No.

of dden in ench Suhnet S

1st subnet
Fst Qobse 16 00.0/11
MOah
955.955.198.0
:16.00. 0
lDs 0ddte 16.0. 011111. 11|11 z 16. 0-197 55 /A
Soy'h Subnd
Mok 11l)L 10000000. 00000000
g46ne46 tttog TO000090.
00000000
16. S9. s5 955

Jntemeh ontbcat Vexion 4:

Kouted potbcals Used behueen uHess to oiect U3ex toffc
1P i3 ie3ponsible to delved doto pocdrets m the SouCe host to
the deshnoian host
Thi9 delivey i oely baged on the 1 Asbseae in the pochet
hendess
1P y4 ig 0n Ungeliob le ond Cannechonlexs dabgpam pooocal . a hest etot
delvey 6en
8utched
nehucotd

Cvu6uHched Poctet- Butched Surtched

netovstos

nehuosks nehJala
 DaBam8 Calo3 dabpa
Pochels in the nehuck (ntenet) loyes a9e
a vovable-legth packot Conichog
Adabygan is
hexdex nd doba Cantoy
is o b 6o
60 bde
bytes in legdth
legdh ond
Ond Conhtans 1nftgnyihe
he heses
CRenhal t ouhng 0nd delivexy
TC/P 8 8how the heades

PDabgam Heodey:
o- 65536 bytes
o- 60 byte

Data

VER HLEN Totall6 bits

lengh
4bits 8 bils
fagmentahon otet
Jdenhhoghen Flogs
16 bits 3bis 13 bite
Time o lhve hotbca Hendex chectsum
6bits 8 bts 16 bits
Souice 1P oddtez
Deshnohion 19 gd8es
Oplion
Hendes checksum Detesmine eS% n the hendes p0t

1 Vession
Vegsion 18 a 4 bit field thot indicateg the 1? vedsion (0ed.

Heades len gth

Hendex lengh i a 4 bit feld thot Contains the length of the
heades helps in Knohocanguing tam uhoe the odoal dota begos
 Dete

Minimom and Moomom Heded Length:

The legth of Hes in the nge-8obto
Hendes length Heodes length4 byo,
feld vau
To 1 heates length hed Ganting decmal value 5
lo) then (vepaented

Hendes length
keld Value
Ihe nge
oNge of hebdes lengh feld value is aluays 5,15]
18

Ditexenthoted Sevices
pacecs
Jn the beainming the 8 bits of the To9 bye wede de fined like this
To3Byte

Kecedanc upe of Senic

Dg Fed
1olaB4151G|E
(Jaded
The 1P Beredonce bt in O3CP teamiooleg 13 U8ed 03 clog seledtos
Clo sledos Code poirts CDeco) ail ologs b¹ ot tie belou fromat
 Dato
Pago

DROP
ecedonro
D8CP
Binay
001010
00I100
AF 19
00)110
AF D
Ol0olo
AF O
AF 99 O10100

AF 93
AF31 O)o10
01100
AF 39

AF48

CS5 is the hohest cla9 Ord i9

Tobi length:
Toa legheHendey legth Bylod length.
al6 bt reld thot Gnbns the tobal length of e
Tohal lengh is
dntogom Ginyta).
Minimum z o bytes
Moxmom z g 653% hes.

Volae oo the HLEN 1918 5s 0nd the value

Ih on IP pooket the vlae hue.
of the ttol length Seld is C098, Hoy mong bytes o dob
0e being Coyiedb this pacet 9
Hendes angth
 Fagmentolo
he fst Ond ze do tame deperd
he physoal nehuo A hae be togmetod to
the protal egabhons
1P Fgmentahon
1P Fongmentahon the

Inteme aioy devicos 8och 08 0tess

Nehaosk A Neuosk 8
Moomom ongtes Onit (MTO):
MTUs tos Sorne nehaosta
Postocal MIO
Hypeschanel 65,535
Toten Ring Ci6 Mbps) 17,914
Token Rin (4 Mops) 4,464
FDD) 4,350

5. Jdenh froation:
Idenhhcaton is ol6 bit Fed
I is Csed fos the idenhkcation of the togments o an oigina 29

When On JP datogtam i tagnented,

Epch ogmented atogom i19 oigned the Same tdentheaham Numbey
This numbes is
datagams
8ekat duing the
e-01embly
e

Tt helpsto
 M Me taginents

MF bit:

When ME bite 1, me

baghent oifset is a 13 bt ield

T indicate te pooton oh kogmets dotsym inIn he
the omona
Un- Tgpmented dntgam
The ost ognented cntbgam has a toment oktect oh 2en
Dotbjbhn Fagnentation.
(ohen uteg yeceves dthaoam to ansnit tusthes
tolbuno
Size of the dotbgam
MTO the gesinoion nehdoak
DF bit value in the 1P heoded

Retdes tansnit
Athocs hehe dibg
ching Ymmahet Ong fingmentho.
 Consides
These isa host A iesent in netgk x hoing ntd 506 ge
Thexe is a host B present in retuot hovit MiO Aoo byte
Gonsder
Hendex length o bytes
Pay lod lengh 5oo byte
Tof lengthe 5% bytes
DF it sel to o
Rates Lans in the folbulng shegs
Ans Se SBep 1
Routes exomines the dahgm ond hnds
Size ot he datogam 58o bytes
MT0 oo bytes
DF bit e 0

Step :
MTO of destnghon o0 bytes
o bytes wh be taten bg the hesde%
180 bytes dath Can be Tonsnnited
Rettes dei des to Send mokimanm 16 butes of datain one fagment
(Maliple cf 8) (Grnestst value is mulhple of )
Fxst fooment contoing the dato z l6 bgtes
Second foagment Gontaing the datz l76 bytes
Thixd agment Conto the data 148 bytes

MF bitl
fsagetoeset Value O
 Dats
Paoe

1341

&yte Ooo0
8194

3999