Population

How pop .
varius between places :

Physical + Huma Factors offerty population distribution :

Landforms :

high pop densities : flat plan ,

low lying (Bangladesh Netherlands ,

low"" :
rugged , mountainin teat

&

Climate ↑
:
pop d : wetter climate ↓ popd :
dry ,
extreme climates , irregular rainfall

Soils : ↑ rich
, fentile soils , to soils that make it had to cultivate

Vegetation ↑exterive grenslands

: to dene rainforests

Natural Resources : I places with lots of energy that resources to low energy ,
low not resources

Agriculture : ↑ productive for family ↓ where farming is

difficult

Communication : T easy
to commute t where comme is rffent ,
rural

Political Factors ↑
: where
gove
devide to expand to build new creas to a re where
gou put
hor investment

Econmic dev classified :

LCs MICs It's

* noted
we of developing" : countries a re at
varrying scales of development

voluntary internal migration preferential

:
movement of population away from their home
from one
part of the
country to another

meganity :
city w > 10 mil ppl

core : more
der-part periphery : Less dow part of place comby

2 contrasting egs of uneven pop. dist.

Chine S .

Africa
30. % of
flattere
ene
90 % · live on the land
,
11. % live on 0
. 5%
of the
land
Majority large : cities : CT , Durban ..
26. %
popin Gauteng province, west

Majority East unextreme temps flatter terrain southeast > northwest

pop decess
: + South >
- -

Minority : North
,
West - Tibetan plateau/Gobit high , rugged As Minority : hotten areas inland

Migration > -
west + east Forced migration during Apartheid

>
-
↑ lad costs , ↑ wealth sep to labour costs ↑ pollution blacks >
-
homefore >
-
urbances
, ,
domestic
workers
> in
-
1998 : 43 .
mil + 2023 : 13 mil circular migration : moving repectedly before- work + home : maich
,

>
-

damages family wit , puts pressure

on
grandpants eth
Demographic transition model

Birth Rate

2
2
Death Rate

-population
Natural
increase

As pop grow
older
,
birth retro death lower

Demographic dividend : accelerated economic

growth that
may result in a delive in a
country's birth and dash t

>
-

subsequent change in
age structure of pop ,
where a
large proportion of pop is in the adult age range

↓ birth rates I in working

,
age po
,
to mortality rates ,
- ↑ pp of working yep

Natural increase : crude birth rate-wide death rate

Fertility rate :
any number of births/1000 women
of childbearing (affected by religion , health , economic prosperity , needfor children

Life expectory :
ang no of years person can be expected to live

Dependency ratio of labour and the who topically mdow oa

age population
ratio : : there not in are

Burkina Faso Clardlocked Denmark (coestel)

opport in workplace
leve
↑
natural invest
, ↓ me tuch inverse

↑ fort. ↓
rate
fort. rate

o life espectancy
↓ civil ver , len healthere ↑ life espectancy - Welthcare
,

aging youngpop high young gen ,

low early

89 . 77 / .

are depudet (wig) 56 72 t

.
-

depeyratio : 56 72% not

.

working
> nec
-

langer workforce I

BURINA DENMAN
:

depuht
:

FASO
.

et

·
at
56 onli
Consequenes of Mega City Growth Environmental)
(Economic , Social Political
, ,

Mumbai : # of pp live in slams

,
60% in poverty 18 %
of slum land is habitable
,

Economic Social

>
-
India's commercial + corporate headquar
Capital ,
TNC >
-
overly repid pop growth

- T employment within tertiary sector >

-

challenges ~
electricity + H20 supplies
>
-
small business deal w

tresh instead of gov

>
-
location on
peninsula =
eary trade +
foreign investments >
-

pop growth too rapid to organise wat disposal

SNALWEDE
L
I
>
-

many employed by informal sector >

-
unaffordable housing + slums
uS
D w

D EAL
>
unsanitary water supplies TRASH
-

>
-
↓ unemployment rates

Rap
pur
ID
It Hemployent
ste
about
Political Environmental

-gentrification
-
+ der
of HIC hosing forces many to liven slams pollution > overwe
-
of cars
,
plevels of nitrous otide

toric chemme soil

>
- Dharavi's proximity to CBD >
-
pres we to clear up slums repid pop growth to Wast problem - to

>
-
fored to evict
, political conglet btw gov + slum communities >
-

improper disposal +
pollution of Mithi River >
-
7500 metric tomlalay
household quality of
77 % of
:
poor

& H %0

National Slum Dev programme (NATIA em water shortages discuss - LC / households

poor H20 quality
:

>
- :

Lo te dis Rosal
Stop
:
-circular econ
>
- 80 %
.

plastic recycled
>
-
locks + subsidies to stels for rehabilitation projects
-Pre
a are

to zero-emission
bus (BEST-NMMT)
Mumbai Central Railway - step towed
solar power
adapt
provides
>
> slums
-
-
w boic amenities
- Mumbai Western Railway >
- install solar-powered changing stations

Types of Forced Migrants

Refugees , Asylum Seekers (left in serch of potention , but refugee states not
get decided

IDP -
internally displaced persons , development displace , discover displace , smuggled people , trafficked people

der displace

smussleh propla
trafficked people
• Detailed examples of two or more forced movements, to include
environmental and political push factors, and consequences for people and
Places
Syria, Alaska

Type of forced Political forced migration Environmental forced migration

migration

SYRIA
-

Case study Kivalina Alaska

ALASKA
uS
Syria

The push factors - No ice (ice thinned)

- 2015 Conflict (civil war)
- Unsafe living conditions
- Lack of a consistent lifestyle
- Dangers to youth (child
labour)
- Better lifestyle and security
elsewhere
- Harder to retain resources
- Harsh living conditions due to
lack of resources and food
- Risk of flooding (need to move
infrastructure)
- Lack of funding from
government
- 776 people

Consequences for - Must leave their homes behind

people - Hard to get a visa to enter
other countries, therefore
must go via dangerous and
expensive means
- Might be difficult for people
to find a job in a new country
- Difficult to leave their homes
and old life behind
- -
- Need to find other alternatives of
obtaining food, as well as
alternative routes
- Loss of profit, worsened
economy
- Difficult to leave their past life
behind, hard to adjust to a more
modern life
Things are much more expensive
outside (affordability)

Consequences for - Lose a large majority of the - Risk of overpopulation

places workforce
- New countries experience
overpopulation
- Increase in people needing
humanitarian aid in Syria
- Higher competition for jobs
- Political tension (funding vs no
funding)
- More competition in the job
market
- Due to thinning ice being a part
of global warming- could
 and resources
- Children get exposed to
physical and psychological
violence, early marriage etc
- More than 1.4 million Syrian
refugees in Lebanon.
potentially be a warning sign for
other cities and towns across the
world and the United States
- Loss of business for country (ice
business in danger)

Tim i

Policies associated with managing population change, focusing on:

• policies related to ageing societies
• pro-natalist or anti-natalist policies

Dependency ratio

An age-population of those typically not in the labour force (dependent= ages 0-14 and 65+) and
those that are. not in labor fre us there that are

Ageing ratio

The ratio of older dependents (people older than 64) to the working-age population (those ages
15-64). The data is shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.

(The number of people over 64 in comparison to the working-age, which we define at ages 20-64.)

Ageing population policies in China Ageing population policies in Japan

 Empl
a
n
>
- One child policy introduced in 1979 - led
to gender imbalance
- Therefore proportion of population over
60 is growing faster
- Programme of contraception and abortion
in 1970s halved the fertility rate
- Problems with One Child policy: methods
and leeways, mainly enforced in the cities,
less in countryside, majority of boys in
pop
- Led to an ageing population
Some cities in China such as Shanghai are
participating in the WHO GNAFC, increase
opport for elderlies
- Access to green spaces important
- Pavement maintenance
- Seating is needed to help the elderly
maintain mobility and independence
- Walkways and cycle paths help to
maintain fitness and a feeling of security
Pro-natalist and anti-natalist policies
Pro-natalist: increase population size
Anti-natalist: decrease pop size
Create greater work-life balance
- Urging towns and villages to merge so
they can pool resources and use their tax
funds more.
- Financial support for families with young
children.
- keep the over 65s active so that being in
better health means that the years of aged
dependency are reduced.
- provide sports facilities etc.
- encourage over 65s to take on jobs in the
community
- increase retirement age- being pushed up
into mid 70s
- Encouraging more women into the
workforce when younger. Japan has a low
participation rate for a developed country.
- Research into the use of robotics to help
with low level tasks in elderly homes and
hospitals. (dispense medicines, help
elderly eat)
TAPAN :
 inne
pup
>
-

-
Pro-natalist policies in China Pro-natalist policies in Singapore

- Reversal of One Child Policy, allowing - Has one of the lowest fertility rates in the
people to have a second child world
- Encourage people to have 2 or 3 more - 36% of SG population is made of foreign
children nationals,
- One child policy did not work- sometimes
it would only be implemented in cities, Key features of policy:
there were methods to bypass it - Increased maternity leave by 50% to 12
- res weeks, cover the cost of maternity eve for
- WHO GNAFC (keep opportunities for the first 4 babies
elderly) - SG gov increasing child benefits paid to
in 2a
-redimplemenremove t
to
che
a
families e.g. they will pay money of up to
early $1000 for six years
>
- lifestyles Che
in - SG gov sponsored dating organisations

Successes:
pup
- Population is projected to rise to 5.4 ↑ projected
million by 2025 ~
P fertilte
b 19
-

- Immigration levels increased

107
- Total fertility rate went from 1.8-1.9 in the
years after

Failures:
Increase in fertility was short lied
Some companies are not entirely accepting since a
small workforce means missing employees that
are important