The eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in 2010 had a significant impact on air travel and global economy.

The volcano, located in Iceland, erupted multiple times, causing a large ash cloud that disrupted air
travel across Europe for several weeks. This event serves as a case study for the effects of natural
disasters on various industries.

The ash cloud from the eruption caused the closure of airspace in many countries, resulting in the
cancellation of thousands of flights and stranding millions of passengers. This had a ripple effect on
the tourism and hospitality industry, as well as the transportation and supply chain industries. The
economic impact was estimated to be in the billions.

However, the Eyjafjallajokull eruption also highlighted the importance of disaster preparedness and
cooperation between countries. The European Union implemented a coordinated response to the
crisis, with the creation of a central crisis coordination center and the establishment of a no-fly zone
in affected areas.

Lessons learned from this case study include the need for better communication and contingency
plans in the face of natural disasters. It also emphasized the importance of alternative modes of
transportation and the use of technology to mitigate the effects of such events.

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comprehensive analysis and insights on the topic. Their team of experts can provide you with high-
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A free 15-minute video from Discover the World Education on the causes and impacts of the
eruption of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland, in 2010. The video also considers volcano monitoring and
preparedness, and the potential impacts of the future eruption of nearby Katla. https://doi.org
/10.1007/s00445-012-0595-z A bundle is a package of resources grouped together to teach a
particular topic, or a series of lessons, in one place. www.gjtravel.is/12-famous-active-volcanoes-in-
iceland/eruption-of-eyjafjallajokull-iceland-2010-30/ This resource hasn't been reviewed yet RÚV
(2010) Information on eruption, RÚV, http://www.ruv.is/frett/eldgos-fimmvorduhalsi accessed: 21
March 2010 Mindmaps column burdens have been extensively developed using D. O’Sullivan, and J.
Haywood (2012), A case study of observations of volcanic ash from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption: 2.
Airborne Click here to view our Privacy Notice. Easy unsubscribe links are provided in every email.
... On both occasions the eruptions and the associated floods lead to destruction, devastation and loss
of life (Thorarinsson, 1958). In the last 20 years, volcanic unrest has resulted in several jökulhlaups
that have caused significant damage, including Vatnajökull in 1996 (Haraldsson, 1997; Björnsson,
2003) and Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 (Þorkelsson, 2012; Magnússon et al., 2012; Snorrason et al.,
2012). As half of the Icelandic volcanic systems considered active in the Holocene period are
covered by ice (Figure I-1), and despite an expected reduction in ice cover due to climate change
(Jóhannesson et al., 2012), the threat posed by volcanogenic floods will persist for at least one or two
centuries. ... 1999]; Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System Ash from the Eyjafjallajökull
volcano deposited dissolved iron into the North Atlantic, triggering a plankton bloom, driving an
increase in biological productivity. Maxwell JA (2005) Qualitative research design: an interactive
approach. Sage Publications, Inc, Thousand Oaks, p 175 on polar orbiting satellite platforms (e.g.,
the Advanced Very Homes and roads were damaged, services were disrupted, crops were destroyed
by ash, and roads were washed away. The ash cloud brought European airspace to a standstill during
the latter half of April 2010 and cost billions of euros in delays. During the eruption, a no-fly zone
was imposed across much of Europe, meaning airlines lost around £130m per day. The price of
shares in major airlines dropped between 2.5 and 3.3% during the eruption. However, it should be
noted that imports and exports are being impacted across European countries on the trade front, so
the net trade position was not affected markedly overall. As passengers looked for other ways to
travel than flying, many different transport companies benefited. There was a considerable increase
in passenger numbers on Eurostar. It saw a rise of nearly a third, with 50,000 extra passengers
travelling on their trains. The outlook was bleak but Brooklyn Brothers and the Icelandic government
saw an opportunity to turn the tide of sentiment by making use of social media and leveraging the
publicity. In order to refocus their efforts the government consolidated The Trade Council of Iceland,
Invest in Iceland and the marketing efforts of the Icelandic Tourist Board under one organization:
Promote Iceland. 5. People forced to wear goggles and masks because of the ash This website and
its content is subject to our Terms and Conditions. Tes Global Ltd is registered in England (Company
No 02017289) with its registered office at Building 3, St Paul’s Place, Norfolk Street, Sheffield, S1
2JE Rayburn Tours Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. As a reward for participating in
Iceland Hour, and as an incentive to continue posting, the government staged a live open-air concert
in July 2010 for anyone involved in the campaign. The concert was also streamed online so that
anyone in the world could watch it for free. The concert attracted over 90,000 visits from 52
countries to the Inspired by Iceland website. Jóhannesson G (1919) Kötlugosið 1918. Frásagnir úr
Vík, og Heiðardal í Mýrdal, Hjörleifshöfða, Skaftártungu, Álftaveri. Meðallandi og Síðu.
Bókaverzlun Ársæls Árnasonar, Reykjavík, p 72 vals rely on the wavelength-dependent reflection by
aerosol I created this poster and achieved an A* in my Geography A level, including the highest
mark nationally for the AQA physical geography paper in 2018. Blog eruptions demonstrate the
importance of accurately specifying the refractive index when May 2012 · Physical review A,
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
© Copyright Get Revising 2024 all rights reserved. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The
Student Room Group Ltd. 7. April 17, 2010 Photo: Ingolfur Juliusson Ash covers vegetation in
Eyjafjallasveit, southern Iceland Iceland’s tourism industry could be reaching its capacity limit for
the moment and will likely experience more moderate growth rates. Economic cycles, like clouds of
ash, can rise, but they must inevitably come down again. Barclay J, Haynes K, Mitchell T, Solana C,
Teeuw R, Darnell A, Crosweller HS, Cole P, Pyle D, Lowe C, Fearnley C, Kelman I (2008) Framing
volcanic risk communication within disaster risk reduction: finding ways for the social and physical
sciences to work together. In: Liverman DGE, Pereira CPG, Marker B (eds) Communicating
environmental geoscience. Geological Society of London, London, pp 163–177 A worksheet is
included on which pupils can make notes as the material is covered. While the volcanic eruption had
a positive effect in the years after the incident, the question now is whether this rapid growth in
Iceland’s tourism is sustainable. It is interesting to note that the while the government helped boost
tourism and the reaction from the locals was hugely positive, there is beginning to be a backlash over
rising prices, overtourism, increased house prices, and a worry that the unspoiled natural landscape is
being adversely affected. 2006]; the Multiangle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) Lesson
focusing on the events of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland. Suitable for A Level
Geographers of all new (2016) specifications and could easily be adapted for GCSE Geographers.
The powerpoint features; Use the images below to explore related GeoTopics. of incident sunlight
back to space and are only possible This website and its content is subject to our Terms and
Conditions. Tes Global Ltd is registered in England (Company No 02017289) with its registered
office at Building 3, St Paul’s Place, Norfolk Street, Sheffield, S1 2JE IMO (2010) Update on
activity: Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland, Icelandic Meteorological Office, http://en.vedur.is
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/1884 accessed: 13 July 2011 Suitable for AS, A-Level and
high achieving GCSE students. Eyjafjallajökull consists of a volcano completely covered by an ice
cap. The ice cap covers an area of about 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi), feeding many outlet
glaciers. which are known to damage jet engines if encountered at Interferometer (IASI)
observations are shown to be in accord with lidar-derived mass tionally, many of the visible retrieval
algorithms are only To this end, a social media campaign named Inspired by Iceland was launched
with the strategic intent of depicting the beauty of the country, the friendliness of its people and the
fact that it was very much open for business. The volcanic eruption provided the stage, now it was
just a matter of re-writing the script. ... In the case of Eyjafjallajökull and Grímsvötn volcanoes
eruption, the ash plumes were spread over most of Europe, and the air traffic over Europe was
disturbed for several days. Whether we are talking about radioactive materials, about smoke due to
forest fires or about pollutants carried by strong winds from various (natural or artificial) stationary
or mobile sources of pollution, air quality monitoring involves an analysis of meteorological
conditions [3,4]. ... ... We therefore present retrieval results only for the Eyjafjallajökull ash
composition. Particles were assumed to be spherical, and the underlying size distribution was
assumed to follow a lognormal distribution with a spread of 2. While ash particles are known to be
of an irregular shape, here we assume that they are spherical for the following two main reasons: (1)
at thermal infrared wavelengths larger than 10 µm, uncertainty due to unknown particle habit (non-
sphericity) is expected to have little impact on the retrievals, as discussed by numerous previous
authors (Wen and Rose, 1994;Corradini et al., 2008;Clarisse et al., 2010;Newman et al.,
2012;Pavolonis et al., 2013;Prata et al., 2017b). Yang et al. (2007) show that the impact of non-
sphericity at thermal infrared wavelengths is negligible for desert dust (which is similar in many ways
to volcanic ash). ... Geographical applications and skills Elíasson J (2008) A glacial burst tsunami
near Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland. J Coast Res 24(1):13–20 23. Millions of people are facing worsening
travel chaos as a volcanic ash cloud from Iceland moves further south and east, forcing European
countries to extend flight bans into next week. Winds blowing the massive cloud eastward from
Iceland to Russia will continue in the same direction for at least two days and could go on until the
middle of next week, the Icelandic Meteorological Office said. "The ash will continue to be directed
towards Britain and Scandinavia," TeiturArason, a meteorologist at the Icelandic Meteorological
Office, told AFP. 3. 24/7 watch put in place at the IMO Tómasson H (1996) The jökulhlaup from
Katla in 1918. Ann Glaciol 22:249–254 Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. ... In the
case of Eyjafjallajökull and Grímsvötn volcanoes eruption, the ash plumes were spread over most of
Europe, and the air traffic over Europe was disturbed for several days. Whether we are talking about
radioactive materials, about smoke due to forest fires or about pollutants carried by strong winds
from various (natural or artificial) stationary or mobile sources of pollution, air quality monitoring
involves an analysis of meteorological conditions [3,4]. ... 23. April 18, 2010 Photo: Halldor Kolbeins
A farmer checks muddy volcanic ash on his land in Iceland. In their initial analysis, the firm
determined that following the eruption, negative sentiment towards the country in key tourist sources
went from 19 percent three days after the eruption to 72 percent in just seven days. May 2012 ·
PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
Observation Based Research, Met Office, Exeter, UK. ICP (2010) Eruption at the Eyjafjallajökull
volcanic system, Almannavarnadeild, http://www.almannavarnir.is/displayer.asp?cat_id=413
accessed: 15 April 2010 ... 9, there are plotted forward trajectories for air masses starting over
Eyjafjallajökull volcano at midnight on 20 May 2010. This day the plume reached a height of 5 km
(Karlsdóttir et al. 2012). Therefore, the simulation has been set to 3, 4, and 5 km. ... © Copyright Get
Revising 2024 all rights reserved. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room
Group Ltd. Received 25 August 2011; revised 14 December 2011; accepted 16 December 2011;
published 21 February 2012. 22. Lightning, smoke and lava above Iceland's Eyjafjallajokul volcano
on April 17, 2010. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson Bird DK, Gísladóttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011)
Different communities, different perspectives: issues affecting residents' response to a volcanic
eruption in southern Iceland. Bull Volcanol 73(9):1209–1227 D. O’Sullivan, and J. Haywood (2012),
A case study of observations of volcanic ash from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption: 2. Airborne As a
reward for participating in Iceland Hour, and as an incentive to continue posting, the government
staged a live open-air concert in July 2010 for anyone involved in the campaign. The concert was
also streamed online so that anyone in the world could watch it for free. The concert attracted over
90,000 visits from 52 countries to the Inspired by Iceland website. Report this resourceto let us
know if it violates our terms and conditions. Our customer service team will review your report and
will be in touch. Larsen G (2000) Holocene eruptions within the Katla volcanic system, south
Iceland: characteristics and environmental impact. Jökull 49:1–28 January 1981 · Eos Transactions
American Geophysical Union 4. The volcano in southern Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull glacier sends ash
into the air just prior to sunset ON Friday, April 16, 2010. Thick drifts of volcanic ash blanketed
parts of rural Iceland on Friday as a vast, invisible plume of grit drifted over Europe, emptying the
skies of planes and sending hundreds of thousands in search of hotel rooms, train tickets or rental
cars. (AP Photo/Brynjar Gauti) Secondary effects: Sporting events were cancelled or affected due to
cancelled flights. Fresh food imports stopped, and industries were affected by a lack of imported raw
materials. Local water supplies were contaminated with fluoride. Flooding was caused as the glacier
melted. Sturkell E, Einarsson P, Sigmundsson F, Geirsson H, Ólafsson H, Pedersen R, de Zeeuw-van
DE, Linde AT, Sacks SI, Stefánsson R (2006) Volcano geodesy and magma dynamics in Iceland. J
Volcanol Geoth Res 150(1–3):14–34 Observations of the time lag between the last deglaciation and
a surge in volcanic activity in Iceland constrain the average melt ascent velocity to be $\geq50$
$\mathrm{m/yr}$. Although existing theoretical work has explained why the surge in eruption rates
increased $5$-$30$ fold from the steady-state rates during the last deglaciation, they cannot account
for large variations of Rare Earth ... [Show full abstract] In line with the increase in the number of
hotels and air connections to Iceland, the number of tour operators grew as well. Search Britannica
Iðnaðarráðuneytið (2010) Þjóðarátak um að bjóða fólk velkomið til Íslands, http:/
/www.idnadarraduneyti.is/frettir/frettatilkynningar/nr/2880 accessed: 24 August 2011 Iceland is in
darkness for half the year and its summer temperatures average around 13 degrees centigrade. To
tackle this issue, campaigns focused on the beauty of the winter landscape, Christmas packages, and
local snow-mobile tours to see the Northern Lights. These have triggered an increase in the number
of visitors to Iceland by as much as 30 percent since 2010, making tourism the biggest industry on
the island and the single biggest employer. An extensive set of airborne and satellite observations of
volcanic ash from the Eyjafjallajökull Icelandic eruption are analyzed for a case study on 17 May
2010. Data collected from particle scattering probes and backscatter lidar on the Facility for
Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe 146 aircraft allow estimates of ash
concentration to be derived. Using radiative transfer simulations we show that airborne and satellite
infrared radiances can be accurately modeled based on the in situ measured size distribution and a
mineral dust refractive index. Furthermore, airborne irradiance measurements in the 0.3-1.7 μm
range are well modeled with these properties. Retrievals of ash mass column loading using Infrared
Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) observations are shown to be in accord with lidar-
derived mass estimates, giving for the first time an independent verification of a hyperspectral ash
variational retrieval method. The agreement of the observed and modeled solar and terrestrial
irradiances suggests a reasonable degree of radiative closure implying that the physical and optical
properties of volcanic ash can be relatively well constrained using data from state-of-the-science
airborne platforms such as the FAAM BAe 146 aircraft. Comparisons with IASI measurements
during recent Grímsvötn and Puyehue volcanic eruptions demonstrate the importance of accurately
specifying the refractive index when modeling the observed spectra. highlighting the importance of
satellite data in ash detection Sturkell E, Einarsson P, Sigmundsson F, Hooper A, Ófeigsson BG,
Geirsson H, Ólafsson H (2009) Katla and Eyjafjallajökull Volcanoes. In: van der Meer JJM (ed) The
Mýrdalsjökull ice cap, Iceland: glacial processes, sediments and landforms on an active volcano.
Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 5–21 oceans although the use of multiple views [Kahn et al., 2001]
1. Predictions informed scientists to tell farmers not to let animals drink from outdoor water sources
as high levels of fluoride would have contaminated water and would have had deadly effects on
cattle. Foreign visitor arrivals to Iceland Citation: Newman, S. M., L. Clarisse, D. Hurtmans, F.
Marenco, B. Johnson, K. Turnbull, S. Havemann, A. J. Baran, This short film combines narrative with:
tionally, many of the visible retrieval algorithms are only vals rely on the wavelength-dependent
reflection by aerosol Report this resourceto let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. Our
customer service team will review your report and will be in touch. Bird DK, Gísladóttir G,
Dominey-Howes D (2009) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. Nat
Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9(1):251–266 In their initial analysis, the firm determined that following the
eruption, negative sentiment towards the country in key tourist sources went from 19 percent three
days after the eruption to 72 percent in just seven days. et al., 2007]. During this episode the
monitoring of ash No comments yet! Add one to start the conversation. 4. Ash was tracked by many
countries so they could decide what to do about air traffic in advance This video provides you with
information about its geographical setting, the causes of the eruption, it’s impacts and management.
Flashcards High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) [Mishchenko et al., sampling. While the
algorithms differ in detail, these retrie- There are no reviews yet. Have you used this
resource?Review this resource Sturkell E, Einarsson P, Sigmundsson F, Geirsson H, Ólafsson H,
Pedersen R, de Zeeuw-van DE, Linde AT, Sacks SI, Stefánsson R (2006) Volcano geodesy and
magma dynamics in Iceland. J Volcanol Geoth Res 150(1–3):14–34 Your IP address is listed in our
blacklist and blocked from completing this request. 18. Smoke billows from a volcano in
Eyjafjallajokull on April 16, 2010. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images) 20 December 2018
Download to read offline The North-Atlantic and Europe, the distances from Eyjafjallajökull to Oslo
and London are indicated. The shaded area shows where satellites detected ash in the atmosphere
during the eruption (based on Guðmundsson et al., submitted). Detailed case study (I used for A2
geography) could be used as a revision tool or lesson notes. Categories included are: tectonic setting,
nature of the hazard, vulnerability, capacity to cope, institutional capacity, impacts (social,
environmental, economic) and responses (short run and long run). Mbl (2010) 500 yfirgefið heimili
sín, Morgunblaðið, http://mbl.is/mm/frettir/innlent/2010/03/21/500_yfirgefa_heimili_sin/ accessed: 21
March 2010 Can be used for short, long and essay questions! Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
a constructive plate margin separating the North American and Eurasian plates. The two plates move
apart due to ridge push along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. As the plates move apart, magma fills the
magma chamber below Eyjafjallajokull—several magma chambers combined to produce a
significant volume of magma below the volcano. Eyjafjallajokull is located below a glacier. As a
reward for participating in Iceland Hour, and as an incentive to continue posting, the government
staged a live open-air concert in July 2010 for anyone involved in the campaign. The concert was
also streamed online so that anyone in the world could watch it for free. The concert attracted over
90,000 visits from 52 countries to the Inspired by Iceland website. spatial distributions from satellite
radiance measurements physical and optical properties of volcanic ash can be relatively well
constrained using data which are known to damage jet engines if encountered at 9. Eyjafjallajokull,
April 18, 2010 Photo: Lucas Jackson A woman stands near a waterfall that has been dirtied by ash
that has accumulated from the plume of an erupting volcano. The eruption was only three on the
volcanic explosivity index (VEI). Around 15 eruptions on this scale usually happen each year in
Iceland. However, in this case, a combination of a settled weather pattern with winds blowing
towards Europe, very fine ash and a persistent eruption lasting 39 days magnified the impact of a
relatively ordinary event. The eruptions in March were mainly lava eruptions. On 14 April, a new
phase began, which was much more explosive. Violent eruptions belched huge quantities of ash into
the atmosphere.