the prevention and treatment of malaria, numerous challenges persist. Access to
effective interventions remains uneven, with marginalized communities often
facing barriers such as economic constraints, inadequate healthcare
infrastructure, and sociocultural factors. Vector control efforts face the ongoing
challenge of insecticide resistance, necessitating continuous research and
innovation to develop new tools and strategies. Moreover, the unpredictable
nature of malaria transmission, influenced by factors such as climate change,
poses a dynamic challenge that requires adaptive and resilient public health
responses. The global community's commitment to malaria elimination is
evident in initiatives such as the World Health Organization's Global Technical
Strategy for Malaria and the Roll Back Malaria Partnership. These initiatives
emphasize the importance of collaboration, innovation, and sustained
investment in research and development to achieve ambitious malaria reduction
targets.
In conclusion, the prevention and treatment of malaria represent a dynamic and
evolving field in global health. While remarkable strides have been made, the
persistence of challenges highlights the need for continued investment, research,
and international collaboration. With a comprehensive and integrated approach
that combines innovative interventions, community engagement, and robust
health systems, the goal of malaria elimination is within reach. As we move
forward, it is imperative to remain vigilant, adaptable, and committed to the
shared vision of a malaria-free world.
Bibliography
 https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/primary-care/malaria/
treatments/prevention.html
 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150670#treatment
 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria
 https://www.healthline.com/health/malaria